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4. Comparative experiments on a new CaCl2-based composite material and zeolite 13X inside a thermochemical heat storage reactor

Author

Bérut Élise, Outin Jonathan, Ondarts Michel, Lange Hugo, and Le Pierrès Nolwenn

Subjects
Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040
Abstract

Thermal energy storage includes sensible, latent and thermochemical heat storage. The latter is particularly interesting because the heat is stored as a chemical potential, which reduces heat loss in long-term applications. The viability of thermochemical storage systems strongly depends on the energy density of the storage material. The development of high energy density materials is thus essential to achieve compact systems suitable for a wide range of applications. A new sol-gel composite material is investigated here: it is composed of CaCl2 dispersed within a matrix of silica and PEG-600 polymer. Composite materials containing CaCl2 have the highest storage capacities and seem to be the most promising candidates. The aim is to develop a composite that is both efficient and stable. The suitability of the material depends on the ability of the PEG to stabilise calcium chloride and prevent its deliquescence and leakage. The experimental results are compared to those obtained using zeolite 13X, which is a reference adsorbent material.

Published
2023
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5. Effect of energy renovation on indoor air quality of a French school building

Author

Kanama, Najwa, Ondarts, Michel, Guyot Gaëlle, Outin, Jonathan, Golly, Benjamin, and Gonze, Evelyne

Subjects
Indoor air quality, energy renovation, school, ventilation, filtration, thermal comfort, PM2.5, ventilation airflow
Abstract

Indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort issues in schools are of particular public concern because children represent a vulnerable population group to air pollution. In fact, their respiratory and immune systems are still developing and a long-term exposure to indoor air pollutants might have a significant impact on their health and scholarly. This study focuses on the effect of the energy renovation of two classrooms which consists of the implementation of a dual flow ventilation system with high efficiency filters ...

Published
2022
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6. Relevance of CO2-based IAQ indicators: Feedback from long-term monitoring of three nearly zero-energy houses

Author

Rueda López, María José, Golly, Benjamin, Ondarts, Michel, Wurtz, Frédéric, Gonze, Evelyne, Poirier, Baptiste, Woloszyn, Monika, Geoffroy, Hugo, Rieser, Alexander, Pfluger, Rainer, Troi, Alexandra, Herrera-Avellanosa, Daniel, Thomsen, Kirsten Engelund, Rose, Jørgen, Arsan, Zeynep Durmuş, Akkurt, Gulden Gokcen, Kopeinig, Gerhard, Chung, Daniel, Kanama, Najwa, Outin, Jonathan, Mélois, Adeline Bailly, Tran, Anh Dung, El Mankibi, Mohamed, Carrié, François Rémi, Moujalled, Bassam, Zukowska, Daria, Rojas, Gabriel, Burman, Esfand, Bocanegra-yanez, Maria del Carmen, Laverge, Jelle, Cao, Guangyu, Kolarik, Jakub, Migne, Léna, Bobee, Mallory, Leprince, Valérie, Sherman, Max, Walker, Iain, Melois, Adeline, Bernard, Anne-Marie, Coeudevez, Claire-Sophie, Déoux, Suzanne, Berlin, Sandra, Parent, Enora, Huet, Alexis, Berthault, Sylvain, Jobert, Romuald, Labaume, Damien, Ferlay, Jérémy, Planet, Pierre, Bello, Thibaud, Montoya, María, Pastor, Elsa, Carrié, F. Rémi, Planas, Eulàlia, Guyot, Gaëlle, Laboratoire Optimisation de la Conception et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (LOCIE), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Génie Electrique de Grenoble (G2ELab ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes (LTDS), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Saint Etienne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement Durable, des Transports et du Logement, ICEE - Intégration et Coopération dans l'Espace Européen - Etudes Européennes - EA 2291 (ICEE), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement - Direction Centre-Est (Cerema Direction Centre-Est), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement (Cerema), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement - Equipe-projet BPE (Cerema Equipe-projet BPE), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (DTU), PLEIAQ, Service de médecine nucléaire [Rennes], CRLCC Eugène Marquis (CRLCC), Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement - Direction Sud-Ouest (Cerema Direction Sud-Ouest), Institut Camille Jordan [Villeurbanne] (ICJ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fundacion Amigos de la Isla del Coco, Partenaires INRAE, CERTEC, University of Lund, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona]

Subjects
[SPI.GCIV.CD]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Construction durable, Occupancy, Sampling (statistics), Building and Construction, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Indoor air quality, Mechanics of Materials, Reference values, Long term monitoring, Architecture, Statistics, [SPI.GCIV.RISQ]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Risques, [SPI.MECA.THER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], Environmental science, Relevance (information retrieval), Performance indicator, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, Civil and Structural Engineering, Bedroom, [SPI.GCIV.EC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Civil Engineering/Eco-conception
Abstract

There are a large number of indicators that use CO2 concentration as parameter to assess air stuffiness and, consequently, to asses IAQ. Their comparison is difficult since they are not usually linked to each other. The aim of this article is to compare the results of 10 CO2-based IAQ indicators and determine if they classify a house in a similar way during heating seasons. We propose a method to normalize the results based on the reference values of each indicator, and we highlight the sensitivity of the indicators to the choice of one occupancy scenario among several possibilities. The database used contains the CO2 concentration measured over 2–3 years in the living room and the parental bedroom of three new and occupied nearly-zero energy houses in France (COMEPOS project) with low-cost probes sampling every minute. The results indicate that the IAQ of the same house in the same heating season can be classified differently depending on the indicator and threshold chosen. Moreover, an indicator can show different results for the same room over the years. For example, the IAQ of the bedroom of House 2 is classified poor in 2017 and 2019 but good in 2018 according to the mean CO2 concentrations with a 1000-ppm threshold. The indicators also present different levels of sensitivity to occupancy scenarios, being the cumulative exposure the most sensitive by increasing up to 257% without an occupancy scenario, which highlight the importance of the systematic implementation of a standard occupancy scenario for the CO2-based IAQ performance indicators.

Published
2021

8. Co-Digestion of Extended Aeration Sewage Sludge with Whey, Grease and Septage: Experimental and Modeling Determination

Author

Merlin, Gérard, Outin, Jonathan, Boileau, Hervé, Laboratoire Optimisation de la Conception et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (LOCIE), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Environmental sciences, ADM1, [CHIM.GENI]Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering, Environmental effects of industries and plants, biogas, TJ807-830, BMP, GE1-350, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, TD194-195, Renewable energy sources, anaerobic co-digestion
Abstract

The potential of co-digestion mixing thickened secondary sludge (TS) from extended aeration wastewater treatment plant and locally available substrates (whey, grease and septage) has been studied in this work, using three steps. The first step was a batch test to determine the biological methane potential (BMP) of different mixtures of the three co-substrates with TS. The second step was carried out with lab-scale reactors (20 L), simulating anaerobic continuous stirred tank reactors, fed by three mixtures of co-substrates that were determined according to the previous step results. Modeling was applied in the third step, using ADM1 as a mechanistic model to help understand the co-digestion process. According to the BMP step, septage used as a co-substrate has a negative effect on performance, and the addition of 10–30% grease or whey would lead to a gain of around 60–70% in the production of methane. The results from the reactor tests did not validate the positive effects observed with the BMP assay but confirmed good biodegradation efficiency (&gt, 85%). The main purpose of co-digestion in this scenario is to recover energy from waste and effluents that would require even more energy for their treatment. The protein and lipid percentages of particulate biodegradable COD are important variables for digester stability and methane production, as predicted by modeling. The results of simulations with the ADM1 model, adapted to co-digestion, confirmed that this model is a powerful tool to optimize the process of biogas production.

Published
2021
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9. Characterization of silica-PEG-CaCl2composite sorbents in an open thermochemical heat storage reactor

Author

Bérut, Elise, Bois, Laurence, Touloumet, Quentin, Outin, Jonathan, Ondarts, Michel, Postole, Georgeta, López, María José Rueda, Auroux, Aline, and Le Pierrès, Nolwenn

Abstract

Composite sorbents based on silica, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and containing calcium chloride were successfully synthetized using the sol-gel method. Their heat storage performance was investigated in a lab-scale open fixed-bed reactor. The silica/PEG matrix managed to stabilize hydrated calcium chloride when the salt content was equal to 32 wt% despite partial salt deliquescence. The presence of a crystallized phase CaCl2/PEG resulting from the complexation of the salt by the polymer may indeed prevent salt leakage, which was observed only when the salt content was increased to 42 wt%. Comparative experiments with a PEG-free control sample confirmed that the polymer enhances material stability. With a regeneration temperature of 130 °C, the best performing composite sorbent exhibited an average water sorption capacity of 0.37 gH2Og−1of dehydrated material and an energy density of 782 kJ kg−1over four successive sorption cycles at 30 °C and 42 % relative humidity. The dispersion and accessibility of the salt was enhanced after its first dissolution in the reactor. Compared to zeolite 13X, the sorption kinetics of the composite is much slower, resulting in a halved generated power. Still, the mass energy density of the composite is 70 % higher than that of zeolite, which makes it a promising material for heat storage applications with moderate required power outputs.

Published
2023
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