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We propose a security design model in which a potential acquirer approaches a firm with a value-add plan. The target has a single owner, who possesses private information: he alone knows whether his firm is compatible with the plan. The owner agrees that the acquirer will add value but believes that the value-add will not be as much as what the acquirer expects. Although the acquirer can choose any monotone limited liability security to offer along with cash, we show that, under general conditions, any security that is employed always takes the form of nonrecourse debt provided by the seller. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix , which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitalization in education and the continuously growing presence of digital curriculum instruments have been approached as networked governance with a focus on private commercial actors. By comparison, teachers have been perceived as mere users of the digital instruments provided to support them. This study explores the Norwegian Knowledge Promotion reform as a translation of the policy intention to support teachers’ local curriculum work into a digital Curriculum Planning Tool (CPT) with a particular focus on teachers’ pedagogic knowledge. The findings illustrate how the Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training emerges as a boundary actor by delegating to other actors the activities of research and evaluation, consultation and conducting collaborative service design and development of the CPT. Through collaborative practices, teachers’ experiential knowledge contributed to the problematization of the lack of curriculum support, consultation with private consultancy companies that developed the CPT and adjustments to the CPT rather than to the decision-making about digital curriculum support. The network of digital curriculum support making emerges through an entanglement between the programmatic discourse of national curriculum making and practical discourse consisting of local curriculum work, blurring their boundaries and shaping a new space of networked governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using moderation and mediation analyses, we examine when and how a concentrated ownership structure might benefit minority shareholders in China's stock markets. Our findings suggest that a moderate level of ownership concentration in Chinese private companies enhances earnings informativeness, leading not only to increased profitability but also to greater incorporation of information into share prices. However, this relationship weakened after the market crash in 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FAPI 2.0 is a suite of Web protocols developed by the OpenID Foundation's FAPI Working Group (FAPI WG) for third-party data sharing and digital identity in high-risk environments. Even though the specifications are not completely finished, several important entities have started to adopt the FAPI 2.0 protocols, including Norway's national HelseID, Australia's Consumer Data Standards, as well as private companies like Authlete and Australia-based connectID; the predecessor FAPI 1.0 is in widespread use with millions of users. The FAPI WG asked us to accompany the standardization of the FAPI 2.0 protocols with a formal security analysis to proactively identify vulnerabilities before widespread deployment and to provide formal security guarantees for the standards. In this paper, we report on our analysis and findings. Our analysis is based on a detailed model of the Web infrastructure, the so-called Web Infrastructure Model (WIM), which we extend to be able to carry out our analysis of the FAPI 2.0 protocols including important extensions like FAPI-CIBA. Based on the (extended) WIM and formalizations of the security goals and attacker model laid out in the FAPI 2.0 specifications, we provide a formal model of the protocols and carry out a formal security analysis, revealing several attacks. We have worked with the FAPI WG to fix the protocols, resulting in several amendments to the specifications. With these changes in place, we have adjusted our protocol model and formally proved that the security properties hold true under the strong attacker model defined by the FAPI WG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates regulatory avoidance in the context of private country-by-country reporting (CbCR) introduced as part of the OECD/G20 BEPS initiative. The reporting framework requires multinational companies above a revenue threshold to provide tax authorities with new and detailed information on their global activities, but the data are not made publicly available. I find robust evidence for an increase in mass below the revenue threshold after the introduction of CbCR in line with an avoidance response. Company types for which CbCR would imply relatively high costs including private companies or more tax-aggressive firms show a stronger avoidance response. The heterogeneities found can at least partially be explained by an analysis of increases in tax costs. The finding of regulatory avoidance of multinational enterprises in response to a fixed revenue threshold is of additional relevance in light of the international tax reform agenda which relies on similar thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is considerable uncertainty when quantifying carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from enhanced rock weathering (ERW). Faster CDR rates mean ERW may significantly impact climate change mitigation, and more carbon credits will financially benefit private companies. However, overestimating CDR risks undermining ERW if meaningless carbon credits are counted. Here, we aim to contribute to the discussion of CDR quantification by describing three potential pitfalls relating to the geochemical and mineralogical compositions of rock powders. First, rock powders used for ERW are often mineralogically complex and may initially exhibit fast dissolution rates due to reactive surfaces and phases, leading to overestimating long-term CDR rates. Second, the dissolution of accessory carbonates within ERW rock powders will tend to dominate cation and dissolved inorganic carbon fluxes, which, if not identified, can be misconstrued as silicate weathering and overestimate CDR. Third, methods that rely on measuring cations may be prone to misinterpretation as cations will often not be balanced with dissolved inorganic carbon, e.g., during strong acid weathering. As another example, mineral dissolution during solid-phase testing (e.g., cation exchange) is also unrelated to carbonic acid weathering and, thus, may overestimate CDR rates. To avoid these pitfalls, we recommend (1) incorporating high-dosage test plots into ERW trials that avoid reapplication of rock powders that replenish initially fast reactivity, (2) screening rock powders for carbonate minerals using sensitive techniques and distinguishing carbonate and silicate weathering, and (3) measuring carbon to verify carbon dioxide removal. High-quality carbon credits must be durable, additional, and not overestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How did white farmers in the Cape respond to the outbreak of phylloxera in 1886? This article uses shareholder records from the archives of the Cape Limited Liability Companies to show how wine farmers used joint-stock companies as cooperative societies to deal with the ravages of the phylloxera outbreak. The study argues that limited government support motivated farmers to find creative ways to cope with the crisis. This is based on an analysis of investor preferences in the Cape capital market between 1893 and 1902. Farmers, unlike other groups who were diverse in their interests, showed a strong inclination to invest in agricultural joint-stock companies. A striking feature about these companies was that they seemed less profit-oriented. Instead, they focused on providing services that resuscitated the wine industry or helped farmers transition to other agricultural sectors like the fruit industry. In the absence of legislation that enabled the formation of cooperative societies, farmers used the Cape Company Act of 1892 to pool financial resources to overcome their capital constraints in their fight against phylloxera. These cooperative societies in the form of joint-stock companies played an important role in the development of South Africa’s agricultural industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is essential for businesses as it builds reputation and stakeholder trust, drives innovation, and contributes to social welfare. This study evaluates the impact of government support on CSR under various scenarios, using a dataset of 98 listed companies from Bangladesh and 111 from China between 2011 and 2023. Theoretical links are established by constructing a model representing an oligopolistic market of privately owned firms. The results suggest that the introduction of government support motivates private firms to comply with social obligations. This theoretical claim is supported by product market competition, which acts as an intermediary. The effect is evident across the whole lifespan of the firm. Furthermore, the correlation is stronger concerning competitive industries, businesses without political ties, and low‐ and medium‐size government subsidies. The results also show that the main channel through which government subsidies affect CSR is product market competition; however, the evidence is country‐specific. This suggests that the efficient allocation of financial resources is of great importance in this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the importance of institutional contexts in cross‐border buyout exit success. After tracking 2639 cross‐border buyout investments during 1998–2007 in 38 countries and regions as of 2016, I find that the higher the institutional quality of the country where the portfolio company is located, the higher the probability of a successful exit via IPO or M&A. The larger the institutional distance between the portfolio company country and the private equity (PE) firm country, the lower the exit success, while PE firms' international experience, industrial experience, and reputation help improve exit success. Further, their industrial experience and the establishment of a local office mitigate the adverse effects of institutional distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In "Consequential Damages Clauses: Alien Vomit or Intelligent Design," Professors Choi and Gulati (and their cast of co-authors) have produced an interesting piece examining, and attempting to explain, how and why one particular clause common in M&A agreements, the "Excluded Loss" provision, has evolved. Their findings are intriguing and generally consistent with my own anecdotal conclusions as someone who has extensively studied these provisions myself. But while there are many things they get right, they get some things wrong--which is not surprising given that they are not engaged in the practical and nuanced back and forth involved in the actual negotiation of private company acquisition agreements. This response is intended to add that perspective to the Professors' and their co-authors' findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the business streamlining (BS) model proposed in 2017. Design/methodology/approach: This study/paper develops and validates the qualitatively generated BS model, a conceptual model of service sourcing relationships, by testing it quantitatively. A survey was sent to chief exective officers, chief purchasing officers or facility managers in 764 private or public companies in Sweden with an annual turnover exceeding € 10m. The categories were tested and analyzed by means of factor analysis. Findings: The BS model for managing service sourcing processes was confirmed to be significant overall, meaning that it is applicable irrespective of service sourcing context. The efficiency pursuing (EP) was found to have an interlinking role that calls for a revision of the BS model. Furthermore, the four categories tended to load pairwise. Research limitations/implications: Although this cross-sectional study confirms the relevance of the BS model for managing service-sourcing processes, further studies should examine both the relative significance of its categories in different service-sourcing contexts and why the four main categories tend to pair. Practical implications: The results support that the model is flexible and adaptable to a wide range of service-sourcing circumstances. Irrespective of the relative complexity of facility management (FM) sourcing processes, the categories can be adapted to fit the service sourcing context. Thus, it can be used as a tool to analyze and facilitate strategic decision-making. Originality/value: The paper validates that the BS model can represent the dynamics of different service-sourcing processes, regardless of the complexity of the context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops a specific and measurable framework for assessing the financial health (FH) of privately-owned companies listed on ChiNext, aimed at identifying financially sound enterprises and helping investors avoid losses caused by financial fraud or earnings management. The research proposes and tests four hypotheses related to key financial indicators and one overarching hypothesis regarding the model's performance. Using gradient boosting machines and random forests, the model achieves high accuracy and robustness against overfitting through iterative learning. The framework incorporates four pairs of financial indicators and two non-financial indicators into four classifiers, significantly outperforming the Altman Z-score model in predicting financial soundness. Among 75 private companies with special treatment by the Securities Regulatory Commission in Shanghai and Shenzhen in 2022, 72 were correctly identified as sub-healthy or unhealthy, achieving an accuracy rate of 96%. This study demonstrates time-bound practical value by validating the model with 2022 data and highlights its relevance for cross-market applications. The results provide achievable solutions for enterprise managers and policymakers in financial decision-making and risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the legal nature of debt-to-equity swap in the judicial rehabilitation procedure as a legal prerequisite for the emergence of corporate legal relations in limited liability and additional liability companies. The relevance of the research topic is due to the almost simultaneous adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On Limited Liability Companies and Additional Liability Companies", the Bankruptcy Code of Ukraine and the amendments to the Civil and Commercial Codes of Ukraine in 2022, and the objective difficulties in the practical implementation of the introduced legislative innovations, including the conversion of debt into equity in the rehabilitation procedure, related to the introduction of martial law in Ukraine and quarantine restrictions that have existed for several years. The article analyzes the current legislation of Ukraine which regulates corporate legal relations, examines the existing legislative definition and doctrinal approaches to determining the legal nature of corporate legal relations, the grounds and prerequisites for their occurrence, the subject composition and content of such legal relations, and compares the concepts of "corporate right" of a business entity participant and "secondary right" of a creditor in the judicial rehabilitation procedure. Among the obstacles to the implementation of the debt-to-equity swap procedure in practice, the author identifies the lack of its clear regulation, including the procedure for assessing the value of both the insuring shares of company members and the amounts of creditors' claims to be converted, the lack of a mechanism for protecting the rights of current company members, including the possibility of exercising the right to withdraw from the company, the need to harmonize and coordinate the provisions of current legislation by bringing the provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine "On Limited Liability Companies and Additional Liability Companies", the Law of Ukraine "On State Registration of Legal Entities, Individual Entrepreneurs and Public Organizations", the Bankruptcy Code of Ukraine, and other legal acts regulating debt-to-equity conversions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on independent training providers (ITPs) – in other words, private companies – as suppliers of vocational education and training in post-war England. Whilst acknowledging the central role of further education (FE) colleges in delivering vocational learning, it draws attention to a large, diverse sector of ITPs operating alongside FE colleges, particularly during the 1960s and 1970s. Data suggest that around 15–20% of vocational learners were enrolled as fee-paying customers with private providers at that time – a figure broadly similar to today. There are, it is argued, three related reasons for this. First, the post-war policy environment, and the varied and uneven nature of colleges at that time, allowed significant room for ITPs to operate as alternative providers of vocational education. Second, the far-reaching 'efficiency' gains required since FE colleges left local authority control have largely attenuated the space in which ITPs previously operated. Third, neoliberal assumptions about the superiority of private enterprise mean that ITPs now receive significant funding from the state, largely to deliver Apprenticeships and other programmes of work-related learning – which has, somewhat perversely, reduced the incentive for them to act as bone fide commercial providers of a broader range of vocational learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private funding in election campaigns has traditionally been studied in relation to its consequences or to private companies. However, we know little about why individuals privately fund political parties. This paper aims to identify the drivers for such behaviour in the context of the campaign for the 2020 parliamentary elections in Romania. We analysed all 98 individuals who paid extra-large membership fees, made donations, or provided high-value loans to political parties. The results show that the money provided by individuals in campaigns is given for narrow and egoistical interests rather than party-related goals. These include maintaining a favourable status quo, securing further nominations, gaining access to public office, moving from central to local politics, and acting as a smokescreen between companies and parties. These observations are not party-specific but characterize the entire political spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1893 and 1908, at least six private consortia and the municipality of Baghdad were denied permission to operate steamships on the Tigris and Euphrates on the grounds that a navigation concession had already been granted to the Privy Purse (hazine-i hassa). The Privy Purse justified its insistence on monopoly with reference to the emerging ideology of development (nafia), though its ideas about the role of steam technology in nafia stood in contrast to those of private investors and other Ottoman bureaucrats. Working from the hazine-i hassa 's planning memos and contracts, I show that the private treasury envisioned a primarily agrarian future for Iraq, with steamships serving agricultural aims. As such, it focused on envisioning future steamships rather than managing its existing fleet, while still acquiring dominance over land and transport in the region. However, private companies and officials contested this vision, emphasizing the materiality of existing steamships, their roles in trade, and the potential for commercial competition as a means of resisting British imperial encroachment. After the Committee of Union and Progress came to power in 1908, the Privy Purse was disestablished and its properties reverted to the Finance Ministry, opening a brief window during which steamship companies were encouraged to proliferate. Quickly, however, new comprehensive schemes were proposed, though with railways replacing steamships as the corollary to Iraq's imagined riches. Engaging questions about the futurity of both infrastructure and capital, as well as those posed by the technology-in-use paradigm, this article suggests that the hazine-i hassa is a rich starting point for analysis because the scalar and ontological tensions it embodied highlight how different kinds of futures interact in development planning to affect the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese government promotes cooperation between colleges and companies in vocational education to improve the supply of skilled workers and increase labour productivity. This study employs the concept of positive coordination – negotiations concurrently addressing productive and distributive questions – to analyse the advantages and limitations of voluntary cooperation embedded in networks. In terms of production, many projects focus on updating, narrowing and deepening curricula to lower the costs of initial training borne by companies and the risk of labour turnover. In terms of distribution, however, the deep and narrow curricula are at odds with students' preference for general and transferable skills; and the mutual commitments of both companies and students are uncertain. The solutions provided by cooperation are partial and unstable. Overall, they reduce skill mismatches but cannot control turnover or overcome market failure, which undermines tertiary vocational education's contribution to labour productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing concern for having better tools to address corruption, so much so that since the 1990s various international instruments have been issued, urging States to strengthen their legislation. Although this phenomenon has traditionally been associated with the public sphere, the need to criminalize corrupt acts that take place in the private sphere is no longer questioned. Proof of this is the growing criminalization of corruption between private individuals. In this regard, one of the traditional expenses incurred by private companies is related to hospitality, such as gifts and travel aimed at promoting products or for the training of their employees and customers. However, the line that separates these expenses from improper practices that affect fair competition can be quite blurred since they could be used for bribery. Given the above, it is essential to have guiding criteria that allow one to act with clarity to prevent corrupt conduct. To this end, this paper examines the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the Bribery Act, since their regulations, as well as the recommendations issued by public agencies, both in the United States and the United Kingdom, provide important guiding principles that allow private companies to specify their compliance programs to have measures and procedures in place to prevent their hospitality expenses from being classified as corrupt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Businesses develop various strategies to gain competitive advantage in the market. Branding is one of these strategies. Brand is an important marketing tool for goods or services that provide advantage to businesses. The main source of competitive advantage for a product or service is to develop a recognisable brand name. For this reason, companies strive to achieve a positive, remarkable position in people's thoughts and to create a brand name that can affect a large number of people. A product may go out of fashion quickly, but a great brand is permanent, it is bought at a higher price due to the loyalty formed between brands and customers. A company's branding has a crucial role in determining its performance both domestically and internationally, increasing its recognition in a competitive and modern business environment. It is the impression left in the minds of a product's name, logo, brand, signs, advertisements, product users and a large number of consumers. One of the most important problems of private sector tea companies operating in Rize province is not being a brand. The aim of this study is to investigate the work done by private sector companies operating in the Turkish tea market in the name of branding. In this sense, questions were asked to the officials of 20 private sector tea brands operating in Rize province in accordance with the in-depth interview technique and the answers were evaluated. As a result, the problems experienced by the companies in going beyond the family company identity, delays in institutionalisation, deficiencies in advertising and promotion, and the inability to compete financially with the big companies in the market have been observed as prominent branding problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EU state aid rules are part of the EU's competition policy, a form of soft law developed to nudge states away from public investments in many areas. Rules were used to impose that market competition holds a privileged position, and that enacting social, political, or economic benefits that might stifle competition requires a complicated legal and political negotiation process between the European Commission, Member States, and private companies. Nonetheless, many strategic projects or situations in recent years led to significant state aid. The Commission utilised a variety of means to encourage both private and public investments in EU based digital infrastructure that is critical for public media services and for unified European data space. Despite EU's balancing act between the private and public interests, business interests are dangerously capturing the development in the media data space. To grasp the social and economic contribution of publicly financed productive activities, we approach public broadcasting systems as producers of public wealth of a peculiar kind whose activities and goals are defined by their public purpose, rather than the imperatives of capital and profitmaking. Unifying data spaces with too many design decisions conceded to capitalist production runs the risk of further neglecting social foundations of member states. We argue that the desired digital transformation would be more successful if it moved towards affirmative approaches to public services and public infrastructures, recognising the historical and contemporary contribution of the production of public wealth and public media in member states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the factors that affect the emergence of water data ecosystems using a case study as a research method. The study is based on interviews conducted with partners in a comprehensive business ecosystem focused on the development of smart water network management. Eleven representatives from six private companies, the waterworks of a city, and three organizations that provide water supply management services for municipalities were interviewed. The paper presents analysis of the interview results focusing on the interviewees' thoughts on the state of water data systems in Finland and on the factors that affect the emergence of water data ecosystems in Finland. The interview results indicate a clear need for water data ecosystems but also obstacles preventing their emergence. Inadequate understanding on the part of customer, a lack of water data, regulations, and underdeveloped agreements were seen to hinder the development of water data solutions. In addition to ecosystem development, the emergence of water data ecosystems requires investment and the development of water data solutions, solution concepts, and demonstrations to show the value of the ecosystem. The results show that ecosystems need a clear rationale and vision, effective management of water data sharing, and mechanisms to ensure the scalability of water data ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background/Objectives: Yellow fever (YF) outbreaks continue to affect populations that are not reached by routine immunization services, such as workers at a high risk of occupational exposure to YF. In the Central African Republic (CAR), YF cases were detected in districts characterized by the presence of workers in forest areas. We developed an innovative approach based on a local partnership with private companies of the extractive industry to administer YF vaccine to workers in remote areas during the response to an outbreak. Methods: The planning stage of the campaign included the mapping of forestry and mining companies through the involvement of national and/or local representatives of companies from both the formal and informal sectors. Information sessions and mobilization targeted the heads of operating companies. Advanced and mobile strategies were used to target workers on their work site. Companies provided logistical support including transportation and communication and set up temporary vaccination posts. Results: Using this local partnership, it was possible to vaccinate over 70,000 workers (5.8% of the entire vaccinated population) in hard-to-reach areas, protecting them from YF. This represented around 47% of the estimated number of workers and dependents. The partnership with the private sector also contributed to increasing knowledge on the risk of YF and means of protection among a high-risk community. Conclusions: Private companies represent potentially useful actors that can contribute to the protection of high-risk workers and to the prevention and control YF outbreaks. The experience in the CAR has demonstrated that it is possible to obtain support from private companies, including informal ones, for a vaccination campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the beginning of the twenty-first century onwards, China has witnessed a Confucian revival in the business world. Often associated with a revitalisation of cultural tradition among the population, this new trend is characterised by a resurgence of the Confucian merchant (儒商, rushang) model, an ancient term that originally referred to a new type of merchants in the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), who were close to literati circles. In parallel with this increasing interest in Confucianism by many economic elites, there has been an integration of certain elements of Confucianism into official political discourse through various moral edification campaigns. Based on an analysis of this new official discourse and the fieldwork we carried out between 2016 and 2020 within three private companies, this article aims to analyse interactions between three elements: Confucianism, party-state power, and business leaders claiming to be "Confucian." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rapid global expansion of protected areas is critical for safeguarding biodiversity but depends on political action for successful implementation. Following ratification of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, most countries face an unprecedented increase in area-based conservation in adhering to its Target 3: conserving 30% of land, waters, and seas by 2030. These expansions prompt difficult trade-offs between conservation, social and economic interests. A key factor in securing legitimacy and practical feasibility for expansion programs is understanding what factors determine public support for them. Using novel survey and conjoint experiment data we show that, in eight countries across five continents, public opinion is 1) strongly in favor of the "30-by-30"-target, and 2) surprisingly consistent about policy priorities for the design of both international and domestic expansion regimes. We find that, at the international level, support increases with protection responsibilities equally split between countries, rich countries bearing higher costs, more countries cooperating, and placement trade banned. At the domestic level, support generally increase when nature-values are prioritized over social or economic values, and in many countries decrease when costs are borne by a general tax increase, parks are managed by private companies, and when access to parks is restricted. Together, our results demonstrate how protected area expansion policies can be shaped in line with public opinion and facilitate achieving 30% protected areas by 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Právník is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study highlights the positive impact of a stock market listing on workplace safety. We find that workplace injuries in publicly listed firms are lower than those in comparable private firms, and this effect relates to heightened monitoring by the media and regulators. The media pays more attention to public firms' safety issues than to those of private firms, and the reduced media scrutiny due to local newspaper closures leads to greater increases in injuries in public firms. Regulators also monitor public firms more strictly, evidenced by a higher likelihood of nonroutine inspections and larger penalties for detected violations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Professional Business Review (JPBReview) is the property of Open Access Publications LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Professional Business Review (JPBReview) is the property of Open Access Publications LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the study of the professional careers of 439 parliamentary assistants of the 7th parliamentary term (2009–2014), we identify their different career patterns, especially after leaving the European parliament. We show which factors (social, biographical) influence mobility within the field of Eurocracy. We assess the importance of public/private circulation. Beyond the notorious ‘revolving doors’ and the question of the transfer of information from EU institutions to private interests, we show that parliamentary assistants form a group of specialised intermediaries of EU affairs who, after having acquired specific knowledge and know-how at the heart of European policymaking, are able to convert these assets in different sectors (public bureaucracies, private companies, or NGOs), at the EU level or in the member states. Such mobility illustrates the blurring of the public/private divide, and the hybridisation of EU governance. We thus shed new light on the structuring of the field of Eurocracy and the circulation of professionals within it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the difficult procedure of obtaining consent, consent-free health data reuse is believed to be one major contributor towards the creation of thriving health innovation ecosystem. While classic researchers are supported by the GDPR to reuse health data without consent, the innovator's situation remains unclear, and this uncertainty continues to exist upon the introduction of the EHDS. To shed light on grey areas, positions of GDPR and EHDS on the ability of innovators for consent-free health data reuse were assessed. The study concludes that, while academicians are able to reuse health data without consent, a private company's ability has been impeded by individual member states' deviations from Article 9(2) GDPR. Furthermore, in contracts to EHDS (2022) which appeared in favour of innovators through the elimination of consent mechanism, EHDS (2024) with the inclusion of opt-out mechanism, and exclusion of private sector bodies from the Article 35(f), has negatively affected private companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government statistical offices worldwide are under pressure to produce statistics rapidly and for more detailed geographies, to compete with unofficial estimates available from web-based big data sources or from private companies. Commonly suggested sources of improved health information are electronic health records and medical claims data. These data sources are collectively known as real-world data (RWD) because they are generated from routine health care processes, and they are available for millions of patients. It is clear that RWD can provide estimates that are more timely and less expensive to produce—but a key question is whether or not they are very accurate. To test this, we took advantage of a unique health data source that includes a full range of sociodemographic variables and compared estimates using all of those potential weighting variables versus estimates derived when only age and sex are available for weighting (as is common with most RWD sources). We show that not accounting for other variables can produce misleading and quite inaccurate health estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the innovation value chain theory, the innovation process of the information and communication technology (ICT) firms is not only decomposed into R&D and commercialisation activities, but also its dynamic characteristics should be included in the evaluation system. To seek the underlying reasons for the inefficiency, a two-stage dynamic network DEA model within the SBM structure has been applied to assess the innovation efficiency along with the R&D capability and commercialisation performance. The results show that the innovation efficiency of the Chinese ICT industry shows a continuous decline due to the constraints of firms' R&D capabilities. Similarly, the heterogeneity exists within the ICT industry; The four sub-industries has its own strengths, but they also exhibit high market efficiency and low R&D efficiency. Private companies show a higher level of R&D and commercialisation than SOEs in both stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the legal status of creditors and their representative bodies in bankruptcy cases of limited liability companies. It is noted that one of the main tasks of the Code of Ukraine on bankruptcy procedures is to satisfy the demands of creditors. On the basis of judicial practice, it is determined that the mandatory task of bankruptcy proceedings is the fair satisfaction of the entire set of creditors’ claims in the order of priority established by law. Therefore, proceedings in bankruptcy cases are objectively formed on the basis of creditor competition. Therefore, the purpose of bankruptcy proceedings is to balance the realization of the rights and legitimate interests of the participants in the case. An urgent task is to develop and apply an effective mechanism for the interaction of creditors with other participants in bankruptcy proceedings, to establish at the legislative level and in the practical aspect the proper regulation of the legal status of creditors in order to provide them with effective means of protection against the dishonest behavior of other participants in bankruptcy procedures and to fairly satisfy them requirements It is proposed, in particular, to amend a number of provisions of the Code of Ukraine on Bankruptcy Procedures, in particular, to the second part of Article 90 of the Code of Ukraine on Bankruptcy Procedures and to put it in the wording determined by the author, to return the provisions of the second part of Article 11 of the Law of Ukraine «On Restoring the Debtor’s Solvency or Recognition of bankrupt», etc. Peculiarities of the legal status of secured, current, bankruptcy creditors in bankruptcy cases of limited liability companies are analyzed. Attention is drawn to the fact that with the adoption of the Code of Ukraine on bankruptcy procedures compared to the previous Law of Ukraine «On restoring the debtor’s solvency or declaring him bankrupt», the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of secured creditors has improved by improving the legal regulation of bankruptcy procedures. It was concluded that the creditors interact with each other by convening and holding creditors’ meetings and making a decision to create a representative body - the creditors’ committee, determine its quantitative composition and elect its members. At the same time, creditors of companies must take into account and take into account the rights and legitimate interests of each other, observing the principles of inadmissibility of abuse of procedural rights, competition and legality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to understand the mechanisms driving individuals to utilise and engage in edubusiness and contribute to the industry's development, even when they face criticism. To that end, this paper, focussing on corporate stories, explores the cultural strategies education companies employ to expand their businesses overseas. Design/methodology/approach: This paper examines the case study of Kumon Institute of Education, a key player in the Japanese edu-business sector. The analysis is based on interviews conducted between 2019 and 2021 with four public relations officers who possess extensive knowledge of the company's history. Additionally, it draws on government and company documents, as well as newspaper articles. The analysis focusses on the narrative isomorphism between the company and the government from the provider's perspective. Findings: Kumon's corporate stories and narratives have been shaped by the history, culture and policies of Japan, its country of origin, rather than adopting a bottom-up approach or embracing neoliberal values. As the company expanded its international reach, its Japanese identity became a cornerstone of its narrative, heightening the appeal of its stories through the use of expert discourse and historic cultural resources. Recently, a synergy has developed between the public and private sectors in the realm of education export, reinforcing the distinctly Japanese nature of the company, which is particularly appealing to both users and employees. Originality/value: This paper focusses on the edu-business itself, analysing cultural strategies that go beyond the functional aspects of management or services to understand how edu-businesses have attracted people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the optimal combination of ex ante and ex post regulation of an activity in a two-period model. Additional information about the sign and extent of the externality associated with the activity becomes available only once a private party undertakes the activity, but undoing the activity at that stage is costly. We characterize when the regulator should commit not to reevaluate the activity ex post. The case for ex post regulation is strengthened if the private party can signal its private information about the consequences of the activity, but it is weakened if the cost of undoing the activity can be manipulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a paucity of literature investigating the simultaneous relationships among R&D, innovation, and exports and assessing the separate roles of R&D and innovation from an empirical perspective. We address this research gap and contribute to the literature by examining the "learning to export" and "learning by exporting" hypotheses in SMEs and large firms. Using instrumental variable (IV) regressions and path analyses, the empirical assessment provides evidence that R&D and innovation should be regarded as two separate constructs. We also find significant mediating effects between R&D and Export via Innovation and between Export and R&D via Innovation only in the large company cohort. SMEs do not show evidence of simultaneity among R&D, innovation, and exporting nor do the results provide support for the "learning by doing" hypothesis in SMEs. Our findings assist in understanding how the variables interact across different firm sizes, which is important for targeted resource support and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the causes of equity pledge, external conduction mechanisms, and economic consequences from the perspective of insurance participation by integrating insurance participation, equity pledge, and stock price crash risk into a unified framework. An empirical analysis of sample data from listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen between 2007–2021, indicates that equity pledge reduces the risk of collapse as companies hedge the risk induced by the equity pledge. Further research has revealed that insurance participation can mitigate stock price crash risk brought by equity pledge through a regulatory effect, which is more pronounced for private companies and those with a high shareholding ratio, and companies in manufacturing industry. This is because private companies have a higher demand for capital as their property rights are not state-owned, the degree of separation of powers and agency conflicts is greater in companies held by large shareholders, manufacturing companies usually have stable earnings and cash flow performance, and the financial support provided by insurers for equity pledges at risk can effectively reduce the risk of their collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are abnormalities that affect the musculoskeletalsystem, triggered by various risk factors in the work environment. Commonly, MSDs occur due to non-ergonomic working conditions. It arises from chronic exposure to risk factors that can cause injury to the musculoskeletalsystem, this condition will impact on the social and economic aspects of employees. This research was conducted to determine the characteristics of employees, description of the region and the level of musculoskeletal complaints experienced, risk of work positions based on RULA assessment, and the relationship between risk of work positions and the level of musculoskeletal complaints with an analytic cross-sectional design. The study sample was 33 employees of the Engineering Section of private limited company personnel. The research instrument used was a questionnaire. The results show that the majority of the Engineering Department employees at private limited company personnel were 23 years old (36.4%) and had worked for two to three years (33.3%). As many as 48.5% of employees experienced moderate levels of musculoskeletal complaints. Of the 33 respondents, the majority of employees (63.6%) had a low-risk position, nine people (27.3%) had moderate risk, and three (9.1%) had high risk. There is a significant relationship between the risk of work position and the level of musculoskeletal complaints (P < 0.05). There is a significant relationship between the risk of working position and the level of musculoskeletal complaints in personnel of limited liability companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value of broad genetic base cultivars is often underestimated in the formal seed system, which primarily emphasizes uniform, monogenotyped varieties to ensure food security. To gather insights on the significance of farmer's varieties, cultivar mixtures, and evolutionary populations, a comprehensive approach involving surveys, focus group discussions, interviews, field observation and literature reviews was undertaken. Current legal frameworks in seed systems and variety handling predominantly serve the interests of seed companies, breeders, and extension officials, with limited consideration for the needs and preferences of farmers. This results in farmer's varieties, characterized by their high genetic variation, as well as cultivar mixtures and evolutionary populations, receiving limited support within the policy framework. These broad genetic base cultivars have been cultivated and preserved by farmers for generations and exhibit resilience to diverse environmental conditions. The formal seed system, which has gained prominence, has separated farmers from a crucial aspect of their agricultural heritage. It is now managed by government offices and private seed companies, necessitating financial contributions from farmers to participate in the seed system. To encourage the cultivation of site-specific varieties with substantial genetic diversity, there is a need to promote these varieties, whether registered or unregistered, through a legal framework that encompasses all agricultural produces, not solely seeds. Such a framework acknowledges the capacity of farmers to independently maintain and cultivate their seeds, contributing to the preservation of genetic diversity and sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the relationship between the transparency of defense sector companies and the results obtained by defense sectors in various countries. To do so, the Defense Companies Index (DCI) and the Defense Sector Transparency Index (GDI), developed by Transparency International in 2020, are used. Through a quantitative methodology, which jointly analyses these indices, the aim is to understand both the contribution of private companies to the defense sector's transparency and the impact that the transparency of the defense sector has on companies in the industry. The results show a clear positive association in the case of public companies. In contrast, the association is not so evident in private companies, leading to the identification of four categories that reflect positive, neutral, or negative links between these companies and transparency in the defense sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacovigilance helps determine when a treatment might cause novel or unintended effects. Patients, clinicians, regulators, and pharmaceutical companies have a stake in determining how the causality of treatment-induced effects should be established and when effects should be noted in settings from the academic literature to a medicine's label. There have been different approaches to this task in different jurisdictions, with reporting to companies more common in the United States and reporting to regulators more common in Europe. Over time, pharmacovigilance has switched from being primarily a clinical enterprise to being a regulatory one, which has led to the elimination of the names of those suffering from an adverse event and the outsourcing of the job of recording the details of events to private companies, which appears likely to reduce the recognition of adverse events. This article calls for a restoration of clinical input on adverse events aimed at increasing reporting and recognition rates for important behavioral events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How U.S. companies raise money and grow has fundamentally shifted. Large private companies dominate the corporate landscape, with a ballooning list of private companies valued at more than a billion dollars--the unicorns. This Article examines the implications of this shift for shareholder litigation. Drawing on an original study of shareholder litigation against private companies valued at more than a billion dollars as of 2016, the Article analyzes barriers to unicorn shareholder suits and explains why such suits look quite different than shareholder litigation on the public side. It concludes by identifying remaining routes for litigants and evaluating the extent to which shareholder litigation can police these large private corporations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]