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OBJECTIVE: As cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK 4/6) inhibitors, which play a crucial role in the cell cycle, palbociclib and ribociclib are two novel drugs that are recently being used in the treatment of breast cancer. Despite targeting the same pathway, these agents have different molecular activities and processes. KI-67 is known to play a significant role in cell proliferation that has been related to prognosis. This study investigated the impact of palbociclib, ribociclib, and KI-67 on toxicity and survival in breast cancer treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 140 breast cancer patients in total. Patients were divided into groups based on the use of different CDK inhibitors and KI-67 values. Mortality, progression, treatment response rates, frequency, and severity of adverse events were assessed retrospectively. RESULTS: The patients in our study had an average age of 53.62±12.71 years, and 62.9% of them were diagnosed at an early stage. 34.3% (n=48) of the patients progressed after receiving treatment, while 19.3% (n=27) of the patients died. The median follow-up time was 576 days, the maximum follow-up time was 1,471 days, and the median time to progression was 301 days (min=28-max=713). Mortality, progression, and treatment response rate between two different CDK inhibitors or KI-67 groups revealed no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show a comparison between the effectiveness of palbociclib and ribociclib, and no noticeable difference is found in breast cancer patients’ survival, progression, or severity of adverse effects. Likewise, there is no meaningful difference in KI-67 expression subgroups between progression and survival following treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies evaluating the impact of Her2 levels in neoadjuvant setting have conflicting data. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of Her2 status in early triple negative breast cancer(TNBC). In the study TNBC patients who were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and surgery were analyzed retrospectively. The primary aim of the study was to analyze the impact of Her2 status(Her2-0 and Her2-low) on pathological complete response (pCR). The secondary objectives were disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). 620 female triple negative breast cancer patients were evaluated. 427 patients (68.9%) had Her2-0 and 193(31.1%) had her2-low pathology. The pCR rates were similar between Her2-0 and Her2-low patients (33.0% vs. 27.5%, p = 0.098). Although Her2-0 group has better DFS (106 vs. 50 months, p = 0.002), in multivariate analysis it had a HR of 0.74 (p = 0.06). In addition, OS was similar (131 vs. 105 months, p = 0.13) with a HR of 0.88 (p = 0.61). In multivariate analysis; presence of LVI (HR:2.2 (95% CI 1.1-3.5) p = 0.001), Clinical stage T1/T2 (HR:0.39 (95% CI 0.2-0.6) p < 0.001) and lymph node negativity (HR:0.35 (95% CI 0.1-0.9) p = 0.03) were independent factors for OS. Although there were pathological and clinical differences, the pCR, DFS and OS were similar between Her2-0 and Her2-low TNBC patients. The importance of Her2 status of TNBC in neoadjuvant setting should be further studied., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective:  Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening is strongly recommended in the pre-transplant evaluation of solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, although it remains inadequate in many transplant centers. We decided to investigate pre-transplant TB risk assessment, LTBI treatment, and registry rates in Turkey., Material and Methods:  Adult SOT recipients who underwent tuberculin skin test (TST) and/or interferon-gamma release test (IGRA) from 14 centers between 2015 and 2019 were included in the study. An induration of ≥5 mm on TST and/or probable/positive IGRA (QuantiFERON-TB) was considered positive for LTBI. Demographic features, LTBI screening and treatment, and pre-/post-transplant TB history were recorded from the electronic database of transplantation units across the country and pooled at a single center for a unified database., Results:  TST and/or IGRA were performed in 766 (33.8%) of 2266 screened patients most of whom were kidney transplant recipients (n = 485, 63.4%). LTBI screening test was positive in 359 (46.9%) patients, and isoniazid was given to 203 (56.5%) patients. Of the patients treated for LTBI, 112 (55.2%) were registered in the national registry, and 82 (73.2%) completed the treatment. Tuberculosis developed in 6 (1.06%) of 563 patients who were not offered LTBI treatment., Conclusion:  We determined that overall, only one-third of SOT recipients in our country were evaluated in terms of TB risk, only 1 of the 2 SOT recipients with LTBI received treatment, and half were registered. Therefore, we want to emphasize the critical importance of pretransplant TB risk stratification and registration, guided by revised national guidelines.

Background: To evaluate the relationship of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) with the derived neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)., Methods: The study included 43 patients with EGFR-mutant metastatic NSCLC. The dNLR, NLR, LMR, and PLR values were calculated using the baseline complete blood counts before and after treatment with erlotinib., Results: The NLR value had the best diagnostic test performance with a sensitivity of 91.3%. dNLR, NLR, LMR, and PLR were found to be significant for the prediction of OS and PFS. While the delta dNLR and NLR values were significant for OS, only the delta NLR value was significant for PFS., Conclusions: The dNLR, NLR, LMR, and PLR values were found to be significant in the prediction of OS and PFS in erlotinib-treated metastatic NSCLC. Further clinical studies are needed to determine the ideal target-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor in cases of metastatic NSCLC presenting with the EGFR-activating mutation., (Copyright © 2023 Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics.)

Introduction: This study aims to report the efficacy and safety of capecitabine plus temozolomide (CAPTEM) across different lines of treatment in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs)., Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study analyzing the data of 308 patients with metastatic NETs treated with CAPTEM between 2010 and 2022 in 34 different hospitals across various regions of Turkey., Results: The median follow-up time was 41.0 months (range: 1.7-212.1), and the median age was 53 years (range: 22-79). Our results across the entire patient cohort showed a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 10.6 months and a median overall survival (OS) of 60.4 months. First-line CAPTEM treatment appeared more effective, with a median PFS of 16.1 months and a median OS of 105.8 months (median PFS 16.1, 7.9, and 9.6 months in first-, second- and ≥third-line respectively, P = .01; with median OS values of 105.8, 47.2, and 24.1 months, respectively, P = .003) In terms of ORR, the first-line treatment again performed better, resulting in an ORR of 54.7% compared to 33.3% and 30.0% in the second and third or higher lines, respectively (P < .001). Grade 3-4 side effects occurred only in 22.5% of the patients, leading to a discontinuation rate of 9.5%. Despite the differences in outcomes based on treatment line, we did not observe a significant difference in terms of side effects between the first and subsequent lines of treatment., Conclusions and Relevance: The substantial superior outcomes in patients receiving first-line CAPTEM treatment highlight its potential as an effective treatment strategy for patients with metastatic NET., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press.)

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) and gastric cancer (GC) was shown to improve survival in recent studies. We aimed to share our real-life experience of patients who received NACT to compare the efficacy and toxicity profile of different chemotherapy regimens in our country. This retrospective multicentre study included locally advanced GC and GEJ cancer patients who received NACT between 2007 and 2021. Relation between CT regimens and pathological evaluation were analysed. A total of 794 patients from 45 oncology centers in Turkey were included. Median age at the time of diagnosis was 60 (range: 18-86). Most frequent NACT regimens used were FLOT (65.4%), DCF (17.4%) and ECF (8.1%), respectively. In the total study group, pathological complete remission (pCR) rate was 7.2%, R0 resection rate 86.4%, and D2 dissection rate was 66.8%. Rate of pCR and near-CR (24%), and R0 resection (84%) were numerically higher in FLOT arm (p > 0.05). Patients who received FLOT had also higher chemotherapy-related toxicity rate compared to patients who received other regimens (p > 0.05). Median follow-up time was 16 months (range: 1-154 months). Estimated median overall survival (OS) was 58.4months (95% CI: 35.2-85.7) and disease-free survival (DFS) was 50.7 months (95% CI: 25.4-75.9). The highest 3-year estimated OS rate was also shown in FLOT arm (68%). We still do not know which NACT regimen is the best choice for daily practice.  Clinicians should tailor treatment regimens according to patients' multifactorial status and comorbidities for to obtain best outcomes. Longer follow-up period needs to validate our results.

Introduction and Aim: Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphomas (PMBL) are aggressive B- cell lymphomas. Although the initial treatment models vary in PMBL, appropriate treatment methods are not known. We aim to show real-life data on health outcomes in adult patients with PMBL who received various type of chemoimmunotherapies in Turkey., Method: We analyzed the data of 61 patients who received treatments for PMBL from 2010 to 2020. The overall response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of the patients were evaluated., Results: 61 patients were observed in this study. The mean age of the study group was 38.4 ± 13.5 years. From among them, 49.2% of the patients were female (n = 30). For first-line therapy, 33 of them had received rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) regimen (54%). Twenty-five patients had received rituximab, etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin (DA-EPOCH-R) regimen. The ORR was 77%. The median OS and PFS were as follows: 25 months (95% CI: 20.4-29.4) and 13 months (95% CI: 8.6-17.3), respectively. The OS and PFS at 12 months were 91.3% and 50%, respectively. The OS and PFS at five years were 64.9% and 36.7%, respectively. Median follow-up time period was 20 months (IQR 8.5-38.5)., Conclusion: R-CHOP and DA-EPOCH-R showed good results in PMBL. These remain one of the best determined systemic treatment options for first-line therapy. Also, the treatment was associated with good efficacy and tolerability.

Objective: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. In the treatment of these patients, pathological complete response is defined as the absence of invasive cancer in breast or lymph node tissue after the completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 and mucin 1 expressions with pathological complete response in patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy., Methods: A total of 151 patients were included in the study. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 and mucin 1 expressions were evaluated in the biopsy materials pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy and post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy surgical material, and their relationship with pathological complete response was investigated., Results: The pathological complete response rates were significantly higher among the hormone receptor-negative patients, those with a high Ki-67 score, and patients with HER2-positive. Higher pathological complete response rates were obtained from patients with enhancer of zeste homolog 2 expression positivity pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In addition, after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 expression was found to be completely negative in materials with pathological complete response; that is, in breast tissues considered to be tumor-free. While there was no significant relationship between mucin 1 expression and pathological complete response pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy, mucin 1 expression was determined to significantly differ between the tissues with and without pathological complete response among the surgical materials examined., Conclusion: In our study investigating the relationship between enhancer of zeste homolog 2 and mucin 1 expression and pathological complete response in patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, we found that enhancer of zeste homolog 2 expression could be used as a predictive marker for pathological complete response. However, mucin 1 expression was not associated with pathological complete response.

Background: There is no standard treatment recommended at category 1 level in international guidelines for subsequent therapy after cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6) based therapy. We aimed to evaluate which subsequent treatment oncologists prefer in patients with disease progression under CDKi. In addition, we aimed to show the effectiveness of systemic treatments after CDKi and whether there is a survival difference between hormonal treatments (monotherapy vs. mTOR-based)., Methods: A total of 609 patients from 53 centers were included in the study. Progression-free-survivals (PFS) of subsequent treatments (chemotherapy (CT, n:434) or endocrine therapy (ET, n:175)) after CDKi were calculated. Patients were evaluated in three groups as those who received CDKi in first-line (group A, n:202), second-line (group B, n: 153) and ≥ 3rd-line (group C, n: 254). PFS was compared according to the use of ET and CT. In addition, ET was compared as monotherapy versus everolimus-based combination therapy., Results: The median duration of CDKi in the ET arms of Group A, B, and C was 17.0, 11.0, and 8.5 months in respectively; it was 9.0, 7.0, and 5.0 months in the CT arm. Median PFS after CDKi was 9.5 (5.0-14.0) months in the ET arm of group A, and 5.3 (3.9-6.8) months in the CT arm (p = 0.073). It was 6.7 (5.8-7.7) months in the ET arm of group B, and 5.7 (4.6-6.7) months in the CT arm (p = 0.311). It was 5.3 (2.5-8.0) months in the ET arm of group C and 4.0 (3.5-4.6) months in the CT arm (p = 0.434). Patients who received ET after CDKi were compared as those who received everolimus-based combination therapy versus those who received monotherapy ET: the median PFS in group A, B, and C was 11.0 vs. 5.9 (p = 0.047), 6.7 vs. 5.0 (p = 0.164), 6.7 vs. 3.9 (p = 0.763) months., Conclusion: Physicians preferred CT rather than ET in patients with early progression under CDKi. It has been shown that subsequent ET after CDKi can be as effective as CT. It was also observed that better PFS could be achieved with the subsequent everolimus-based treatments after first-line CDKi compared to monotherapy ET., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Crizotinib is a multikinase inhibitor, effective in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring mesenchymal-epidermal transition (MET) alterations. Although small prospective studies showed efficacy and safety of crizotinib in NSCLC with MET alterations, there is limited real-life data. Aim of this study is to investigate real-life efficacy and safety of crizotinib in patients with advanced NSCLC harboring MET alterations. This was a retrospective, multicenter (17 centers) study of Turkish Oncology Group. Patients' demographic, histological data, treatment, response rates, survival outcomes, and toxicity data were collected. Outcomes were presented for the study population and compared between MET alteration types. Total of 62 patients were included with a median age of 58.5 (range, 26-78). Major histological type was adenocarcinoma, and 3 patients (4.8%) had sarcomatoid component. The most common MET analyzing method was next generation sequencing (90.3%). MET amplification and mutation frequencies were 53.2% (n = 33) and 46.8% (n = 29), respectively. Overall response rate and disease control rate were 56.5% and 74.2% in whole study population, respectively. Median progression free survival (PFS) was 7.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.8-10.5), and median overall survival (OS) was 18.7 months (95% CI: 13.7-23.7), regardless of treatment line. Median PFS was 6.1 months (95% CI: 5.6-6.4) for patients with MET amplification, whereas 14.3 months (95% CI: 6.7-21.7) for patients with MET mutation (P = .217). Median PFS was significantly longer in patients who have never smoked (P = .040), have good performance score (P < .001), and responded to the treatment (P < .001). OS was significantly longer in patients with MET mutation (25.6 months, 95% CI: 15.9-35.3) compared to the patients with MET amplification (11.0 months; 95% CI: 5.2-16.8) (P = .049). In never-smokers, median OS was longer than smoker patients (25.6 months [95% CI: 11.8-39.3] vs 16.5 months [95% CI: 9.3-23.6]; P = .049). The most common adverse effects were fatigue (50%), peripheral edema (21%), nausea (29%) and diarrhea (19.4%). Grade 3 or 4 adverse effects were observed in 6.5% of the patients. This real-life data confirms efficacy and safety of crizotinib in the treatment of advanced NSCLC harboring MET alteration., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Although several renal biopsy registry reports have been published worldwide, there are no data on primary glomerular disease trends in Turkey., Methods: Three thousand eight-hundred fifty-eight native kidney biopsy records were assessed in the Turkish Society of Nephrology Primary Glomerulopathy Working Group (TSN-GOLD) Registry. Secondary disease and transplant biopsies were not recorded in the registry. These records were divided into four periods, before 2009, 2009 to 2013, 2013-2017, and 2017-current., Results: A total of 3858 patients (43.6% female, 6.8% elderly) were examined. Nephrotic syndrome was the most common biopsy indication in all periods (58.6%, 53%, 44.1%, 51.6%, respectively). In the whole cohort, IgA nephropathy (IgAN) (25.7%) was the most common PGN with male predominance (62.7%), and IgAN frequency steadily increased through the periods (× 2 = 198, p < 0.001). MGN was the most common nephropathy in the elderly (> 65 years), and there was no trend in this age group. An increasing trend was seen in the frequency of overweight patients (× 2 = 37, p < 0.0001). Although the biopsy rate performed with interventional radiology gradually increased, the mean glomeruli count in the samples did not change over the periods., Conclusions: In Turkey, IgAN is the most common primary glomerulonephritis, and the frequency of this is increasing., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Background: Perioperative FLOT regimen is a standard of care in locally advanced operable gastric and GEJ adenocarcinoma. We aimed to determine the efficacy, prognostic factors of perioperative FLOT chemotherapy in real-life gastric and GEJ tumors., Methods: The data of patients who were treated with perioperative FLOT chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed from 34 different oncology centers in Turkey. Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics, pretreatment laboratory values, histological and molecular characteristics were recorded., Results: A total of 441 patients were included in the study. The median of age our study population was 60 years. The majority of patients with radiological staging were cT3-4N(+) (89.9%, n = 338). After median 13.5 months (IQR: 8.5-20.5) follow-up, the median overall survival was NR (95% CI, NR to NR), and median disease free survival was 22.9 (95% CI, 18.6 to 27.3) months. The estimated overall survival at 24 months was 62%. Complete pathological response (pCR) and near pCR was achieved in 23.8% of all patients. Patients with lower NLR or PLR have significantly longer median OS (p = 0.007 and p = 0.033, respectively), and patients with lower NLR have significantly longer median DFS (p = 0.039), but PLR level did not affect DFS (p = 0.062). The OS and DFS of patients with better ECOG performance scores and those who could receive FLOT as adjuvant chemotherapy instead of other regimens were found to be better. NLR was found to be independent prognostic factor for OS in the multivariant analysis. At least one adverse event reported in 57.6% of the patients and grade 3-4 toxicity was seen in 23.6% patients., Discussion: Real-life perioperative FLOT regimen in operable gastric and GEJ tumors showed similar oncologic outcomes compared to clinical trials. Better performance status, receiving adjuvant chemotherapy as same regimen, low grade and low NLR and PLR improved outcomes in real-life. However, in multivariate analysis, only NLR affected OS.

Introduction: Osimertinib, an irreversible third-generation EGFR-TKI, is the standard of care for second-line treatment of T790M-mutant advanced NSCLC patients whose disease progressed after first-line EGFR-TKI therapy. In this multicenter study, we aimed to determine the real-life efficacy and safety of Osimertinib in pretreated advanced NSCLC patients with T790M mutation., Materials and Methods: This retrospective trial included advanced T790M-mutant pretreated NSCLC patients who received Osimertinib from 24 different centers in Turkey. Primary endpoint was time-to-treatment discontinuation (TTD). Secondary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and safety., Results: Of 163 patients, 68.7% had EGFR exon 19 deletion and 22.7% had exon 21 L858R mutation. Osimertinib was given as second-line treatment in 96 patients (58.9%) and third-line in 48 patients (29.4%). After median of 13-month follow-up, median TTD was 21.6 months with an 82.2% ORR. Estimated median OS was 32.1 months. Grade 3-4 adverse events were seen in 11.7% of the patients., Conclusion: Osimertinib is a highly effective option in second- or third-line treatment of NSCLC patients with T790M mutation, with a favorable safety profile., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: Castleman disease (CD) is a rare disease also known as angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia. The two main histological subtypes are the hyaline vascular and plasma cell variants. It is further classified as unicentric CD (UCD) or multicentric CD (MCD) according to the anatomical distribution of the disease and the number of lymph nodes involved. The aim of this multicenter study was to evaluate all cases of CD identified to date in Turkey to set up a national registry to improve the early recognition, treatment, and follow-up of CD., Materials and Methods: Both adult (n=130) and pediatric (n=10) patients with lymph node or involved field biopsy results reported as CD were included in the study. Patients’ demographic information, clinical and laboratory characteristics, imaging study results, treatment strategies, and clinical outcomes were evaluated retrospectively., Results: A total of 140 patients (69 male and 71 female) with a diagnosis of UCD (n=73) or MCD (n=67) were included. The mean age was 39 years in the UCD group and 47 years in the MCD group. Female patients were more common in the UCD group. The most common histological subtype was hyaline vascular for both UCD and MCD patients. Asymptomatic patients were more common in the UCD group. Anemia, elevations of acute phase reactants, and hypoalbuminemia were more common in the MCD group. The most commonly used treatment strategies for UCD were surgical excision, rituximab, and radiotherapy, respectively. All UCD patients were alive at a median of 19.5 months of follow-up. The most commonly used treatment strategies for MCD were methyl prednisolone, R-CHOP, R-CVP, and rituximab. Thirteen MCD patients had died at a median of 34 months of follow-up., Conclusion: This study is important in presenting the patient characteristics and treatment strategies for CD from Turkey, with the potential of increasing awareness about CD. Treatment data may help in making decisions, particularly in countries that do not have access to siltuximab. However, larger prospective studies are needed to make definitive conclusions.

Background: In this study, we evaluated 3-month clinical outcomes of kidney transplant recipients (KTR) recovering from COVID-19 and compared them with a control group., Method: The primary endpoint was death in the third month. Secondary endpoints were ongoing respiratory symptoms, need for home oxygen therapy, rehospitalization for any reason, lower respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, biopsy-proven acute rejection, venous/arterial thromboembolic event, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection/disease and BK viruria/viremia at 3 months., Results: A total of 944 KTR from 29 different centers were included in this study (523 patients in the COVID-19 group; 421 patients in the control group). The mean age was 46 ± 12 years (interquartile range 37-55) and 532 (56.4%) of them were male. Total number of deaths was 8 [7 (1.3%) in COVID-19 group, 1 (0.2%) in control group; P  = 0.082]. The proportion of patients with ongoing respiratory symptoms [43 (8.2%) versus 4 (1.0%); P < 0.001] was statistically significantly higher in the COVID-19 group compared with the control group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of other secondary endpoints., Conclusion: The prevalence of ongoing respiratory symptoms increased in the first 3 months post-COVID in KTRs who have recovered from COVID-19, but mortality was not significantly different., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the ERA.)

This study aimed to evaluate CD73 and PD-L1 and determine their relationship with each other and with overall survival (OS) in sarcoma patients. The paraffin blocks of 101 patients were analysed. 56.4% were female, and the mean age was 51.39 years. The mean OS was 20.73 months, and the Ki-67 proliferative index was 41.45. A positive correlation was found between CD73 tumour and CD73 tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) findings. CD73 tumour and TIL findings were also positively correlated with PD-L1 percentages and PD-L1 intensity. An inverse correlation was detected between OS and CD73 tumour and TIL groups of 5-25%, 25-50%, 50-75%, 75-90%, and > 90%, but no such correlation was found for the ≤ 5% group. There was an inverse correlation between OS and the PD-L1 percentages of  50% and the PD-L1 intensity of weak-moderate and strong, but no correlation was found for the negative values. Lastly, an inverse correlation was found between OS and the Ki-67 proliferative index. We found CD73 and PD-L1 positivity to be associated with decreased OS in sarcoma patients and determined a significant correlation between these parameters. This result is promising in terms of achieving better survival and disease control with anti-CD73 and anti-PD-L1 therapy in selected patients.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) is a malignant lymphoproliferative disease. Antioxidant paraoxonase enzyme (PON1) has a vital role in the elimination of potential carcinogenic organophosphate molecules. The polymorphisms in the PON1 gene, especially Q192R and L55M, may affect negatively the activity and synthesis of PON1 enzyme. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of these polymorphisms together with PON1 enzyme activity on NHL. We surveyed these polymorphisms together with PON1 enzyme activity in 93 patients with NHL and in 93 healthy individuals by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and spectrophotometer. Although carrying the M and R alleles of L55M and Q192R polymorphisms increases the risk of NHL, they were not significant. Furthermore, the NHL patients carrying 192 R allele had significantly lower enzyme activity than controls having same allele ( P  = 0.025). This research is the first study worldwide investigating the effect of Q192R and L55M polymorphisms on PON1 enzyme activity in NHL disease. The risk of developing NHL may be further increased in individuals with low enzyme activity having R risk allele of the Q192R polymorphism. The present study suggests that these polymorphisms in NHL disease should be analyzed together with PON1 enzyme activity in larger populations.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/15257770.2022.2052315 .