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We investigated the role of saccades and microsaccades when different levels of basketball players were engaged in an ecological free-throw condition. All participants made more correct than incorrect shoots, with a movement time initiation shorter in amateurs than in near-expert groups. Near-experts had more stable gaze fixation than amateurs, with higher microsaccade rate and duration and lower peak velocity. Amateurs showed higher saccade rate, peak velocity, and amplitude than near-experts. The temporal sequence of near-experts' microsaccade rate increased after the saccade peak; on the contrary, in amateurs, the saccade peak is shown after the decrement in microsaccade rates. The spatiotemporal characteristics of microsaccades and saccades may reflect an optimal sampling method by which the brain discretely acquires visual information and can differentiate between participants who use a fixation before the critical movement time and participants who move their eyes to catch more visual cues to make decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between gaze behaviour, motor responses and the direction of visual attention when different levels of basketball players were engaged in a basketball three-point shot. Twelve near-experts and 12 amateur basketball players, wearing an eye tracker and an inertial sensor, performed 20 shots on a basketball field, receiving the ball from a teammate, who then acted as the opponent. The trial sequence was subdivided into catching, aiming and ball flight phases. The analysis demonstrated that near-experts exhibited longer fixation durations and saccades of lower amplitude and peak velocity than amateurs. The gaze behaviour showed that all players utilized fixations during the last part of the catching phase, during most of the aiming phase, and during the final part of the ball flight phase. The greatest number of saccades was exhibited between the aiming and the ball flight phases, when the ball was released by the players. Saccades were oriented toward the teammate during the catching phase. Instead, during the aiming and ball flight phases, saccade orientations were not polarized toward a specific visual cue. In conclusion, vision plays a critical role in every aspect of the three-point shot in basketball, from catching the ball, to aiming preparation, and shot execution. It is a key factor in decision-making, spatial awareness, and overall performance in team sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) therapy is a non-invasive treatment that utilizes electromagnetic fields to stimulate and promote natural healing processes within the body. PEMF therapy works by emitting low-frequency electromagnetic pulses, which penetrate deep into tissues and cells, enhancing cellular function and health. PEMF applications are vast, ranging from enhancing recovery in athletes to supporting overall well-being in everyday individuals. PEMF therapy is increasingly recognized in the realm of sports and physical activity for its profound benefits in enhancing performance, accelerating recovery, and preventing injuries. By improving circulation, enhancing tissue oxygenation, and promoting the body's natural healing processes, PEMF therapy has become an invaluable tool in sports medicine, contributing to optimized physical health and prolonged athletic careers. In this review, we explore the effects of PEMF on exercise and the underlying physiological mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many daily and sport situations, people have to simultaneously perceive and process multiple objects and scenes in a short amount of time. A wrong decision may lead to a disadvantage for a team or for a single athlete, and during daily life (i.e., driving, surgery), it could have more dangerous consequences. Considering the results of different studies, the ability to distribute visual attention depends on different levels of expertise and environment-related constraints. This article is a narrative review of the current scientific evidence in the field of eye movements in sports, focusing on the role of microsaccades in sporting task situations. Over the past 10 years, microsaccades have become one of the most increasing areas of research in visual and oculomotor studies and even in the area of sport science. Here, we review the latest findings and discuss the relationships between microsaccades and attention, perception, and action in sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated gaze behavior of expert goalkeepers during the prediction of penalty kicks in different spatiotemporal constraints: penalties taken from 11 and 6 m. From 11 m, goalkeepers were more successful in predicting ball direction, with longer movement time initiation and a visual strategy with more fixations and greater saccade rates than penalties from 6 m, where they exhibited fewer fixations with higher microsaccade rates. As long as the opponent's distance is large and time pressure low, gaze can be frequently shifted between the kicker's body and the ball, due to the low cost of saccades. Conversely, when the objects are close, there is increased reliance on foveal and parafoveal information. In conclusion, when the spatiotemporal constraint is less severe, goalkeepers adopt a visual strategy with more fixations and small saccades. When the spatiotemporal constraint is more severe, they rely on peripheral vision to monitor kickers' movements through the use of microsaccades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disgorgement is a legal remedy requiring those who gain from illegal or wrongful acts to give up any profits they made as a result of that conduct. The current state of disgorgement is uncertain, marked by rising tension between limitations in recent Supreme Court jurisprudence and newly enacted statutory authority granted to the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) by Congress. Problems emerging from this regime threaten to render adjudication of disgorgement actions ineffective and inconsistent, potentially damaging the integrity of the financial system and eroding public trust in the markets. A comprehensive legislative framework is needed to fill in the gaps; one that firmly delineates the bounds of the disgorgement remedy and also sheds light on its ambiguities. This note paints a full picture of the pertinent legal landscape. In doing so, the intricate knots tying the Supreme Court's Liu v. SEC opinion to the text of 15 U.S.C. § 78u are unraveled and disgorgement's duality as equitable and statutory is revealed. In light of the apparent bifurcation, this note proposes additional legislation on the matter in order for litigation to meaningfully move forward under a single theory in future SEC enforcement actions. Setting aside uncertainty on this topic is necessary as disgorgement awards have made up the largest monetary recovery in recent years. With clearer guidance from this legislative framework, the SEC's time and resources can be more effectively utilized in educating Main Street investors rather than spent on litigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To review outcome of dogs with carpal flexural contracture deformities treated with rest alone or with rest and bandaging. ANIMALS 47 dogs (75 joints). PROCEDURESMedical records of dogs with unilateral or bilateral carpal flexural contracture deformities were reviewed, and dogs were grouped according to deformity severity grade (graded on a scale from 1 to 3) at the time of diagnosis. Two treatment groups were compared: rest only and rest with a modified Robert-Jones bandage. All dogs were reevaluated weekly until recovery (ie, resolution of the deformity and lameness). RESULTS All dogs responded to conservative management, with all dogs regaining full extension of the antebrachiocarpal joint and ambulating normally at the time of the final visit. Mean + SD time from initial diagnosis to recovery (ie, resolution of the deformity and lameness) was 2.9 + 2.2 weeks (median, 2 weeks; range, 1 to 9 weeks). Fordogs with grade 1 or 2 severity, mean time to recovery did not differ significantly between treatment groups. For dogs with grade 3 severity, however, mean time to recovery was significantly shorter for dogs treated with rest and bandaging than for dogs treated with rest alone. CLINICALRELEVANCE Results suggested that conservative management (rest alone or rest and bandaging) was a successful treatment option for puppies with carpal flexural contracture deformity and that bandaging resulted in a shorter time to recovery for dogs that were severely affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the role of top-down and bottom-up processes during a deceptive sports strategy called "no-look passes" and how microsaccades and small saccades modulate these processes. The first experiment examined the role of expertise in modulating the shift of covert attention with the bottom-up procedure. Results showed more saccades of greater amplitude and faster peak velocity in amateur than in expert groups. In the second experiment, the shift of covert attention between top-down and bottom-up conditions was investigated in a group of expert basketball players. Analysis showed that athletes make more microsaccades during the bottom-up condition; meanwhile, during the top-down condition, they were pushed to make more small saccades to decide where to send the ball. The findings suggested that the top-down process stimulates the eyes to move more concerning the bottom-up condition. It could be explained by the fact that during the top-down condition, athletes do not have an "eyehold" that stimulates their attention. During the top-down condition, athletes had to shift their attention to both sides before making the pass, resulting in their eyes being more "hesitant" concerning the situation in which they are peripherally stimulated., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) therapy is a non-invasive treatment that utilizes electromagnetic fields to stimulate and promote natural healing processes within the body. PEMF therapy works by emitting low-frequency electromagnetic pulses, which penetrate deep into tissues and cells, enhancing cellular function and health. PEMF applications are vast, ranging from enhancing recovery in athletes to supporting overall well-being in everyday individuals. PEMF therapy is increasingly recognized in the realm of sports and physical activity for its profound benefits in enhancing performance, accelerating recovery, and preventing injuries. By improving circulation, enhancing tissue oxygenation, and promoting the body's natural healing processes, PEMF therapy has become an invaluable tool in sports medicine, contributing to optimized physical health and prolonged athletic careers. In this review, we explore the effects of PEMF on exercise and the underlying physiological mechanisms., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2024 Ghanbari Ghoshchi, Petroni, Piras, Marcora and Raffi.)