Search

Potential correlation of exposure to polluted air and the spread and co-development of COVID-19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome, caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, was examined. The emphasis was given on polluted air in the form of suspended particulate matter or liquid particles in gas or air (so-called dust particles). This study was structured as a systematic literature review of multiple research projects carried out across the globe. Impact of the polluted air particles on the virus spread was examined from the temporal and spatial spread. Furthermore, overall impact of particulate matter and COVID-19 disease on human health human was investigated on a microbiological level. Despite some ambiguity, through systematic literature review effect of the polluted air on the increased spread of various viruses was demonstrated. Longer exposure to contaminated airborne dust particles has a negative effect on the human immune system and in the case of infection with COVID 19, may even overload it. This can lead to serious consequences for human health or even cause death.This review article also provides an insight into a more comprehensive analysis of possible correlation between the spreading the virus (SARS-CoV-2) by means of particulate matter and other meteorological variables (such as air temperature and humidity, weather events and climate).

V zadnjih letih se daje velik povdarek na prezračevanje in izgube, ki pri tem nastanejo. Začenjamo se zavedati potrebe po zagotavljanu ugodja v prostoru. Medtem ko to pri hišah že dobro napreduje, so vozila oz. premični domovi v zaostanku. Ker imamo ob uporabi teh vozil ponavadi vedno skrajnosti visokih in nizkih temperatur, se vprašamo, kakšno prezračevanje bi bilo najbolj smotrno izbrati. Je to naravno, morda prisilo ali pa se izplača poizkusiti z rekuperacijo. V diplomski nalogi smo izmerili zrakotesnost takega vozila z meritvami s sledilnim plinom in z meritvijo povišanja CO2 prek noči, v primeru, da ni bila uporabljena nobene oblika prezračevanja. Preizkusili smo tudi učinkovitost prezračevanja z ventilatorjem. Tudi to meritev smo izvedli s sledilnim plinom. Poleg tega smo primerjali še različne metode za izračun izmenjave zraka. Na podlagi meritev smo ugotovili, da zaradi majhnega prostora v bivalnih vozilih za vstrezno prezračevanje potrebujemo veliko število izmenjav zraka. Tako da bi bilo najbolj smotrno izbrati prezračevanje z rekuperacijo. In recent years, great emphasis has been placed on ventilation and the losses that arise from it. We are starting to realize the need to provide comfort in space. While this is already progressing well with houses, vehicles or mobile homes in backlog. Since when using these vehicles we usually always have extremes of high and low temperatures, we ask ourselves what kind of ventilation would be the most expedient to choose. Is it natural, maybe forced, or is it worth trying recuperation. In diploma thesis, we measure the air tightness of such a vehicle by measurements with a tracer gas and by measuring the increase of CO2 overnight in case that no form of ventilation was used. We also tested the efficiency of ventilation with a fan. This measurement was also performed with a tracer gas. In addition, we compared different methods for calculating air exchange. Based on the measurements, we found that due to the small space in motorhomes, we need a large number of air exchanges for adequate ventilation. So it would be most expedient to choose ventilation with recuperation.

V notranjem okolju je koncentracija aerosolov povezana z aktivnostjo ljudi, prezračevanjem in filtriranjem delcev. Okužba z boleznijo je lahko posledica aerogenega prenosa patogenih aerosolov. Z eksperimentom ocenimo razmerje med koncentracijo endogenih in eksogenih delcev ob izvedbi fizične aktivnosti. Izvedemo različne scenarije meritev, kjer spremenljivke predstavljajo prisotnost in odsotnost prezračevanja, čiščenja zraka ter aktivnosti ljudi. Dokažemo rast koncentracije endogenih aerosolov ob izvedbi fizične aktivnosti in učinkovitost naravnega prezračevanja in čiščenja zraka. In indoor environments, aerosol concentration is associated with human activity, ventilation, and air cleaning. An infection with a disease can be a consequence of aerogenic transmission of pathogenic aerosols. We evaluated the ratio between the concentration of endogenous and exogenous particles during physical activity. We analyzed various measurement scenarios where the variables represent the presence and absence of ventilation, air cleaning, and human activity. We demonstrate the increase in the concentration of endogenous aerosols during physical activity and the effectiveness of natural ventilation and air purification.

Zaključna naloga zajema vpliv stropnega panelnega ogrevanja in hlajenja na toplotno ugodje v prostoru in analizo temperatur površin v prostoru, ki jo izvedemo s termokamero. Paneli so se razvili kot bolj varčna in za toplotno ugodje boljša alternativa klasičnim sistemom hlajenja in ogrevanja. Za zaključno nalogo v toplotni komori ustvarimo zimske oz. poletne pogoje in eksperimentalno ugotovimo toplotno ugodje pri uporabi panelov, s katerimi ogrevamo oz. hladimo prostor. Za določitev indeksov toplotnega ugodja PMV in PPD uporabimo dve metodi, ki ju nato primerjamo. This paper studies the effect of ceiling heating and cooling panels on indoor thermal comfort and presents an indoor surface temperature analysis conducted by a thermal camera. Panels have been developed as a more economic and better alternative, in terms of thermal comfort, to classic heating and cooling systems. For the purpose of this paper, we create winter and summer conditions in a thermal chamber to experimentally determine thermal comfort using heating and cooling panels. In order to determine PMV and PPD thermal comfort indexes, we use two methods, which are then compared to one another.

Za regulacijo temperature v sobi se uporablja hladilno/grelna enota, ki se regulira preko regulacijskega ventila s pogonom. Za dobro ugodje in optimalno kontrolo potrebujemo linearen odziv sistema. V diplomskem delu je predstavljena zasnova in sestava merilne proge, na kateri smo izvajali meritve o vplivu pretočne karakteristike regulacijskega ventila na odziv sistema. Meritve smo izvedeli s prilagojeno in neprilagojeno karakteristiko regulacijskega ventila s pogonom glede na enoto in opazovali vpliv skupne karakteristike na regulacijsko sposobnost sistema. The room temperature is controlled by a cooling/heating unit, which is regulated by control valve with actuator. For good comfort and optimal control, we need a linear response from the system. The thesis presents the design and construction of the measurement line on which We performed measurements on the influence of the flow characteristic of the control valve and actuator on the system response. We made measurements with the linear valve and actuator characteristic and with characteristic of valve and actuator fitted to characteristic of cooling/heating unit and observed the effect of the overall characteristic on the control capability of the system.

Naravno prezračevanje je v preteklosti bilo glavni način prezračevanja saj vir energije za mehansko ni obstajal. Od takrat je izziv vzdrževanje ustrezne kakovosti zraka samo z enoostranskim naravnim prezračevanjem. To je posebej opazno pri velikih prostorov kjer želimo zagotoviti ustrezno kakovost zraka v celotni globini prostora. Težava se pojavi pri večji oddaljenosti od prezračevalne odprtine kjer vpliv prezračevanja ni enak kot poleg odrptine. Zaradi tega v zaključni nalogi obravnavamo povezave med vplivom in učinkovitostjo naravnega prezračevanja, konfiguracije odprtja okna in položaja v predavalnici. V nalogi je opisan problem ki ga obravnavamo, teoretične osnove na katerih temelji raziskava in potek raziskave. Pri eksperimentalnem delu je uporabljena metoda zmanjševanja koncentracije sledilnega plina. Mertive so bile opravljane v predavalnici III/3A na Fakulteti za strojništvo pri čemer je upoštevana globina in višina predavalnice. Na koncu izvajanja meritev dobimo krivuljo padanja koncentracije sledilnega plina iz katere lahko določimo pretok zraka in učinkovitost prezračevanja. Cilj naloge je na osnovi eksperimentalno dobljenih rezultatov podati priporočila za naravno prezračevanje prostorov kjer biva več ljudi ter kako zagotoviti ustrezno kakovost zraka neodvisno od položaja v prostoru. In the past, natural ventilation was the main method of ventilation, as the source of energy for mechanical ventilation did not exist. Since then, the challenge has been to maintain adequate air quality with only one-sided natural ventilation. This is especially noticeable in large rooms where we want to ensure adequate air quality throughout the entire depth of the room. The problem occurs at a greater distance from the ventilation opening, where the influence of ventilation is not the same as next to the opening. For this reason, in this assignment we discuss the connections between the influence and efficiency of natural ventilation, the configuration of the window opening and the position in the lecture hall. The assignment describes the problem we are dealing with, the theoretical foundations on which the research is based and the course of the research. The method of reducing the tracer gas concentration is used in the experimental work. The experiments were held in lecture hall III/3A at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, taking into account the depth and height of the lecture hall. At the end of the measurements, we get a tracer gas concentration drop curve from which we can determine the air flow and ventilation efficiency. The aim of the assignment is to give recommendations for natural ventilation of rooms where several people live and how to ensure adequate air quality regardless of the position in the room, based on experimentally obtained results.

V delu so predstavljeni načini okužbe z virusom SARS-CoV-2, vplivi različnih parametrov na širjenje tega virusa in primerjava ASHRAE in REHVA standardov za reševanje problema navzkrižne okužbe. Podrobneje so primerjani virusi, sorodni z SARS-CoV-2, vpliv relativne vlažnosti, temperature na preživetje virusov ter učinkovitosti filtrov in filtracije na zajetje virusa med prezračevanjem. The study represents ways of infection with SARS-CoV-2, effects of meteorological parameters on the spreading of the virus, comparison of ASHRAE and REHVA standards for solving the cross-infection. Detailed comparison between viruses, similar to SARS-CoV-2, influence of relative humidity, temperature on survivability of the viruses and effectiveness of filters and types of filtration on stopping the spread of the virus during ventilation.

Ustrezna kakovost zraka v notranjih prostorih je dandanes zaradi boljše zrakotesnosti zgradb vedno bolj pomembna. Hkrati se vedno bolj zavedamo vplivov notranjega okolja na zdravje, produktivnost in splošno počutje ljudi. Posledično je prišlo v zadnjih desetletjih do hitrega razvoja mehanskih prezračevalnih sistemov, ki omogočajo tako menjavo zraka v notranjih prostorih, kot tudi uravnavanje temperature in vlage. Ker pa mehansko prezračevanje predstavlja visoko energetsko porabo, je naravno prezračevanje odlična alternativa, ko stremimo k boljši energetski učinkovitosti. Zaradi nepredvidljivosti in vpliva zunanjega okolja pa je določitev učinkovitosti naravnega prezračevanja otežena. Eden izmed bolj uveljavljenih načinov je uporaba sledilnega plina, s katerim merimo naravne zračne tokove, brez da bi posegali v sam vzorec toka. Namen te naloge je pregled in primerjava metod, ki temeljijo na uporabi sledilnega plina, ter določitev njihove natančnosti in primernosti za praktično izvajanje. Adequate indoor air quality is becoming increasingly important today due to the better airtightness of buildings. Simultaneously, we are more aware of the effects of indoor environment on people's health, productivity and general well-being. As a result, in recent decades there has been a rapid development of mechanical ventilation systems that allow both indoor air exchange and regulation of temperature and humidity. Because of high energy consumption of mechanical ventilation, natural ventilation becomes a great alternative when striving for better energy efficiency. However, due to the unpredictability and impact of the external environment, determining the efficiency of natural ventilation is difficult. One of the more established methods is the use of tracer gas, with which we measure natural air currents without interfering with the flow pattern itself. The purpose of this thesis is to review and compare methods based on the use of tracer gas and to determine their accuracy and suitability for practical implementation.

Odrasli večino dneva preživijo na delovnem mestu, več kot dve tretjini zaposlenih v zaprtih prostorih. Zato je kakovost zraka na delovnem mestu velikega pomena za zdravje in počutje ljudi, kar posledično vpliva tudi na njihovo produktivnost. Delavci, ki so zaposleni v proizvodnih obratih in skladiščih so izpostavljeni različnim virom onesnaženja zraka. Med njih uvrščamo tudi hlapne organske spojine, ki so lahko v presežnih vrednostih zelo nevarne za zdravje. Večina podjetij se zaradi tega odloči za vgradnjo prezračevalnih sistemov in s tem zmanjša koncentracije nevarnih snovi v delovnem okolju. V zaključni nalogi sem v različnih delovnih prostorih izmeril prisotnost hlapnih organskih spojin in ugotavljal njihovo povezavo z delovnim procesom. Adults spend most of the day at work, with more than 75% of employees indoors. Air quality is very important for people's health and also affects their productivity. Workers employed in manufacturing plants and warehouses are exposed to various sources of air pollution. These also include volatile organic compounds, which are very dangerous to human health. As a result, most companies decide to install ventilation systems and reduce the concentrations of hazardous substances in the work environment. In the final task I measured the presence of volatile organic compounds in various work spaces and determined their connection with the work process.

Delo se primarno osredotoča na potencial pametnih zgradb in njeno formalno uvedbo v Evropski uniji. Celotna analiza se predstavi s pomočjo Indikator pripravljenosti na pametne sisteme (SRI) in skupno metodologijo, s katero jo je potrebno izračunati. Na obravnavanem primeru lastne stanovanjske stavbe, s pomočjo poenostavljenega modela, predstavim pridobitev potrdila o indikatorju pripravljenosti na pametne sisteme. The work focuses primarily on potential smart buildings and its formal introduction in the European Union. The overall analysis is presented using the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) and a common methodology how to be calculated. In the case of my own residential building, with the help of a simplified model, I present the acquisition of a certificate of readiness indicators for smart systems.