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While studies on refugee-background students in school contexts have been prolific, research of this population in higher education or post-tertiary education is still emergent. The paper attends to this gap by drawing on the narratives of five refugee-background young adults who are undertaking Australian higher education or have completed university studies. An interpretive analysis of their life-story interviews is drawn from Appadurai's concept of 'voice' as a tool to understand the intergenerational nature of 'aspiration'. We illustrate the heterogeneous ways their resourcefulness is activated in pursuit of their aspirations, and the enabling role parental aspirations play in realising their pathways. It offers new insights on the enabling role refugee parents play to support their children's pathway into higher education. It also highlights the significance of individual refugee youth agency in navigating on-going challenges to attain their personal aspirations through education. We argue that the concept of inclusive education should contain a strength-based view of refugee students that positions them as aspirational individuals who are actively engaging in complex forms of negotiation, adaptability and resistance. Further research into inclusive education for increased social inclusion, incorporating the intergenerational aspirations of both refugee youth and their parents is clearly warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanitarian migrants are moving to rural areas in Australia in increasing numbers, where it is often local communities who take responsibility for their settlement–integration. Current models acknowledge that settlement–integration is a two-way process between humanitarian migrants and the rural community but remain overly focused on the actions of humanitarian migrants while neglecting the conditions of rural communities. This article discusses the case study of a rural Australian town where humanitarian migrants, Hazaras from Afghanistan, have settled over the past decade. We draw on Jenny Phillimore’s ‘Five domains of opportunity structures’ model of settlement-integration – locality, discourse, relations, structure and initiatives and support – to explore how local government, the mayor and volunteer refugee/migrant support groups facilitate a welcoming community. The case study provides evidence for Phillimore’s ‘opportunity structures’ as effective conditions for positive humanitarian migrant settlement–integration in a rural context. Through the lens of Phillimore’s opportunity structures, we operationalise a Whole-of-Community concept in the context of rural humanitarian settlement–integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of perfluoroalkanethiols [CF3(CF2)xCH2CH2SH (x = 3, 5, 7, and 9)] on gold were characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), and static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Perfluoroalkanethiols of several chain lengths were synthesized using a known hydride reduction method for transforming commercially available perfluoroalkyliodides to corresponding perfluoroalkanethiols. This strategy provides improved product yields compared to other known routes based on hydrolysis from the common thioacetyl perfluoroalkyl intermediate. Angle-dependent XPS analysis revealed that CF3(CF2)xCH2CH2SH (x = 5, 7, and 9; F6, F8, and F10, respectively) SAMs on gold exhibited significant enrichment of the terminal CF3 group at the outer monolayer surface with the sulfur present as a metal-bound thiolate located at the monolayer-gold interface. XPS of the CF3(CF2)3CH2CH2SH (F4) monolayer revealed a thin film with a significant (>50%) amount of hydrocarbon contamination consistent with poorly organized monolayers, while the longest thiol (F10) showed XPS signals attributed to substantial ordering and anisotropy. ToF-SIMS spectra from all four SAMs contained molecular ions representative of the particular perfluorinated thiol used to prepare the monolayer. NEXAFS methods were used to determine degrees of ordering and average tilt for molecules comprising monolayers. The SAMs prepared from the longest (F10) thiols exhibited the highest degree of ordering with the molecular axis nearly perpendicular to the gold surface. The degree of ordering decreased significantly with decreasing length of the perfluorocarbon tail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing public discourses that refugees are a burden, threat or cost, unable or unwilling to integrate into society, we argue in this article for a holistic reconceptualization of refugee integration. The article explores what we call ‘everyday refugee integration’ – that is, the ways in which refugee-background migrants participate in, contribute to and become a part of their local community socially, culturally and economically. We do so through a bottom-up approach that sharpens the lens of the ordinary to highlight the role that everyday practices of humanitarian-background migrants have in that process. This article draws on a qualitative case study of one group of humanitarian-background migrants, Hazaras from Afghanistan, across three sites: community and education centres, sports and business, in Adelaide, South Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The target of reducing the environmental footprint of the aviation industry has continually driven the need to design more efficient and quieter aircraft engines. In this paper, the aeroacoustic adjoint formulization for low-shock tone noise fan blade design is first proposed and combined with the aerodynamic adjoint analysis to develop an adjoint-based, multi-objective design optimization process for transonic fan blade design. High-fidelity numerical simulations are employed in the optimization loop to predict aeroacoustic and aerodynamic objectives and gradients. Aeroacoustic and aerodynamic design optimizations of an industrial transonic research fan are conducted using the proposed adjoint-based approach, demonstrating that the noise performance and the efficiency of the fan can be improved simultaneously. Results indicate that the significant reduction in the sound power level of the fan shock-associated tone noise is achieved by a compound leading-edge sweep pattern generated by the optimizations. Flowfields and acoustic results of the optimized blades are then analyzed to understand the noise reduction mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]