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The carbon black, used in rubber compound as reinforcing filler, improves the strength, durability, and wear resistance of the rubber compound. However, it causes filler-filler interaction and results in extensive hysteresis energy losses on deformation. This research aims to reduce hysteresis energy loss of rubber compound by reducing filler-filler interaction and by improving the filler dispersion in rubber matrix. In this study, the effect of carbon black treated with benzyl tri-ethyl ammonium chloride (BTEAC) on solution styrene butadiene rubber and butadiene rubber (SSBR-BR) system was studied. Microscopic study of dispersion and distribution of carbon black in rubber matrix was performed and a significant improvement in dispersion of BTEAC treated carbon black in SSBR-BR rubber matrix was observed. As a result of increased interaction of BTEAC treated carbon black with rubber, the filler - filler interaction was significantly reduced, resulting lower hysteresis energy loss of the compound as expressed by loss tangent (tanδ) value and it has been observed that an extent of around 15% reduction in tanδ value was achieved in rubber compound consisting of BTEAC treated carbon black. In this research, the carbon black was treated with different concentration of BTEAC, such as 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% and the best balance of rubber properties was observed for 1% and 1.5% BTEAC treated carbon black.

Intentional replantation is done in cases of endodontic failures where conventional forms of treatment options either fail or become impossible. It involves the removal of the offended tooth, execution of extra oral apicoectomy followed by its reinsertion into the socket. The present case report discussed in this paper presentation demonstrates a scenario where a right maxillary second molar had an iatrogenic perforation in the middle third of distal root. The decision of intentional replantation was made for its repair but unfortunately, the tooth underwent fracture in the course of extraction. The procedure was still performed with a reduced distal root length. Fortunately, a favourable outcome was observed after 1 year of follow up. However, for recording the long term survival, the patient is kept on follow-up.

The Golgi apparatus (GA) in mammalian cells is pericentrosomally anchored and exhibits a stacked architecture. During infections by members of the alphavirus genus, the host cell GA is thought to give rise to distinct mobile pleomorphic vacuoles known as CPV-II (cytopathic vesicle-II) via unknown morphological steps. To dissect this, we adopted a phased electron tomography approach to image multiple overlapping volumes of a cell infected with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and complemented it with localization of peroxidase tagged Golgi marker. Analysis of the tomograms revealed a pattern of progressive cisternal bending into double-lamellar vesicles as a central process underpinning the biogenesis and the morphological complexity of this vacuolar system. Here we propose a model for the conversion of GA to CPV-II that reveals a unique pathway of intracellular virus envelopment. Our result has implications for alphavirus virus induced displacement of Golgi cisternae to the plasma membrane to aid viral egress operating late in the infection cycle.

The Golgi apparatus (GA) in mammalian cells is pericentrosomally anchored and exhibits a stacked architecture. During infections by members of the alphavirus genus, the host cell GA is thought to give rise to distinct mobile pleomorphic vacuoles known as CPV-II (cytopathic vesicle-II) via unknown morphological steps. To dissect this, we adopted a phased electron tomography approach to image multiple overlapping volumes of a cell infected with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and complemented it with localization of a peroxidase-tagged Golgi marker. Analysis of the tomograms revealed a pattern of progressive cisternal bending into double-lamellar vesicles as a central process underpinning the biogenesis and the morphological complexity of this vacuolar system. Here, we propose a model for the conversion of the GA to CPV-II that reveals a unique pathway of intracellular virus envelopment. Our results have implications for alphavirus-induced displacement of Golgi cisternae to the plasma membrane to aid viral egress operating late in the infection cycle.