Search

Bibliografija: str. 10-11. Abstract.

Effects of hydrophobicity and stereochemistry of poly(�-alkyl carboxylic acids) on the properties of TiO$_2$ suspensions were studied with experimental and in silico methods. Zeta potential measurements show that the addition of the more hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) to TiO$_2$ suspensions shifts the isoelectric point of the nanoparticles towards lower pH the most, followed by poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) and poly(ethacrylic) acid (PEA). Stereochemistry has a less pronounced effect on suspension stability, except at low pH, where isotactic PMA (iPMA) is not soluble in water. Dynamic light scattering measurements show that the aggregate size of the nanoparticles correlates well with their zeta potential and the aggregates are largest at the isoelectric point of the nanoparticles. Molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) computer simulations were used to study the interaction of polyacids with the surface of nanoparticles. MD simulations show that PAA forms the largest amount of hydrogen bonds with TiO$_2$, followed by PMA. PEA forms very low numbers of hydrogen bonds with the nanoparticle surface. MC simulations were used to study the effect of pKa of COOH groups of polyacids on their adsorption on TiO$_2$. It was found that even small differences in pKa between the polyacids have a strong effect.

Izmed vseh molekul, ki jih najdemo v živih organizmih, so proteini najbolj zastopani in s funkcionalnega stališča najbolj raznoliki. Sestavljeni so iz dolgih verig aminokislin in na njihovo konformacijo, strukturo ter stabilnost lahko vplivajo številni parametri. Vodne raztopine proteinov običajno vsebujejo soli, najbolj pogosto v obliki pufra. Poleg proteinov, soli in vode pa so v bioloških sistemih pogosto prisotne še druge makromolekule (lipidi, sladkorji, nukleinske kisline), in to v znatnih koncentracijah. Vpliv zasedenosti prostora s temi makromolekulami lahko v laboratorijskih razmerah ponazorimo z dodatkom nevtralnega polimera polietilen glikola. Soli in druge molekule tudi vplivajo na interakcije molekul proteina z raztopino. Eden izmed načinov ugotavljanja teh interakcij je merjenje zeta potenciala. To delo zajema meritve zeta potenciala v raztopinah proteina lizocima, kjer je bil prisoten tudi polietilenglikol v različnih koncentracijah (0, 100 in 150 g/l) in pri treh vrednostih pH (4,1, 7 in 9). Vedno je bil prisoten enostaven elektrolit (10 mM NaBr). Viskoznost raztopin polietilenglikola narašča z njegovo koncentracijo in tudi z dolžino polimerne verige. Z naraščajočo koncentracijo pa se zmanjšuje dielektrična konstanta raztopine. Rezultati kažejo, da zeta potencial narašča s koncentracijo polietilenglikola pri vseh treh izbranih pH vrednostih. Zeta potencial narašča tudi z dolžino polimerne verige. Poleg lizocima sem uporabila tudi protein goveji serumski albumin. Tudi pri tem proteinu se zeta potencial z naraščajočo koncentracijo polietilenglikola po absolutni vrednosti povečuje. Pri pH 7 je namreč naboj BSA negativen. Rezultati meritev zeta potenciala v sistemih brez polietilenglikola so primerljivi s tistimi v literaturi. Meritve v prisotnosti polietilenglikola pa še niso bile narejene. Proteins are the most abundant molecules found in living organisms, and, from a functional point of view, also the most diverse. They consist of long chains of amino acids and their conformation, structure and stability can be influenced by many parameters. Aqueous solutions of proteins usually contain salts, most often in the form of a buffer. In addition to proteins, salt, and water, other macromolecules (lipids, sugars, nucleic acids) are often present in biological systems. In laboratory conditions, influence of these macromolecules can be mimicked by the addition of the neutral polymer polyethylene glycol. Salts and other molecules affect the interaction between protein molecules. One way to determine these interactions is by measuring the zeta potential. In this work, I measured the zeta potential in lysozyme protein solutions, where polyethylene glycol was also present in different concentrations (0, 100 and 150 g/L) and at three pH values (4,1, 7 in 9). 10 mM NaBr salt was used in all cases. The viscosity of polyethylene glycol solutions increases with its concentration and also with the length of the polymer chain. As the concentration increases, the dielectric constant of the solution decreases. The results show that the zeta potential increases with polyethylene glycol concentration at all three pH values. The zeta potencial also increases with the length of the polymer chain. In addition to lysozyme, I also used the protein bovine serum albumin. For this protein, the zeta potencial increases in absolute value with increasing polyethylene glycol concentration. At pH 7, the charge of bovine serum albumin is negative. The results of zeta potential measurements in systems without polyethylene glycol are comparable to those in the literature. However, measurements in the presence of polyethylene glycol have not yet been made.

Razvoj letalskega prometa ni vezan le na letala ampak tudi na vse dejavnosti, ki so posredno ali neposredno povezane z letenjem. Vedno bolj gost letalski promet je narekoval spremljanje vseh dejavnosti povezanih z letenjem, z namenom ugotavljanja šibkih in s tem nevarnih točk letenja. S pomočjo statističnih podatkov so regulatorni organi in organizacije sprejeli ukrepe za izboljšanje letalske varnosti. Pomemben element pridobivanja podatkov je nedvomno metodologija. Obdelava in vrednotenje podatkov pa sta elementa, ki dajeta pomemben doprinos k sprejemanju ukrepov s katerimi se vpliva na izboljšanje varnosti. The development of air traffic is not only related to airplanes, but also to all activities that are directly or indirectly related to flying. Increasingly dense air traffic dictated the monitoring of all activities related to flying, with the aim of identifying the weaks and the dangerous points of flying. With the help of statistical data, regulatory authorities and organizations have taken measures to improve aviation safety. An important element of data acquisition is undoubtedly the methodology. The processing and evaluation of data are elements that make an important contribution to the adoption of measures that influence the improvement of security.