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Radiation therapy (RT), along with surgery and medical therapies, are the fundamental methods used to treat cancers, as well as a wide range of other diseases. RT is delivered in multiple forms, including external beam therapy, brachytherapy, and radiopharmaceutical therapy. RT is a completely image-guided treatment paradigm, and benefits from advances made in quantitative imaging (QI). The therapeutic effects of radiation are proven, and have improved with each advance, enabling more precisely delivered radiation dose to a tumor target and avoidance of normal tissues. Advances in QI enable improved target and normal tissue definitions, and advances in computer-based algorithmic tools enable enhanced consistency, efficiency, and depth in utilization of the rich information within QI. RT benefits from application of these enhanced tools to imaging to ultimately improve therapy.