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Background: The purpose of this 6‐week, single‐blinded, randomized clinical trial was to determine if the use of an interproximal brush, with or without a tracking device, is more effective than an oral irrigator in improving interproximal probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and inflammatory markers. Methods: Seventy‐six patients with Stages III–IV, Grade B periodontitis and a 5–7 mm posterior interproximal PD with BOP were randomized: (1) interproximal brush alone (IB; n = 26), (2) interproximal brush with tracking device (TD; n = 23), (3) oral irrigator (OI; n = 27). Participants used devices once daily for 6 weeks. Clinical measurements (PD, CAL, PI, BOP, GI) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected at baseline and 6 weeks. Results: All groups showed a significant reduction in PD and CAL (≥1.1 mm, p < 0.0001) and improvement in BOP (≥56%, p < 0.0001) and GI (≥82%, p < 0.001) at the experimental site with no differences among groups. The IB and IB+TD groups showed a significant reduction in PI (≥0.9, p ≤ 0.01). Interleukin (IL)‐1β was reduced in all groups (p = 0.006), but IB+TB more than OI (p ≤ 0.05). IL‐10 was reduced among all groups (p = 0.01), while interferon‐gamma significantly increased (p = 0.01) in all groups. Conclusions: IB and OI improved clinical parameters of PD and CAL and reduced inflammatory markers (BOP, GI, GCF IL‐1β). IB had better interproximal plaque reduction. Tracking did not significantly improve clinical parameters compared with the IB and OI groups, suggesting future modifications are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of this exploratory study was to evaluate inflammatory markers in periodontal maintenance patients from a randomized, double-masked, parallel intervention clinical trial comparing local simvastatin (SIM) to carrier alone following mini-flap access.Methods: Fifty patients with a 6-9-mm inflamed pocket during periodontal maintenance therapy (PMT) were treated with papilla reflection (PR)/root planing and placement of 2.2-mg simvastatin in methylcellulose (SIM/MCL) or methylcellulose alone (MCL). A small piece of interproximal soft tissue was harvested at baseline and 2 weeks postoperatively, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) obtained at baseline, 2 weeks and 12 months, and bleeding on probing (BOP) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured at baseline and 12 months. Pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 and anti-inflammatory IL-10 gene activation were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR). GCF IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) were measured with multiplex technology. Comparisons between groups and over time used logistic regression and general estimating equations. Associations between inflammatory markers and 12-month outcomes used Wilcoxon rank sum tests or Pearson correlations.Results: Patients in the SIM group had 4.17 greater odds (p = 0.047) of improved BOP at 12 months. Median IL-6 and VEGF were significantly increased for all patients after 2 weeks of healing (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.03, respectively), while median IL-10 gene activation was increased after 2 weeks in SIM/MCL (NS). Overall, elevated GCF IL-10 at 2 weeks was significantly correlated with improved CAL at 12 months (r = -0.32, p = 0.03).Conclusions: Local SIM/MCL may have anti-inflammatory effects that potentially are associated with improved long-term CAL outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 19th century, phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) caused a crisis of unprecedented dimension for viticulture and questioned the survival of viticulture in general, as Vitis vinifera proved to be susceptible at the rootsystem. Only grafting of susceptible V. vinifera cultivars onto phylloxeratolerant rootstocks derived from American wild Vitis species or their interspecific hybrids rescued viticulture. The phylloxera plague remains a serious burden even if it is controlled at the moment. One newly developed rootstock variety is the cultivar 'Börner', an interspecific hybrid derived from a cross of the American Vitis genotypes V. riparia GM183 and V. cinerea Arnold. 'Börner' inherited resistance to phylloxera from V. cinerea and plants afflicted by phylloxera do not develop nodosities or tuberosities. At the genetic level, the quantitative trait locus (QTL) Rdv1 for resistance to phylloxera was identified on chromosome 13 in the 'Börner' genome. We generated a fully haplotype-separated, high-quality 'Börner' genome sequence assembly in two phases using PacBio long reads. A comprehensive gene annotation was performed, genes were functionally annotated and resistance gene analogs were predicted. True haplotype phasing was verified and the Rdv1 locus was selected for detailed characterization. This genetically mapped resistance locus was previously described with a size of approximately 1.5 - 3 Mbp, but could be reduced to about 300 kbp using a local mapping approach in which selected recombinant F1 individuals were analyzed with additional markers. Comparing the Rdv1-carrying haplotype BoeCin with other haplotypes from Vitis varieties conferring susceptibility or only tolerance, Rdv1 was further delimited based on striking deviation of the sequence synteny. This region of the highly sizereduced Rdv1 locus was characterized regarding its unique gene content. A set of putative disease resistance gene analogs was identified that represent likely candidates for conferring resistance to phylloxera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]