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Over the past two decades, immunotherapies have increasingly been considered as first-line treatments for most cancers. One such treatment is immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), which has demonstrated promising results against various solid tumors in clinical trials. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently available as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). These ICIs target specific immune checkpoints, including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Clinical trial results strongly support the feasibility of this immunotherapeutic approach. However, a substantial proportion of patients with cancer develop resistance or tolerance to treatment, owing to tumor immune evasion mechanisms that counteract the host immune response. Consequently, substantial research focus has been aimed at identifying additional ICIs or synergistic inhibitory receptors to enhance the effectiveness of anti-PD-1, anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1), and anti-CTLA-4 treatments. Recently, several immune checkpoint molecular targets have been identified, such as T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), mucin domain containing-3 (TIM-3), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), and signal-regulatory protein a (SIRPa). Functional mAbs targeting these molecules are under development. CTLA-4, PD-1/PD-L1, and other recently discovered immune checkpoint proteins with distinct structures are at the forefront of research. This review discusses these structures, as well as clinical progress in mAbs targeting these immune checkpoint molecules and their potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the role of DNA methylation in cancer, focusing on its functions, therapy implications, and potential future developments. Abnormal DNA methylation is commonly observed in cancer and is considered an important indicator of malignant progression. The article discusses the role of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. It also highlights the potential for targeted therapy by inhibiting DNA methylation. The article emphasizes the importance of identifying key methylation changes in different types of cancer through pan-cancer analyses to identify relevant molecular targets. Additionally, it explores the potential of combining DNA methylation targeting with immune therapy for future tumor treatment development. However, the article acknowledges limitations in current research, such as the focus on DNA methylation in promoter regions and the need for comprehensive multi-omics analyses. Overall, the article underscores the significance of DNA methylation in cancer and the potential for personalized clinical treatments. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a case study of a 3-year-old boy with paediatric generalised pustular psoriasis (GPP) and an interleukin-36 receptor antagonist (IL36RN) mutation, successfully treated with adalimumab after failing traditional therapies. Topics discussed include the clinical manifestations of paediatric GPP, the efficacy of adalimumab in treating severe cases, and the importance of genetic analysis in guiding treatment decisions for psoriasis.