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Simple Summary: This study examines the impact of employee-related factors on udder health in dairy cows. Specifically, it investigates how variables such as educational level, the nature and scope of training provided, the methodologies utilized in that training, and the adherence to Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) within a dairy herd influence Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Count (BTSCC) and new infection risk. We anticipated that employees with formal education and comprehensive training in SOP implementation would be associated with lower BTSCC and new infection risk than their counterparts lacking formal agricultural education. Our findings indicate that the presence of an SOP correlated with an increase in BTSCC by 21,600 cells/mL compared to herds lacking a milking SOP. Furthermore, we observed a reduction of 0.02% in new infection risk when employing educated staff, which decreased to 0.16% when an SOP was incorporated into the training regimen. In contrast, unskilled employees were linked to a 0.02% increase in new infection risk. Notably, the availability of an SOP in the herd that was not incorporated within the training was associated with a 0.15% increase in infection risk. These results underscore the importance of combining foundational knowledge with implementing SOPs in training programs to optimize milking protocols. For decades, bovine mastitis and milk quality have been a focus area for research, agricultural extension, and dairy processors worldwide, yet employee management as a factor in udder health management has received limited attention. This is mainly because the focus has previously been on more classical areas covered by the National Mastitis Council Mastitis Control Program (NMC 10-point plan) in English-speaking countries. Therefore, we wanted more background information on employee management on dairy farms, to identify the human factor of udder health management. The method of investigating employee management and the impact of employee management on udder health was conducting a study of 88 Danish dairy farms with hired employees and parlor or rotary milking systems. An interview-based questionnaire on individual dairy farmers' human resource management was developed based on the current literature and multiple discussions among the authors. The results we found through analyzing associations between the dependent variable BTSCC and employee management, using a regression model, was that providing a generic SOP was associated with a 21,600 cells/mL increase in BTSCC, with estimates in the range (507; 42,674 cells/mL). We also analyzed, applying a Poisson model, that there was a 0.16% reduction in new infection risk if the training was based on a herd-specific SOP and educated employees. In contrast, we identified a 0.15% increase in new infection risk in herds where SOPs were available but not incorporated, both modest but significant results. In conclusion, farms with educated employees and trained by an SOP achieve the lowest new infection risk, but education has no impact on BTSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a need for improved methodologies on how to longitudinally analyze, interpret and learn from the Surveys on Patient Safety Culture™ (SOPS), developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Typically, SOPS quantify results by the percentage of positive responses, but this approach may miss insights from neutral or negative feedback. Study design: The SOPS were distributed every two years from 2011 to 2022 to all hospital staff at one academic institution from perioperative services. Differences between rates of "positive" and "negative" scores ("Delta"), and "neutral" responses over time were calculated. The coefficient of determination (R 2) was used to assess the correlation strength of the positive scores as the primary outcomes provided by the SOPS and Delta values over time. Finally, we evaluated patterns (crossing and converging [indicating "worrisome" patterns] vs. diverging [suggesting "desirable" pattern] vs. stable [suggesting "neutral" pattern]) of the longitudinal scores. Results: A total of 1,035 responses were analyzed [51 and 40 survey items for SOPS v1 and v2 (2022 only), respectively]. Comparing the R 2 values of the positive only scores to the Delta scores demonstrated a change in effect size for "Nonpunitive Response to Error" (R 2 = 0.290 vs. 0.420). Of the 13 specific categories measured through SOPS, plotting negative vs. positive values elucidated 2 crossing, 2 converging and 2 diverging patterns indicating both a decrease in positive responses and an increase in negative responses rather than neutral. Conclusion: Longitudinal analysis of the SOPS using the directional measures, Delta and pattern trends can provide organizations with additional key insights regarding culture of patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness, in terms of viability and quality post‐warming, when vitrifying in vitro‐produced (IVP) pig blastocysts with either a modified Cryotop (n = 161; 20 blastocysts/device) or the conventional Superfine Open Pulled Straw (SOPS; n=160; 5‐6 blastocysts/device systems. Blastocyst viability, morphology, and apoptosis parameters were evaluated after 24 h of in vitro culture. The Cryotop system yields better results in terms of higher embryo viability and total cell numbers (p <.05) and lower apoptosis (p <.05) parameters than the SOPS procedure, defining a high effectiveness to simultaneously vitrify 20 pig IVP blastocysts at one time, thus increasing the yield of IVP blastocysts readily available for embryo transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FDA has implemented 21 CFR 111 guidelines to regulate the production of dietary supplements that are sold in dosage forms. Creating an effective quality system demands both time and financial resources. However, the robust quality systems model of cGMP can offer the necessary controls to ensure acceptable quality. The current review focuses on the general quality system requirements of dietary supplements as per 21 CFR 111 regulations. The requirements mentioned in each subpart are discussed in the study. According to this study, a manufacturing firm can guarantee the consistency and quality of dietary supplements distributed to the USA by adhering to 21 CFR 111 regulations. A dietary supplement manufacturing company, therefore, has to comply with 21 CFR 111 and thus can be an FDA-approved plant. According to the findings of the study, a dietary supplement manufacturing firm can fulfill its commitment to quality by setting up a suitable quality system that can obtain the approval of the regulatory authorities to which it plans to export its products and thus can achieve customer satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inadequate energy management leads to more emission exposure, which causes climate change, severe environmental contamination, and human health risks. Therefore, the World Health Organisation (WHO) monitors universal efforts to prevent emissions and encourages governments to develop industries to transform the green economy. During the current study, the energy and cost variation was observed through three years (2020, 2021, and 2022) at a surface water plant in southern Egypt. Consistent with applying operation strategies that met convenient standard operating procedures (SOPs) during 2021 and 2022. Energy consumption was reduced by 13% to 17%, and the cost decreased by 5% to 12% for 2021 and 2022, respectively. These energy and financial savings should be considered as an influence of the water safety plans (WSPs). Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was utilised to identify the mechanism of energy consumption and its impact on the cost during the study period. The finding proves that the energy and cost rise is related to increased water demand during the summer months, periodic/emergency maintenance, and comprehensive cleaning activities. WSPs were applied to control biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and oil and grease (O & G) that show increasing values than Egyptian law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThere is a need for improved methodologies on how to longitudinally analyze, interpret and learn from the Surveys on Patient Safety Culture™ (SOPS), developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Typically, SOPS quantify results by the percentage of positive responses, but this approach may miss insights from neutral or negative feedback.Study designThe SOPS were distributed every two years from 2011 to 2022 to all hospital staff at one academic institution from perioperative services. Differences between rates of “positive” and “negative” scores (“Delta”), and “neutral” responses over time were calculated. The coefficient of determination (R2) was used to assess the correlation strength of the positive scores as the primary outcomes provided by the SOPS and Delta values over time. Finally, we evaluated patterns (crossing and converging [indicating “worrisome” patterns] vs. diverging [suggesting “desirable” pattern] vs. stable [suggesting “neutral” pattern]) of the longitudinal scores.ResultsA total of 1,035 responses were analyzed [51 and 40 survey items for SOPS v1 and v2 (2022 only), respectively]. Comparing the R2 values of the positive only scores to the Delta scores demonstrated a change in effect size for “Nonpunitive Response to Error” (R2 = 0.290 vs. 0.420). Of the 13 specific categories measured through SOPS, plotting negative vs. positive values elucidated 2 crossing, 2 converging and 2 diverging patterns indicating both a decrease in positive responses and an increase in negative responses rather than neutral.ConclusionLongitudinal analysis of the SOPS using the directional measures, Delta and pattern trends can provide organizations with additional key insights regarding culture of patient safety.

For decades, bovine mastitis and milk quality have been a focus area for research, agricultural extension, and dairy processors worldwide, yet employee management as a factor in udder health management has received limited attention. This is mainly because the focus has previously been on more classical areas covered by the National Mastitis Council Mastitis Control Program (NMC 10-point plan) in English-speaking countries. Therefore, we wanted more background information on employee management on dairy farms, to identify the human factor of udder health management. The method of investigating employee management and the impact of employee management on udder health was conducting a study of 88 Danish dairy farms with hired employees and parlor or rotary milking systems. An interview-based questionnaire on individual dairy farmers’ human resource management was developed based on the current literature and multiple discussions among the authors. The results we found through analyzing associations between the dependent variable BTSCC and employee management, using a regression model, was that providing a generic SOP was associated with a 21,600 cells/mL increase in BTSCC, with estimates in the range (507; 42,674 cells/mL). We also analyzed, applying a Poisson model, that there was a 0.16% reduction in new infection risk if the training was based on a herd-specific SOP and educated employees. In contrast, we identified a 0.15% increase in new infection risk in herds where SOPs were available but not incorporated, both modest but significant results. In conclusion, farms with educated employees and trained by an SOP achieve the lowest new infection risk, but education has no impact on BTSCC.

The use of laboratory animals in research has been extensively criticized. While most of the critique has been centered around the ethical aspect, also the economic and scientific aspects have been frequently mentioned as points of concern. As a result, the use of alternative methods has gradually become more enticing. The most used alternatives to laboratory animals are the 2D monolayer cell cultures. However, the limited translatability of these monolayer cell cultures to in vivo has led to the development of 3D cell cultures that are believed to better capture the in vivo physiology and pathology. Here we report on the development of a physiologically more relevant 3D cell model (spheroids) comprised of human bronchial epithelial (16HBE14o-) cells, for use in respiratory toxicity research. Culturing 16HBE14o-cells as hanging-drops led to the formation of stable spheroids which showed an increased expression of CLDN1 when compared to 2D monolayer cultured cells. In addition, cell-cycle analysis revealed an increased sub-G0 population and signs of G0/G1 arrest in spheroids. Afterwards, standard operating procedures (SOPs) were established, and existing protocols optimized, for compatibility with spheroids. Spheroids were successfully used to assess cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, apoptosis/necrosis, and oxidative stress after exposure to known cytotoxic or genotoxic compounds. The development of the bronchial epithelial spheroids and the establishment of SOPs can contribute to a more reliable toxicity assessment of chemicals and may aid in bridging the gap between in vivo and in vitro experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand how firefighters' use of rules (i.e., standard operating procedures [SOPs]) and deliberative decision making (i.e., operational discretion [OD]) interacts with acute stress. Background: Current operational guidance for UK firefighters combines the provision of SOPs, for routine incidents, with the use of OD, under prescribed conditions (e.g., when there is a risk to human life). However, our understanding of the use of SOPs and OD is limited. Methods: Incident commanders (ICs; n = 43) responded to simulated emergency incidents, which either licensed the use of OD or required use of a SOP. Video footage of IC behavior was used to code their response as involving a SOP or OD, while levels of acute stress were assessed using a blood-based measure and self-report. Results: ICs were less likely to use OD selectively in the simulated emergency incident that licensed its use than in the one for which use of an SOP was appropriate; IC command level did not affect this pattern of results; and the incident that licensed OD resulted in more acute stress than the incident that required use of a SOP. Conclusion: SOPs and OD were not used in the manner prescribed by current operational guidance in simulated emergency incidents. Application: These results suggest that firefighter training in SOPs and OD should be augmented alongside personal resilience training, given the impact of stress on health and wellbeing, but also to improve the deployment of SOPs and OD under stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initiated through Presidential direction and now codified, the National Ocean Mapping, Exploration, and Characterization (NOMEC) Council comprises leaders from U.S. federal agencies with a shared goal of mapping all waters of the United States and exploring and characterizing priority areas. The NOMEC Council’s two Interagency Working Groups, Ocean and Coastal Mapping (IWG-OCM) and Ocean Exploration and Characterization (IWG-OEC), both achieved major milestones recently with the 2023 release of the Draft Standard Ocean Mapping Protocols (SOMP) and the 2022 publication of the National Priorities for Ocean Exploration and Characterization. Building on this groundwork, the IWG-OEC is now looking to define and share best practices, guidelines, and resources for ocean exploration and characterization with the long-term goal of increasing community wide standardization to help achieve consistent common practices. First, the IWG-OEC plans to compile federal agency resources and share them in a newly developed online resource repository. The next phase is for the IWG-OEC to create opportunities for non-federal sectors to provide input on developing and populating this repository with additional content (existing standards and protocols, best practice and guidelines documents, etc.). After experts representing multiple sectors are identified, a series of results-oriented workshops are planned to provide input on all aspects of the data, products, and services from exploration and characterization. Finally, the IWG-OEC plans to widely share the online repository of best practices and standard operating procedures. A systematic, transparent, and collaborative process to share standards and protocols can help to enhance the interoperability of data and inform new lines of inquiry, discovery, research, and innovation.

Accurately counting and localising cellular events from movies is an important bottleneck of high-content tissue/embryo live imaging. Here, we propose a new methodology based on deep learning that allows automatic detection of cellular events and their precise xyt localisation on live fluorescent imaging movies without segmentation. We focused on the detection of cell extrusion, the expulsion of dying cells from the epithelial layer, and devised DeXtrusion: a pipeline based on recurrent neural networks for automatic detection of cell extrusion/cell death events in largemovies of epithelia marked with cell contour. The pipeline, initially trained on movies of the Drosophila pupal notum marked with fluorescent E-cadherin, is easily trainable, provides fast and accurate extrusion predictions in a large range of imaging conditions, and can also detect other cellular events, such as cell division or cell differentiation. It also performs well on other epithelial tissues with reasonable re-training. Our methodology could easily be applied for other cellular events detected by live fluorescent microscopy and could help to democratise the use of deep learning for automatic event detections in developing tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first case of COVID-19 originated in China which then started spreading rapidly all over the world as a deadly pandemic. A huge number of people started to suffer due to the rapid attacks and virulent nature of the COVID-19 virus. This virus swiftly spreads from person to person. Initially considered as pneumonia due to similar signs and symptoms, with the passage of time its gravity was realized as compared to that of pneumonia. This virus attacks human respiratory system, damaging it to death. A survey was conducted during the pandemic to determine the prevalence and distribution of COVID-19 spread and its patient rate. Swabbed sticks were collected from different government and private hospitals following COVID-19 SOPs. A systematic data analysis was conducted by using different epidemiological tools to evaluate the prevalence and distribution rate of COVID across the country. Data was collected from all types of COVID-19 patients, including those on ventilator, admitted patients, patients with minor signs and symptoms, and patients having no symptoms but tested positive for COVID-19 by qRT-PCR. People who were already vaccinated were also included in this survey. A number of people showed positive vaccination effects, while most of them were not willing to receive vaccination. The study also illustrated that most of the patients who were admitted in hospitals showed severe symptoms, whereas some exhibited minor symptoms. It could be due to the fact that hospitals lack the facilities to accommodate every patient. Therefore, they only admit individuals with major symptoms and those having minor symptoms but with other complications. Whereas, patients with minor symptoms were referred to home isolation.

Background: Despite increasing acceptability and effectiveness, Unani Medicine has been widely criticized for lack of quality assurance and poor presentation. Therefore, in order to ensure the production of high-quality drugs, good manufacturing practices and the development of scientifically Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are necessary. The purpose of this study was to create SOPs for a polyherbal formulation Qurṣ-i Muṣaffī (QM) regarding its binder, temperature and duration of drying, as well as an assessment of its Mizāj (temperament). Materials and Methods: 18 batches of QM were prepared under different conditions (binder, temperature and duration of drying). Powder of particle sizes 150 μm, gum acacia mucilage (10%, 15% and 20% w/w) were used as a binder, at 60°C temperature for 20 and 30 min during the process of granulation and after compression 20 min only. Results: Data of the study revealed that the final batch of QM with particle size 150 μm, gum acacia (20 %) as the binder, temperature 60°C for 30 min for granules and 20 min after compression were found appropriate. The temperament (Mizāj) of the QM was assessed through method described by renowned Unani scholar Al-Kindῑ and found to be moderate degree in hot property and second degree in dry property. Conclusion: The obtained results of final batches of QM can be adopted as the SOPs for future references in terms of process standardization and reproducibility of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using two different concentrations of cryoprotectant following vitrification of immature oocytes. We used 1351 Mangalitsa oocytes for SOPS vitrification at an ethylene glycol (EG) concentration of 40% and 45% with an exposure time of 40 and 50 seconds. After warming, oocytes were subjected to morphological and viability assessment. The results show that increasing of EG concentration and exposure time of immature oocyte increases the number of detached cumulus cells and abnormal ooplasm. However, fluorescent assay indicated that a higher concentration of EG and shorter exposure time of oocytes lead to a significantly better post-vitrification viability (p > 0.001).

The Superfine Open Pulled Straw (SOPS) system is the most commonly used method for vitrification of pig embryos. However, this system only allows the vitrification of four to seven embryos per straw. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of the open (OC) and closed (CC) Cryotop® systems to simultaneously vitrify a larger number of porcine embryos. Morulae, early blastocysts and full blastocysts were vitrified with the open Cryotop® (n = 250; 20 embryos per device) system, the closed Cryotop® (n = 158; 20 embryos per device) system and the traditional superfine open pulled straw (SOPS; n = 241; 4–7 embryos per straw) method. Fresh embryos from each developmental stage constituted the control group (n = 132). Data expressed as percentages were compared with the Fisher's exact test. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the effect of the different vitrification systems on the embryo quality parameters and two-by-two comparisons were accomplished with the Mann-Whitney U test. Differences were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. Vitrified and control embryos were incubated for 24 h and examined for viability and quality. At the warming step, the embryo recovery rate for the CC system was 51%, while all embryos were recovered when using OC and SOPS. There were no differences between the vitrification and control groups in the postwarming viability of full blastocysts. In contrast, morulae and early blastocysts that were vitrified-warmed with the SOPS system had lower viability (p < 0.01) compared to those from the OC, CC and control groups. The embryonic viability was similar between the OC and control groups, regardless of the developmental stage considered. Moreover, the embryos from the OC group had comparable total cell number and cells from the inner cell mass and apoptotic index than the controls. In conclusion, the OC system is suitable for the simultaneous vitrification of 20 porcine embryos at different developmental stages and provides comparable viability and quality results to fresh embryos subjected to 24 h of in vitro culture.

The Sīrah of the Holy Prophetﷺ is the base of guidance for a man of every age. Through study of the Sīrah in perspective of the problems of the present time proves to be a practicable solution today as it was practicable centuries ago. Corona virus has become disastrous for the whole world and has adverse on every field of the life. The experts of medical sciences have suggested a few safety measures to avoid it. But the study of the Sīrah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ tells that these all safety measures are available in the practical life of the Holy Prophetﷺ and He also encouraged His followers to follow these measures. In this situation it can be said that the experts of medical science of present time have received their results of SOPs about corona virus and other infectious diseases from the Sīrah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ and his sayings.

Objective: Aim: To study the psychopathological mechanisms of the development of the prodromal stage of psychosis in order to identify risk factors for the formation of psychosis., Patients and Methods: Materials and Methods: In this research 137 patients with newly diagnosed psychosis were examined: 65 patients with a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia; 72 patients - with a diagnosis of acute polymorphic psychotic disorder., Results: Results: According to the analysis of symptoms using the PANSS, the absence of signs of an anxious state, conceptual disorganization of thinking, emotional withdrowal are reliable signs of PPP in PS, and unusual thought content, absence of signs of stereotyped thinking, tension, anxiety, and hallucinations are reliable signs of PPP in APPD. According to the analysis of symptoms using the SOPS, unusual thought content/delusional ideas, bizarre thinking, social anhedonia, suspiciousness/persecutory ideas, decrease in expressiveness of emotions are reliable signs of PPP in PS, and bizarre thinking, impaired tolerance to normal stress, sleep disturbance, perceptual abnormalities/hallucinations, trouble with focus and attention are reliable signs of PPP in APPD., Conclusion: Conclusions: In the process of studying the clinical-psychopathological and pathopsychological aspects of the development of the PPP, a number of risk factors for the formation of psychosis were identified. We found that he most important diagnostic signs of PPP in PS patients are: stereotyped thinking, social isolation, disorganizational thinking disorders, passive-apathetic social detachment, suspiciousness. The most informative prodromal symptoms of HP in PS patients are: conceptual disorganization of thinking, bizzare thinking, social isolation, suspiciousness/persecutory ideas, reduced expression of emotions.

Liquid biopsy has the potential to drastically change clinical practice, paving the way to a novel non-invasive approach for cancer diagnosis and treatment. One of the limitations for the implementation of liquid biopsy in clinical practice is the lack of shared and reproducible standard operating procedures (SOPs) for sample collection, processing and storage. Here, we present a critical review of the literature focusing on the available SOPs to guide liquid biopsy management in research settings and describe SOPs that our laboratory developed and employed in the context of a prospective clinical-translational trial (RENOVATE, NCT04781062). The main aim of this manuscript is to address common issues, towards the implementation of interlaboratory shared protocols for optimized preanalytical handling of blood and urine samples. To our knowledge, this work is one of the few up-to-date, freely available comprehensive reports on trial-level procedures for the handling of liquid biopsy. [Display omitted] • Liquid biopsy may represent a feasible non-invasive alternative to tissue biopsy. • The development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) for liquid biopsy management is essential for clinical purposes. • During the RENOVATE trial (NCT04781062) we developed a set of SOPs for efficient blood and urine collection and processing. • Detailed sharing of SOPs may be useful to simplify the adoption of common protocols for the handling of liquid biopsy. • Here we present a review of the literature, compared with our experience, as a reference tool for the scientific audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adverse events in hospitals are prevented through risk reduction and reliable processes. Highly reliable hospitals are grounded by a robust patient safety culture with effective communication, leadership, teamwork, error reporting, continuous improvement, and organizational learning. Although hospitals regularly measure their patient safety culture for strengths and weaknesses, there have been no systematic reviews with meta-analyses reported from Latin America., Purpose: Our systematic review aims to produce evidence about the status of patient safety culture in Latin American hospitals from studies using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC)., Methods: This systematic review was guided by the JBI guidelines for evidence synthesis. Four databases were systematically searched for studies from 2011 to 2021 originating in Latin America. Studies identified for inclusion were assessed for methodological quality and risk of bias. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including meta-analysis for professional subgroups and meta-regression for subgroup effect, were calculated., Results: In total, 30 studies from five countries-Argentina (1), Brazil (22), Colombia (3), Mexico (3), and Peru (1)-were included in the review, with 10,915 participants, consisting primarily of nursing staff (93%). The HSOPSC dimensions most positive for patient safety culture were "organizational learning: continuous improvement" and "teamwork within units", while the least positive were "nonpunitive response to error" and "staffing". Overall, there was a low positive perception (48%) of patient safety culture as a global measure (95% CI, 44.53-51.60), and a significant difference was observed for physicians who had a higher positive perception than nurses (59.84; 95% CI, 56.02-63.66)., Conclusions: Patient safety culture is a relatively unknown or unmeasured concept in most Latin American countries. Health professional programs need to build patient safety content into curriculums with an emphasis on developing skills in communication, leadership, and teamwork. Despite international accreditation penetration in the region, there were surprisingly few studies from countries with accredited hospitals. Patient safety culture needs to be a priority for hospitals in Latin America through health policies requiring annual assessments to identify weaknesses for quality improvement initiatives.