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Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis results from complex interactions between human beings, vectors and the environment. Parasitic species differ in epidemiological and geographical contexts., Methods: We studied a retrospective cohort of 696 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis treated at a reference centre in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 2000 and 2015. We analysed displacements due to work, leisure and migrations with identification of Leishmania species., Results: The geographic distribution of autochthonous cases showed that >95% of infections occurred in urban areas. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, most cases were concentrated in the cities surrounding forest parks and nature conservation areas. The same applies to the city of Rio de Janeiro, where these infections occurred in the neighbourhoods surrounding some mountain and forest areas. The non-displacement group included 575 (82.6%) patients and the displacement group included 121 (17.4%) patients. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis predominated in both groups. Other species were found in the displacement group., Conclusions: The disordered urbanization of the state of Rio de Janeiro in recent decades has created conditions for the emergence of urban foci of transmission close to forest areas. Changes in the environment, movement of infected individuals and adaptation of sandflies may have contributed to this., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.)