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Conventional Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controllers in photovoltaic (PV) systems are seen to achieve tracking speeds in range of milliseconds. Power-electronic circuits in these systems many-a-time demand faster control actions in microseconds, as they operate at high frequencies, and also, a delay in control action would lead to a corresponding power-loss. Hence, an MPPT controller delivering such fast tracking speeds would improve overall system performance. In this work, an Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based Statechart Controller is developed to perform MPPT control of the PV system. The developed Statechart Controller is tested using software-in-the-loop simulation(SILS) and results are presented. With inputs from a programmable logic controller emulating PV characteristic curves, the Statechart Controller is then deployed in a target FPGA. A comparison between performance with conventional MPPT controller and Statechart Controller is presented and results indicate that the latter is more effective in terms of tracking speeds, determinism, and modularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considering the high cost of fertilizers and adverse effect of its overuse on environment and soil health, proper organic manure-fertilizer recommendations on the basis of soil test values, residual effect and yield targets of chilli becomes vital. Methods: Field experiment was carried out on Periyanaickenpalayam soil series of Inceptisol soil order at farmers holding, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu during 2021-2022 after establishment of marked fertility gradient with respect to soil available N, P and K by gradient experiment with fodder sorghum. The test crop experiment with chilli was laid out in a fractional factorial design comprising of 24 treatments with 4 levels of N (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1), 4 levels for both phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and potassium dioxide (K2O). Farmyard manure (FYM) levels were 0, 6.25 and 12.5 kg ha-1. From the field experiment data, the fundamental parametersnutrient requirement (NR) and nutrients contributions from soil (Cs), fertiliser (Cf) and farmyard manure (Co)-were determined. Result: The percentage of nutrients estimated from fertiliser (%Cf) that contributed towards the total amount of nutrients taken up by dry chilli was calculated to be 44.09, 39.29 and 76.91 per cent of N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively. K2O>N>P2O5 was seen as the order of the fertiliser nutrient per cent contributions to total nutrient uptake. Incase of nutrient contribution form soil (% Cs) the order is P2O5>N>K2O. FYM contributed (% Co) 29.42, 14.40 and 38.73 per cent of N, P2O5 and K2O. One quintal of dry chilli production was estimated to require (NR) 4.24 kg of nitrogen, 1.91 kg of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and 4.80 kg of potassium oxide (K2O) as nutrients. Fertiliser prescription equations (FPEs) for dry chilli and ready reckoners for the operating range of soil test values for the intended yield target experiment under NPK alone and IPNS were built using basic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the advent of precision agriculture, applying fertilizer based on soil testing is a crucial tool to prescribe nutrient levels for crops, to increase nutrient use efficiency and production. A field experiment was conducted in a farmer's field in the Dindigul district, Southern agro-climatic zone of Tamil Nadu to ascertain the effect of artificial soil fertility gradient method on soil fertility, green fodder production of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) (var. CO 30) and nutrient absorption. A fertility gradient technique has been investigated to produce fertilizer recommendations for location-specific in red soils (Alfisols, Typic Rhodustalf). The experimental field was separated into three equal strips: strip I, II, and III, which received applications of the three graded levels of ertilizer N0P0K0, N1P1K1, and N2P2K2, respectively. Urea, single super phosphate, and muriate of potash fertilizers, respectively, were used to apply NPK. As a gradient crop, S. bicolor was raised. The N1 level was set based on the general fertilizer recommendation of feed sorghum, while the P1 and K1 values were set based on the soil’s ability to fix 100 kg ha-1 of phosphorus and 100 kg ha-1 of potassium, respectively. Plant samples were taken at harvest time, and their NPK content and nutrient uptake were determined. With addition of graded doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in Strip I, II & III increased the soil's available N, P & K status substantially in the order of Strip I

An efficient method primarily depending on nonisolated quasi Z-source (QZS) novel multilevel inverter (NIQZS-NMLI) topology to interconnect photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed in this paper. The proposed hybrid system is the combination of improved chameleon swarm algorithm (ICSA) and recurrent perceptron neural network (RPNN), hence it is named as ICSA–RPNN. Usually, the interface among the PV DC supply, the load is achieved through an NIQZS-NMLI topology. Here, the NIQZS-NMLI topology modeling design is increased with the new storage device to supply the largest amount of power from the PV power production system. The number of switches and full harmonic distortion of the machine are reduced through the NMLI topology, and it is used to achieve better upgrading capability, and reduce the voltage pressure on the entire active switching device has a better modulation index. At first, the objective function is described primarily depending on its controller parameters and control voltages, current, power, and modulation code. These parameters are useful to the inputs of the proposed ICSA-RPNN approach. The ICSA-RPNN methodology enhanced the voltage profile, reducing power distribution, power oscillations simultaneously distributing power to the load. The modulation load is controlled by proposed artificial intelligence (AI) mainly depends on the NIQZS-NMLI topography. In addition, the ICSA-RPNN methodology reduces the injected power, controls the voltage, current and frequency conditions of the DC hyperlink. The ICSA-RPNN approach is performed at MATLAB/Simulink site and the general performance of the output is compared to the existing systems for different load conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research work is to introduce the new concept of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy topological vector space(in brief IVIF-topological vector space). In this paper, the concept of IVIF-vector point, IVIF-Quasicoincidence were defined. In further, the relationship between IVIF-NQCneighbourhood, IVIF-QCneighbourhood and its bases in IVIF-topological vector space discussed. Also introduced the concept of ConvexIVIF set, Strongly ConvexIVIF set and Strictly ConvexIVIF set, in IVIF-topological vector spaces. Then it continued to the discussion about the properties and the relationship between these ConvexIVIF sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]