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The use of semiconductor‐based photocatalytic methods has been widespread for a range of applications, including pollution control and energy generation. However, certain analytical concerns limit the effectiveness of these photocatalysts, such as their limited light absorption capacity, physicochemical instability, and large energy band gap. To address these issues, scientists have been exploring integrating carbonaceous materials into photocatalytic systems to enhance their activity. This review focuses specifically on fullerene photocatalysts, a type of carbonaceous photocatalyst that has shown great promise in recent research. Fullerenes, which include C60 and C70, have unique properties that make them ideal for use as photocatalyst amplifiers in combination with other semiconductors or non‐semiconductors. This review summarizes recent research into the use of fullerene‐based materials for a variety of photocatalytic applications, including pollutant degradation, and hydrogen energy production. The efficacy of fullerene‐based photocatalysts is also discussed in recent breakthroughs in photocatalytic mechanisms and synthesis methods, focusing on pollution removal and hydrogen generation. Finally, the review addresses ongoing challenges and opportunities for fullerene‐based photocatalysts. The goal is to contribute to advancements in environmental protection and energy generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the energy shortage and environmental pollution are the burning global issues. For centuries, fossil fuels have been used to meet worldwide energy demand. However, thousands of tons of greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned, contributing to global warming. Therefore, green energy must replace fossil fuels, and hydrogen is a prime choice. Photocatalytic water splitting (PWS) under solar irradiation could address energy and environmental problems. In the past decade, solar photocatalysts have been used to manufacture sustainable fuels. Scientists are working to synthesize a reliable, affordable, and light-efficient photocatalyst. Developing efficient photocatalysts for water redox reactions in suspension is a key to solar energy conversion. Semiconductor nanoparticles can be used as photocatalysts to accelerate redox reactions to generate chemical fuel or electricity. Carbon materials are substantial photocatalysts for total WS under solar irradiation due to their high activity, high stability, low cost, easy production, and structural diversity. Carbon-based materials such as graphene, graphene oxide, graphitic carbon nitride, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and carbon quantum dots can be used as semiconductors, photosensitizers, cocatalysts, and support materials. This review comprehensively explains how carbon-based composite materials function as photocatalytic semiconductors for hydrogen production, the water-splitting mechanism, and the chemistry of redox reactions. Also, how heteroatom doping, defects and surface functionalities, etc., can influence the efficiency of carbon photocatalysts in H2 production. The challenges faced in the PWS process and future prospects are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Male postpartum depression is prevalent across populations; however, there is limited evidence on strategies to address it, particularly in low-income settings., Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of Learning Through Play Plus Dads (LTP + Dads), a nonspecialist-delivered psychosocial intervention, in improving symptoms of male postpartum depression compared to treatment as usual., Design, Setting, and Participants: This cluster randomized clinical trial was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, between June 2018 and November 2019. Assessors were blind to treatment allocation. Participants were recruited from 2 large towns in the city of Karachi via basic health units. Fathers aged 18 years and older with a DSM-5 diagnosis of major depressive episode and a child younger than 30 months were recruited. Of 1582 fathers approached, 1527 were screened and 357 were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either the intervention or treatment as usual; 328 were included in the final analysis. Data were analyzed from April to June 2022., Interventions: LTP + Dads is a manualized intervention combining parenting skills training, play therapy, and cognitive behavior therapy. The intervention was delivered by community health workers via 12 group sessions over 4 months., Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was change in 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score at 4 months. Secondary outcomes included anxiety symptoms; parenting stress; intimate partner violence; functioning; quality of life; and child social, emotional, and physical health outcomes. Assessments were completed at baseline and 4 and 6 months postrandomization., Results: Of the 357 fathers included (mean [SD] age, 31.44 [7.24] years), 171 were randomized to the intervention and 186 to treatment as usual. Participants randomized to the intervention demonstrated significantly greater improvements in depression (group difference ratio [GDR], 0.66; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.91; P < .001), anxiety (GDR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.81; P < .001), parenting stress (GDR, -12.5; 95% CI, -19.1 to -6.0; P < .001), intimate partner violence (GDR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.00; P = .05), disability (GDR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.97; P = .03), and health-related quality of life (GDR, 12.7; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.34; P < .001) at 4 months. The difference in depression and parenting stress was sustained at 6 months. Children of fathers randomized to the parenting intervention had significantly greater improvements in social-emotional development scores (mean difference, -20.8; 95% CI, -28.8 to -12.9; P < .001) at 6 months., Conclusions and Relevance: The psychosocial parenting intervention in this study has the potential to improve paternal mental health and child development in Pakistan. Further studies in other populations and with longer follow-up are warranted., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03564847.