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Poly(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene) (PFO) is a promising material for polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) due to its advantageous properties. To enhance its electron transporting capabilities, diblock polymers were synthesized by attaching polystyrene (PSt) chains of varying lengths to one end of the PFO molecule. In a comparative study with PFO homopolymer, the diblock polymers maintained similar thermal properties, absorption spectra, and photoluminescent stability, while exhibiting slightly deeper lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels and higher crystallinity. Notably, diblock polymers with shorter polystyrene blocks demonstrated higher electron mobility than the PFO homopolymer and diblock polymers with excessively long polystyrene blocks. These findings suggest that the optimal chain length of the polystyrene block is crucial for maximizing electron mobility, thus offering valuable insights for designing high-performance PLED materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the effects and molecular mechanisms of AhR signaling pathway in the treatment of scleroderma with Bushen Yijing Decoction. Methods The active ingredients of Bushen Yijing Decoction and its target genes, AhR signaling pathway genes and the genes related to scleroderma were searched through TCMSP and other databases, and LC-MS results. Target gene network diagram of scleroderma, AhR pathway and the key active ingredients in Bushen Yijing Decoction were constructed. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed with STRING database, and GO and Genome KEGG were also performed. Finally, the molecular docking of the active ingredients and AhR were verified. Results Ferulic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, isoferulic acid and luteolin were key active ingredients in Bushen Yijing Decoction for the treatment of scleroderma by targeting AhR signaling pathway. These active ingredients possibly regulated AhR signaling pathway molecules, including IL-6, CTNNB1, HSP90AA1, TNF and PTGS2, which were involved in the pathogenesis of scleroderma. Molecular docking showed that the binding energies of ferulic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, isoferulic acid and luteolin with AhR were lower than -6. 0 kcal/mol, indicating a good binding activity. Conclusions The mechanisms by which Bushen Yijing Decoction treats scleroderma can be attributed to the active ingredients such as ferulic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, isoferulic acid, luteolin, which target AhR signaling pathway and regulate core targets, including IL-6, CTNNB1, HSP90AA1, TNF and PTGS2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrification in the rhizosphere is a crucial process in controlling nitrogen‐use efficiency (NUE) in flooded paddy soils. To understand the relationship between the nitrification ability of the rhizosphere and NUE, pot experiments using 15N tracer technique were conducted to investigate the impacts of the rhizosphere soil net nitrification rate on NUE and denitrification losses at different rice growth stages in two paddy soils, which were sampled from Jurong (JR) and Yancheng (YC) in Jiangsu Province in China. The results showed that the nitrification rate in JR rhizosphere soil was lower than in YC rhizosphere soil at all rice growth stages. The abundance of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB), ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA), and pH in YC rhizosphere soils were always higher than in JR rhizosphere soils. Rice yield, biomass, NUE, leaf glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, and nitrate reductase (NR) activity were higher in JR soils with low nitrification rates than in YC soils with high nitrification rates (p < 0.05). In contrast, denitrification loss from JR soil (12.69%–23.41%) was lower than that from YC soil (26.83%–40.98%; p < 0.05) for each rice growth stage. The biomass and NUE decreased significantly as the net nitrification rate, the abundance of AOA and AOB of both the JR and YC rhizosphere soils increased (p < 0.05), and the denitrification loss was enhanced as the rhizosphere nitrification rate increased in the JR and YC soils (p < 0.05) during the rice growth period. The rhizosphere‐dominant AOB community Nitrosospira is the key factor affecting the nitrification rate and then decreasing rice NUE. In general, the rhizosphere nitrification rate in paddy soils is a primary factor controlling the rice NUE and denitrification loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal saline-alkali soil in eastern China is an important reserve arable land resource. Adding exogenous organic material is an effective way to improve soil fertility and promote the conversion of saline-alkali soil to agricultural soil. In this study, a field plot experiment was used to investigate the influences of different organic materials (vinegar residue, VR; sewage sludge, SS; vermicompost, VC) on the reduction in salinity-alkalinity barrier factors, the accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC), and the improvement in soil fertility in saline-alkali soil. The results indicated that applying different types of exogenous organic materials reduced soil electrical conductivity (EC) and pH, promoted SOC accumulation, and increased the barley yield. With the same application rate, VR application was more beneficial in reducing soil EC and pH, accumulating SOC, and increasing barley yield compared to SS and VC applications. In particular, the barley yield with VR application was higher than that with SS and VC applications by 18.4% and 26.6% on average, respectively, during the two-year experiment. Correlation and path analysis revealed that the barley yield was significantly negatively correlated with soil barrier factors (EC and pH), but EC in SS and VC-treated soils had an indirect negative effect on barley yield, while EC in VR-treated soil had a direct negative effect (−2.24). In addition, the direct (−4.46) and indirect (5.39) contributions of SOC to barley yield were higher with VR than those with SS and VC, while the direct contribution of soil aggregate to barley yield was lower with VR than that with SS and VC. Therefore, compared with SS and VC applications, VR application led to a fast reduction in soil barrier factors and the rapid accumulation of SOC, which were more beneficial for increasing barley yields in saline-alkali soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]