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Feral deer are widespread throughout Australia with the capacity to impact livestock production via transmission of parasites. Samples of Dama dama (fallow deer), Rusa unicolor (sambar deer), Cervus elaphus (red deer) and an unidentified deer were sourced from various locations in south-eastern Australia for examination for parasites. Adult nematodes were collected from the lungs of all deer species across four separate geographical locations. The nematodes were identified as species of Dictyocaulus through both morphological and molecular means. Species identification based on morphological features was difficult, with many measurements from described species overlapping. Molecular analyses targeting three markers, namely 18S rRNA, ITS2, and cox1 revealed the presence of two distinct species: Dictyocaulus cervi and Dictyocaulus skrjabini. These are the first genetically confirmed reports of species of Dictyocaulus in feral deer in Australia, and although cross-transmission of species of Dictyocaulus with livestock has not yet been reported, it cannot be completely discounted without further research.

Hysterothylacium spp Larvae encysted within the mesenteries, peritoneum, and viscera, which is the perfect place to complete their life cycle. More than 4123 larval stages were isolated from 595 Saurida tumbil and Platycephalus indicus fish. This is a simple fact that these two species are feeding greedily. The prevalence of infection was 95.3- 100 %. Internal transcribed spacers (ITS) gene of nuclear rDNA (rDNA) were amplified by conventional PCR, using the primer sets NC5/NC2. The ITS sequences determined were compared using the algorithm BLASTn with those available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Multiple sequence alignments (MSA) were performed by ClustalW. The result showed that there are 22 distinct taxa within the genus Hysterothylacium, followed by 4 common ancestors, with 6 clades grouped. The study showed Sequence heterogeneity in the ITS gene within Hysterothylacium spp. of nematode parasite collected from Saurida tumbil and Platycephalus indicus fish. Moreover, genetic homogeneity between the population of the Arabian Gulf and other regions seemed different through the high levels of gene flow observed somewhat in this qualitative diversity. The most important of which may be the impact of climate.

Two new species of the family Diplectanidae Monticelli, 1903 from the gills of Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepède, 1802) (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) off the northern Australian coast are described. Previous studies have either morphological or genetic results, whereas this study combines morphological and advanced molecular methods to provide the first detailed descriptions for species of Diplectanum Diesing, 1858 from Australia utilising both methodologies. Two new species, Diplectanum timorcanthus n. sp. and Diplectanum diacanthi n. sp., are morphologically described and genetically characterised using the partial nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA gene (28S rRNA) and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) partial sequence.

Millions of hatchery-reared Rainbow trout are currently released in Australian waters to support recreational fisheries objectives, yet many of these fish die soon after release. In addition, little is known whether these fish harbour parasites that can potentially threaten freshwater ecosystems and human health. Here, we tested the behaviour of hatchery-reared trout using six tank-based tests at six different ages to evaluate their chances of survival and then dissected fish to investigate parasite prevalence. At 7 weeks of age fish readily emerged from a hide and showed the greatest number of startle responses to predators. Behaviour around 25–29 weeks of age was relatively “shy”, staying in shelter and avoiding open water. At around 37–41 weeks of age though, behaviour changed, with fish emerging from a hide more readily and exploring the environment. Interestingly, at 58 weeks of age fish were slower to initiate exploration, possibly indicating a return to “shyer” behaviour. All fish underwent thorough parasite examination, revealing no infections. We conclude that knowledge of the behaviour of hatchery-reared fish at different ages is useful for decisions around the timing of release that balance the needs of recreational fishers whilst managing the impact on freshwater ecosystem.

Fish health is of significant ecological and economic importance. In response to public observations of parasite-like structures in a popular edible fish, this study aimed to characterize nematode larvae commonly found in the muscle and body cavity of Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795), a commercially important fish species inhabiting the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. This fish, locally known as Hasoom, holds substantial culinary importance, being a staple in the diets of millions residing in countries around the Persian Gulf. A total of 458 Saurida tumbil specimens were obtained from fish markets between June 2022 and May 2023. Subsequent examination revealed the presence of a total of 6132 nematode larvae. Nematodes found in the body cavity were identified as belonging to the genus Hysterothylacium sp., family Raphidascarididae, while those in the muscle were identified as Anisakis sp. larval type, family Anisakidae. Histopathology results suggested that these parasites may have adverse health impacts on their fish host. Notably, both nematode genera were found in the third larval stage, which is known to be the infective stage for anisakidosis. Given the reported cases of anisakidosis among people living in the study region, it is strongly recommended that fish be properly cooked before consumption to mitigate health risks.

Abstract We evaluated spatial and temporal variability in parasite communities from the commercially important tropical marine fish the black-spotted croaker (Protonibea diacanthus) (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) to examine its population structure off the coast of the Northern Territory, Australia. Differences in parasite assemblage between four locations, across three seasons of the year, were used to evaluate the degree of connectivity of the sciaenid across coastal study areas. Analysis of parasite prevalence and mean intensity in these fish suggested the four sampling sites are distinct host populations. Across time, parasite assemblages at the four sites were distinct during the mid-dry (April–August) and build-up (September–November) seasons. During the wet season (December–March) there was substantial overlap in the parasite assemblages at three of the four sites indicating that fish population mixing may be occurring. Parasite assemblages at one nearshore site remained distinct across spatial and temporal scales. Our findings support the utility of parasitic organisms for elucidating the population structure of host species and reiterate the need to account for both spatial and temporal variability when performing stock discrimination analyses.

Freshwater snails are important hosts in the life cycles of many medically important parasites, particularly for digenetic trematodes such as liver flukes and schistosomes. The current study was conducted to determine the infection of freshwater snails with parasites that can potentially be transmitted to humans within the Murrumbidgee catchment area which is an area of widespread intensive aquaculture in Australia. A total of 116 freshwater snails, belonging to three species (Isidorella hainesii, Glyptophysa novaehollandica and Bullastra lessoni), were examined for the presence of parasites in both man-made and natural environments. The analysis of sequence data, including the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, small subunit (18S) ribosomal DNA, and large subunit (28S) ribosomal DNA, indicated that the collected parasites belonged to two distinct genera, namely Clinostomum and Echinostoma. It is noteworthy that species of both of these digenean parasites have the potential to be zoonotic. Cercariae of both Clinostomum and Echinostoma were observed in snails collected from aquaculture settings. It is important to highlight that infectious stages of Clinostomum has been previously detected in edible fish within Australia. This information raises concerns regarding the potential transmission of these parasites to humans through the consumption of contaminated fish. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring and controlling the presence of Clinostomum and Echinostoma in aquaculture environments to minimise the risk of zoonotic infections and ensure food safety. Further research and surveillance are needed to better understand the prevalence, transmission dynamics, and potential public health implications associated with these parasites in the context of aquaculture in Australia.

Fish and aquatic-derived zoonotic diseases have caused considerable problems in the aquaculture industry and fishery worldwide. In particular, zoonotic diseases can pose widespread threats to humans. With the world’s growing population and potential global trade of aquaculture and fish, the risk of environmental contamination and development of fish and aquatic-derived zoonoses in humans are increasing. The important causes of zoonoses include bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. The zoonotic bacterial agents are divided into two main groups: Gram-positive (Mycobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, Erysipelothricaceae families) and Gram-negative (Aeromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Pseudomondaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Hafniaceae families). The premier parasitic agents include cestodes (tapeworm; e.g. Diphyllobothrium spp.), trematodes (fluke; e.g. Opisthorchis spp.), and nematodes (round worm; e.g. Anisakis spp.). In addition, protozoan organisms such as Cryptosporidium spp. are also considered fish-derived zoonotic pathogens. Two groups of fish-associated fungi causing basidiobolomycosis and sporotrichosis also pose a zoonotic risk for humans. The majority of the fish-derived zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans mainly via the consumption of improperly cooked or raw fish or fish products. Therefore, the incidence of zoonotic diseases can be reduced by properly processing fish and fish products, e.g. by thermal (heat/freezing) treatment. The prevalence of zoonotic agents in fishes varies seasonally and should be regularly monitored to evaluate the prevalence of pathogens in both wild and cultured fish populations. This review focuses on the fish zoonotic agents/diseases and their control and prevention.

This study describes the occurrence and molecular identification of Monogenea from blue mackerel Scomber australasicus (Cuvier) (Perciformes: Scombridae), an edible fish, from Australian waters. Previous studies have provided either morphological or genetic results, whereas this study combines both methods of species identification. A total of 50 fish sourced from the waters off the south-eastern Australian coastline were examined and 71 Monogenea were recovered from the gills. The overall prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance were 64%, 2.22, and 1.42, respectively. Monogenea were initially classified morphologically as five species belonging to two families. Family Mazocraeidae was represented by Kuhnia scombri (Kuhn, 1829) Sproston, 1945, K. scombercolias Nasir & Fuentes Zambrano, 1983 and Pseudokuhnia minor (Goto, 1894) Rohde & Watson, 1985 and family Gastrocotylidae by Gastrocotyle kurra Unnithan, 1968 and Allogastrocotyle bivaginalis Nasir & Fuentes Zambrano, 1983. Molecular identification of Monogenea was conducted through sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. The host S. australasicus was barcoded (cox1) to confirm the specific identity. There was no comparable sequence available in GenBank for K. scombercolias. Also, limited sequences were available in GenBank for the gastrocotylid Monogenea identified in this study. However, phylogenetic analyses of cox1 sequences of the Monogenea identified in this study clustered according to their familial groups. Gastrocotyle kurra and A. bivaginalis were identified for the first-time on S. australasicus in Australian waters. This study provides the first sequencing of cox1 gene for K. scombercolias. The outcomes of the study provide a basis for future Monogenea research in Australian waters, as well as for other Scomber spp.

Feral goats, Capra hircus (Bovidae), currently occur across 28% of Australia, and are found in all states and territories as well as some offshore islands. Feral goats are harvested for live export or processed as game meat, with feral goats making up approximately 90% of goats sent to slaughter in Australia. Nymphs of the pentastomid parasite, Linguatula serrata, are common parasites of goats elsewhere in the world, where they cause Halzoun or Marrara disease in humans through the consumption of nymphs in raw or semi-cooked edible offal. Despite being commonly encountered in cattle at slaughter in Australia, L. serrata nymphs have never been reported from feral goats in Australia. Goats at slaughter, however, commonly show infections of lymph nodes, the majority of which are diagnosed as caseous lymphadenitis caused by bacteria, although a small number have no known aetiology. Examination of 33 feral goats from locations in New South Wales and South Australia found a Linguatula sp. nymph encased in the mesenteric lymph node of one goat from the Cooma region of New South Wales. The potential risk of transmission of Linguatula sp. to humans and other domestic animals is discussed. This study has highlighted the importance of continued surveys of feral animals for infection with parasites, especially as their distribution changes.

The silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell) (Terapontidae) is a freshwater fish, endemic to the Murray-Darling river system in south-eastern Australia. Population declines have led to the fish being listed as critically endangered by the Australian Government. Knowledge about parasites and diseases of wild populations of freshwater fish are limited in Australia. During an examination of wild-caught silver perch, digenean mesocercaria were observed in the head tissues. A total of five of the 11 silver perch collected from the Wakool River, New South Wales, were infected with mesocercaria. All mesocercaria were found in the head tissues; no mesocercaria were found encysted in the eye lens. The mesocercaria were found to belong to the family Strigeidae based on the sequences of their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The lack of comparable sequences of strigeid digeneans from Australian hosts precludes being able to determine if the mesocercaria found in this study are a new species or representatives of an already described species. However, genetic results confirm that this is a different species to other digeneans previously described from silver perch, thus increasing the number of digeneans reported from B. bidyanus to three species. The presence of digenean mesocercaria in the head tissues of a wild population of silver perch, as found in the present study, is of potential conservation significance. Given the critically endangered conservation status of B. bidyanus, and previous evidence of strigeid infection altering fish behaviour, ecology, and predation mortality, further research on the potential impacts of infection on wild populations is warranted.

In an unrelated study of spotted snakehead fish Channa punctata (Bloch) of family Channidae (N = 103) from Bangladesh, ten fish had taupe and clear coloured cysts attached to the intestinal mesentery. Investigation of the cysts revealed larval nematodes. The larvae were damaged and not suitable for detailed morphological study, however, key features such as tooth like projections of the pseudolabia and lateral pseudolabium were observed in specimens with undamaged cephalic regions. Molecular characterisation was undertaken and although the parasite genetic material was poor, five of the twelve nematode larvae through sequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene, showed 98.17% match with sequences assigned for Tanqua tiara (accession number JF934728) deposited in GenBank. The prevalence of infection was 9.7% and the mean intensity 2.70. Tanqua has not previously been identified in fish, or from the definitive host, the Asian water monitor Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1768) of family Varanidae (class Reptilia), in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study represents a new host and locality record for this nematode species. In many previous reports from this region, nematode larvae have been identified morphologically and assigned to a diverse range of nematode genera. Some confusion therefore exists regarding their accuracy and further investigations are required using molecular methodology to clarify the species of larval nematodes which infect edible fish in Bangladesh.

In Australia, nematodes belonging to the genus Eustrongylides were believed to be endemic species until the late 20th century when they were all considered to be E. excisus, invalid or inquirendae. Although these nematodes have frequently been reported in Australian fish, reptiles, and birds and cause disease or mortality among them, there has been no attempt to date to characterise them genetically. Globally, also, no one has validated or defined suitable genetic markers to distinguish between species of Eustrongylides. In this study, adult Eustrongylides from little black cormorant (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris; n = 3) and larvae from mountain galaxias (Galaxias olidus, n = 2) and a Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii, n = 1), and a Murray cod-trout cod hybrids (Maccullochella peelii x Maccullochella macquariensis, n = 1) were available for morphological examination and molecular characterisation. The adult nematodes from cormorants were identified as E. excisus. Sequences of the 18S and ITS regions were then obtained for all nematodes, which were identical among all specimens (larvae and adults) and also identical to those of E. excisus available in the GenBank. However, only one base pair difference exists between the 18S sequences of E. excisus and E. ignotus, with limited sequences available in GenBank accompanied with proper morphological data for the nematodes. With that limitation in mind, identifying our specimens as E. excisus suggests spill-over – that it is an introduced parasite species that has successfully established its life cycle among Australian native species – may have occurred. Our study is the first report of E. excisus in the little black cormorant, P. sulcirostris. Our results do not exclude the possibility of the occurrence of other species of Eustrongylides, either native or exotic, in Australia. This parasite is zoonotic and with increasing demand for fish and changing dietary preferences, such as the consumption of raw or undercooked fish, its occurrence in the flesh of the fish is concerning. This parasite is also associated with anthropogenic habitat alteration affecting the reproductive success of the infected hosts. Therefore, awareness among the relevant authorities of the presence of the parasite in Australia and its adverse impact on native animals is crucial for the success of conservation plans such as fish recovery and relocation efforts.

Abstract Macrobrachium australiense, is one of Australia’s most widespread freshwater invertebrates. Although a significant amount of research has been conducted to understand the diversity of crustacean species in Australia, there has been considerably less effort focused on their Temnocephalidae symbionts. The present study aims to identify Temnocephalidae species found in M. australiense, along with determining their impacts on the fitness of their hosts. A total of 54 M. australiense (common Australian river prawn) were examined for evidence of infection with Temnocephalidae species, of which 96.3% showed at least one sign of infection with Temnocephalidae. Due to damage and immaturity of the worms collected from, they have been referred to as Temnocephalidae sp. based on the presence of tentacles on the anterior margin of the body, and pedunculate sucker located dorsally on the ventral surface. Possible mechanical damage to gill lamellae resulting from either egg deposition or autolysis is evident. In the phylogenetic tree built based on sequences of the 28S rRNA gene, specimens in the present study grouped separately from other Temnocephalidae species reported from Australia.

Isidorella hainesii (Tryon, 1866) is a native freshwater snail, belonging to the family Planorbidae, commonly found on aquatic vegetation in south eastern parts of Australia. In the present study, we report natural infection with a species of Choanocotyle Jue Sue and Platt, 1998 (Digenea: Choanocotylidae) parasite in inland Australia for the first time, followed by characterisation of the parasite using both morphological and molecular approaches. Snails (n = 150) were collected from recently drained, natural ponds at a local fish farm located in the Riverina region, New South Wales, Australia. Parasites were subjected to preliminary morphological examination followed by DNA extraction to obtain their ITS-2, 18S and 28S sequences. Based on their sequence data and phylogenetic analyses they were identified as Choanocotyle hobbsi Platt and Tkach, 2003, which has only previously been described from Chelodina oblonga Gray, 1841 (snake-necked turtle) in Western Australia. Previous researchers suggested that in Australia, C. oblonga and its parasite fauna are separated from their eastern counterparts due to formation of impenetrable waterless desert in the country during the late Cretaceous. Our study extends the distribution of Choanocotyle hobbsi from Western Australia to the Murray Darling Basin in New South Wales, however, the definitive host remains unknown in New South Wales.

The present study provides a new insight into valuable information on the diverse structure of the Anisakid population and discusses the limited species richness in the Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch,1791) (Perciformes, Nemiperidae). The fishing area consists of various locations in the Arabian Gulf (29°58 0 33 00 N48°28 0 20 E). A total of 315 marine fish were examined, (n=287) were infected. Larval stages (n= 763) encysted within the mesenteries peritoneum and viscera of fish organs were isolated, with a prevalence of 91.11% of infection and, the intensity was 2.65. Molecular analysis was carried out on thirty individuals who have examined the morphology and showed some appearance differences, by amplifying internal transcribed spacers ITS and ITS-1 of nuclear rDNA (rDNA) by PCR using the primer sets NC5/NC2 and SS1/NC13R of thirteen DNA products. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA X. based on the identity percentage in the GenBank database showed that they belong to anisakid nematodes, in particular, they belong to eleven distinct taxa within the Hysterothylacium Ward & Magath, 1917 (Rhabditida, Raphidascarididae) and one identified species H. amoyense (Hsü, 1933) Deardorff & Overstreet, 1980. The current study records eleven species that belong to a genus of Hysterothylacium; some of the alignment of sequences polymorphisms reveals new different individuals of larvae species that may be adopted as new species if their adult stage is detected, and N. japonicus fish considered as a new host record. The current study provides some insights on the systematic taxonomy of these parasites, in addition, it supports similar studies that have been published elsewhere.

This article investigates the occurrence and distribution of parasitic protozoa of Iranian freshwater fishes (both farmed and wild). Our search shows 26 known parasitic protozoan species were recorded from 52 freshwater fish species across different ecoregions of Iran. Most of these fish are edible. While none of the identified protozoan parasites are of zoonotic importance, our study does not exclude presence of zoonotic species in Iranian fishes. Present data suggest the northern and western regions of the country are the main macrohabitat of protozoa (35 parasitic records reported), with the greatest concentration of parasitic protozoa occurring in the Urmia basin in Iran’s northwest. The clustered distribution pattern of protozoa among freshwater fish was also more evident in the northern and western parts of the country. The gills and skin were the most infected microhabitats for parasitic protozoa. The highest number of parasites was observed in the fish family Cyprinidae with nine species found in the native fish, Capoeta capoeta. The most diverse host range was observed in the holotrich ciliate, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis isolated from 46 cyprinid species in 39 different locations. However, due to the great richness of fish and extreme habitat diversity, parts of the parasite fauna of Iranian freshwater fish are still poorly understood. Furthermore, current and future changes in climate and environmental parameters, and anthropogenic interventions are likely to affect fish hosts and their parasites.

Previous research has shown that certain types of edible fish imported into Australia are infected with Euclinostomum/Isoparorchis digenetic trematodes. In the present study, imported Channa fish were examined for parasites which were then morphologically identified to the lowest taxonomic unit possible. Here we provide the first Australian report of Pallisentis sp. Van Cleave, 1928 (Prevalence (P) 35.9%) of family Quadrigyridae; Genarchopsis sp. Ozaki, 1925 (P. 16.5%), family Derogenidae and Senga sp. Dollfus, 1934 (P. 4.8%) in edible imported Channa fish (n = 103). Pallisentis sp. and Senga sp. have invasive hold fast organs which cause significant mechanical damage to fish intestinal structures and Euclinostomum/Isoparorchis cause severe pathology and loss of marketability in infected fish. These exotic parasites, if introduced into Australia, have the potential to negatively impact the health, fecundity, resilience and marketability of native and commercial fish species. Biosecurity is a constant ontogenesis of novel hypothesis based on current scientific discoveries. To further increase understanding of how parasitism impacts fish health, a systematic literature review was conducted and the pathophysiology of infection described. Potential exposure pathways and parasite host associations in Australia are discussed.

Previous research has shown that freshwater edible fish imported into Australia are not compliant with Australian importation guidelines and as a result may be high risk for bacterial contamination. In the present study, the outer surface of imported freshwater fish were swabbed, cultured, confirmatory tests performed and antimicrobial patterns investigated. Channidae fish (Sp. A/n = 66) were contaminated with zoonotic Salmonella sp./Staphylococcus aureus (n = 1/66) and other bacteria implicated in cases of opportunistic human infection, these being Pseudomonas sp. (including P. mendocina and P. pseudoalcaligenes (n = 34/66)); Micrococcus sp. (n = 32/66); Comamonas testosteroni (n = 27/66) and Rhizobium radiobacter (n = 3/66). Pangasiidae fish (Species B/n = 47) were contaminated with zoonotic Vibrio fluvialis (n = 10/47); Salmonella sp. (n = 6/47) and environmental bacteria Micrococcus sp. (n = 3/47). One sample was resistant to all antimicrobials tested and is considered to be Methicillin Resistant S. aureus. Mud, natural diet, or vegetation identified in Sp. A fish/or packaging were significantly associated with the presence of Pseudomonas spp. The study also showed that visibly clean fish (Sp. B) may harbour zoonotic bacteria and that certain types of bacteria are common to fish groups, preparations, and contaminants. Further investigations are required to support the development of appropriate food safety recommendations in Australia.

Australia imports a significant amount of edible freshwater fish. The safety of the imported product is therefore of great importance. Previous research has shown that certain types of edible freshwater fish imported into Australia are not compliant with Australian importation guidelines and additionally are contaminated with many species of parasites, some of which may cause illness in humans if consumed. The present study, to the best of authors knowledge, is the first to publish the occurrence of zoonotic parasites in edible fish imported into Australia. Eustrongylides sp. Jägerskiöld, 1909 (P. 15.5%), family Dioctophymidae; Euclinostomum sp. Travassos, 1928 (P. 4.8%), family Clinostomidae, were recovered from imported edible and consumer ready Channidae fish and Isoparorchis sp. Southwell, 1913 (P. 11%), family Isoparorchiidae, from imported edible Bagridae fish. Euclinostomum sp. and Isoparorchis sp. were identified using morphological method. Molecular identification of Eustrongylides sp. was achieved through sequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence. Eustrongylides sp. and Isoparorchis sp. have been identified as the causative agent in cases of human infection and are a recognised zoonosis. Euclinostomum sp. is considered to have zoonotic potential and for this reason this species has been included in the importation risk assessments for freshwater fish from certain countries. This study confirmed the presence of zoonotic parasite species in edible imported fish. Whilst this fish product was frozen and parasites therefore inactivated, both fish species according to importation commodity codes, at the time this manuscript was written, are permitted entry into Australia chilled. Further study using a greater sample size is required to understand the human health risks.

Background: The Sunda pangolin, Manis javanica Desmarest, 1822, is a critically endangered species of pangolin that occurs from Indonesia to southern China. Knowledge of the biology and ecology of M. javanica is limited, however there have been previous reports of parasites, including nematodes, protozoans, ticks, and a cestode. Methods: An illegal shipment of 88 M. javanica carcasses, originally collected from wild populations throughout southeast Asia, were intercepted by Hong Kong border authorities (AFCD) and confiscated in 2018. Results: During necropsy, two different types of parasites were collected from four infected pangolins. The parasites were identified as the nematode Gendrespirura cf. zschokkei (Meyer, 1896) Chabaud 1958, which were embedded in the stomach wall, and the acanthocephalan, Oligacanthorhynchidae sp., collected from the intestine. Morphological descriptions and molecular characterization for each parasite type is provided. Conclusions: In addition, an updated list of parasites from pangolins, incorporating current taxonomic identifications and publications is presented.