Author: "Siwal, S" / Publication Year Range: Last 3 years - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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5 results on '"Siwal, S"'

1. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Brauer, M, Roth, G, Aravkin, A, Zheng, P, Abate, K, Abate, Y, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasi, M, Abbasian, M, Abbasifard, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdi, P, Abdollahi, M, Abdoun, M, Abdulah, D, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abedi, A, Abegaz, T, Abeldaño Zuñiga, R, Abiodun, O, Abiso, T, Aboagye, R, Abolhassani, H, Abouzid, M, Aboye, G, Abreu, L, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abukhadijah, H, Aburuz, S, Abu-Zaid, A, Adane, M, Addo, I, Addolorato, G, Adedoyin, R, Adekanmbi, V, Aden, B, Adetunji, J, Adeyeoluwa, T, Adha, R, Adibi, A, Adnani, Q, Adzigbli, L, Afolabi, A, Afolabi, R, Afshin, A, Afyouni, S, Afzal, M, Afzal, S, Agampodi, S, Agbozo, F, Aghamiri, S, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, N, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, L, Ahmed, M, Ahmed, S, Ajami, M, Akalu, G, Akara, E, Akbarialiabad, H, Akhlaghi, S, Akinosoglou, K, Akinyemiju, T, Akkaif, M, Akkala, S, Akombi-Inyang, B, Al Awaidy, S, Al Hasan, S, Alahdab, F, AL-Ahdal, T, Alalalmeh, S, Alalwan, T, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alanezi, F, Alanzi, T, Albakri, A, Albataineh, M, Aldhaleei, W, Aldridge, R, Alemayohu, M, Alemu, Y, Al-Fatly, B, Al-Gheethi, A, Al-Habbal, K, Alhabib, K, Alhassan, R, Ali, A, Ali, B, Ali, I, Ali, L, Ali, M, Ali, R, Ali, S, Ali, W, Alicandro, G, Alif, S, Aljunid, S, Alla, F, Al-Marwani, S, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Almustanyir, S, Alomari, M, Alonso, J, Alqahtani, J, Alqutaibi, A, Al-Raddadi, R, Alrawashdeh, A, Al-Rifai, R, Alrousan, S, Al-Sabah, S, Alshahrani, N, Altaany, Z, Altaf, A, Al-Tawfiq, J, Altirkawi, K, Aluh, D, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, N, Alwafi, H, Al-Wardat, M, Al-Worafi, Y, Aly, H, Aly, S, Alzoubi, K, Al-Zyoud, W, Amaechi, U, Aman Mohammadi, M, Amani, R, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, M, Ammirati, E, Amu, H, Amugsi, D, Amusa, G, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, J, Andrade, P, Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Anenberg, S, Angappan, D, Angus, C, Anil, A, Anil, S, Anjum, A, Anoushiravani, A, Antonazzo, I, Antony, C, Antriyandarti, E, Anuoluwa, B, Anvari, D, Anvari, S, Anwar, S, Anwer, R, Anyabolo, E, Anyasodor, A, Apostol, G, Arabloo, J, Arabzadeh Bahri, R, Arafat, M, Areda, D, Aregawi, B, Aremu, A, Armocida, B, Arndt, M, Ärnlöv, J, Arooj, M, Artamonov, A, Artanti, K, Aruleba, I, Arumugam, A, Asbeutah, A, Asgary, S, Asgedom, A, Ashbaugh, C, Ashemo, M, Ashraf, T, Askarinejad, A, Assmus, M, Astell-Burt, T, Athar, M, Athari, S, Atorkey, P, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awoke, A, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayatollahi, H, Ayestas Portugal, C, Ayuso-Mateos, J, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, R, Azhar, G, Azizi, H, Azzam, A, Backhaus, I, Badar, M, Badiye, A, Bagga, A, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bahrami Taghanaki, P, Bai, R, Baig, A, Baker, J, Bakkannavar, S, Balasubramanian, M, Baltatu, O, Bam, K, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banik, B, Banik, P, Banke-Thomas, A, Bansal, H, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, H, Barrero, L, Barrow, A, Barteit, S, Basharat, Z, Basiru, A, Basso, J, Bastan, M, Basu, S, Batchu, S, Batra, K, Batra, R, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, N, Beaney, T, Behnoush, A, Beiranvand, M, Béjot, Y, Bekele, A, Belgaumi, U, Bell, A, Bell, M, Bello, M, Bello, O, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bendak, S, Bennett, D, Bennitt, F, Bensenor, I, Benzian, H, Beran, A, Berezvai, Z, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, R, Bettencourt, P, Bhagavathula, A, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, A, Bhat, V, Bhatti, G, Bhatti, J, Bhatti, M, Bhatti, R, Bhuiyan, M, Bhutta, Z, Bikbov, B, Bishai, J, Bisignano, C, Biswas, A, Biswas, B, Biswas, R, Bjørge, T, Boachie, M, Boakye, H, Bockarie, M, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, A, Bogale, E, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Boppana, S, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Botero Carvajal, A, Bouaoud, S, Boufous, S, Bourne, R, Boxe, C, Braithwaite, D, Brant, L, Brar, A, Breitborde, N, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Briko, A, Britton, G, Brown, C, Browne, A, Brunoni, A, Bryazka, D, Bulamu, N, Bulto, L, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, R, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, N, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Cagney, J, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Calina, D, Cámera, L, Campos, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Cao, C, Cao, F, Cao, Y, Capodici, A, Cárdenas, R, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carugno, A, Carvalho, F, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Catapano, A, Cattaruzza, M, Caye, A, Cederroth, C, Cegolon, L, Cenderadewi, M, Cercy, K, Cerin, E, Chadwick, J, Chakraborty, C, Chakraborty, P, Chakraborty, S, Chan, J, Chan, R, Chandan, J, Chandika, R, Chaturvedi, P, Chen, A, Chen, C, Chen, H, Chen, M, Chen, S, Cheng, C, Cheng, E, Cherbuin, N, Chi, G, Chichagi, F, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, P, Chirinos-Caceres, J, Chitheer, A, Cho, W, Chong, B, Chopra, H, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Chukwu, I, Chung, E, Chung, S, Chutiyami, M, Cioffi, I, Cogen, R, Cohen, A, Columbus, A, Conde, J, Corlateanu, A, Cortese, S, Cortesi, P, Costa, V, Costanzo, S, Criqui, M, Cruz, J, Cruz-Martins, N, Culbreth, G, da Silva, A, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Daikwo, P, Dalli, L, Damiani, G, D'Amico, E, D'Anna, L, Darwesh, A, Das, J, Das, S, Dash, N, Dashti, M, Dávila-Cervantes, C, Davis Weaver, N, Davitoiu, D, De la Hoz, F, de la Torre-Luque, A, De Leo, D, Debopadhaya, S, Degenhardt, L, Del Bo', C, Delgado-Enciso, I, Delgado-Saborit, J, Demoze, C, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dervenis, N, Dervišević, E, Desai, H, Desai, R, Devanbu, V, Dewan, S, Dhali, A, Dhama, K, Dhane, A, Dhimal, M, Dhingra, S, Dhulipala, V, Dhungana, R, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, L, Diaz, M, Dima, A, Ding, D, Dinu, M, Djalalinia, S, Do, T, do Prado, C, Dodangeh, M, Dohare, S, Dokova, K, Dong, W, Dongarwar, D, D'Oria, M, Dorostkar, F, Dorsey, E, Doshi, R, Doshmangir, L, Dowou, R, Driscoll, T, Dsouza, A, Dsouza, H, Dumith, S, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Duraisamy, S, Dushpanova, A, Dzianach, P, Dziedzic, A, Ebrahimi, A, Echieh, C, Ed-Dra, A, Edinur, H, Edvardsson, D, Edvardsson, K, Efendi, F, Eftekharimehrabad, A, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, T, El Arab, R, El Sayed Zaki, M, El-Dahiyat, F, Elemam, N, Elgar, F, Elgohary, G, Elhabashy, H, Elhadi, M, Elmehrath, A, Elmeligy, O, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Emeto, T, Esfandiari, N, Eshrati, B, Eslami, M, Esmaeili, S, Estep, K, Etaee, F, Fabin, N, Fagbamigbe, A, Fagbule, O, Fahimi, S, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, C, Faris, M, Faris, P, Faro, A, Fasina, F, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, N, Fazylov, T, Feigin, V, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S, Feroze, A, Ferrara, P, Ferrari, A, Ferreira, N, Fetensa, G, Feyisa, B, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fitriana, I, Flavel, J, Flohr, C, Flood, D, Flor, L, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Force, L, Fortuna, D, Foschi, M, Franklin, R, Freitas, A, Friedman, S, Fux, B, G, S, Gaal, P, Gaihre, S, Gajdács, M, Galali, Y, Gallus, S, Gandhi, A, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, M, Garcia, V, Gardner, W, Garg, R, Gautam, R, Gebi, T, Gebregergis, M, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremariam, T, Gebremeskel, T, Gerema, U, Getacher, L, Getahun, G, Getie, M, Ghadirian, F, Ghafarian, S, Ghaffari Jolfayi, A, Ghailan, K, Ghajar, A, Ghasemi, M, Ghasempour Dabaghi, G, Ghasemzadeh, A, Ghassemi, F, Ghazy, R, Gholami, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Gil, A, Gil, G, Gilbertson, N, Gill, P, Gill, T, Gindaba, E, Girmay, A, Glasbey, J, Gnedovskaya, E, Göbölös, L, Godinho, M, Goel, A, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Gomes, N, Gopalani, S, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, A, Gouravani, M, Goyal, A, Graham, S, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guan, S, Guarducci, G, Gubari, M, Guha, A, Guicciardi, S, Gulati, S, Gulisashvili, D, Gunawardane, D, Guo, C, Gupta, A, Gupta, B, Gupta, M, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, V, Habibzadeh, F, Habibzadeh, P, Hadaro, T, Hadian, Z, Haep, N, Haghi-Aminjan, H, Haghmorad, D, Hagins, H, Haile, D, Hailu, A, Hajj Ali, A, Halboub, E, Halimi, A, Hall, B, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, R, Hamdy, N, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hammoud, A, Hanif, A, Hanifi, N, Haq, Z, Haque, M, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Haro, J, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, I, Hasan, M, Hasan, S, Hasani, H, Hasanian, M, Hashmeh, N, Hasnain, M, Hassan, A, Hassan, I, Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, M, Hassani, S, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Haubold, J, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hebert, J, Hegazi, O, Hegena, T, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Helfer, B, Hemmati, M, Henson, C, Herbert, M, Herteliu, C, Heuer, A, Hezam, K, Hinneh, T, Hiraike, Y, Hoan, N, Holla, R, Hon, J, Hoque, M, Horita, N, Hossain, S, Hosseini, S, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hoven, H, Hsairi, M, Hsu, J, Hu, C, Huang, J, Huda, M, Hulland, E, Hultström, M, Hushmandi, K, Hussain, J, Hussein, N, Huynh, C, Huynh, H, Ibitoye, S, Idowu, O, Ihler, A, Ikeda, N, Ikuta, K, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Imam, M, Immurana, M, Inbaraj, L, Irham, L, Isa, M, Islam, M, Ismail, F, Ismail, N, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, C, Iwu-Jaja, C, J, V, Jaafari, J, Jacob, L, Jacobsen, K, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jain, A, Jain, N, Jairoun, A, Jaiswal, A, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, R, Jamora, R, Jatau, A, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jeganathan, J, Jeswani, B, Jiang, H, Johnson, C, Jokar, M, Jomehzadeh, N, Jonas, J, Joo, T, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Joshi, V, Joshua, C, Jozwiak, J, Jürisson, M, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kahn, E, Kalani, R, Kaliyadan, F, Kalra, S, Kamath, R, Kanagasabai, T, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Kanmiki, E, Kanmodi, K, Kansal, S, Kapner, D, Kapoor, N, Karagiannidis, E, Karajizadeh, M, Karakasis, P, Karanth, S, Karaye, I, Karch, A, Karim, A, Karimi, H, Karmakar, S, Kashoo, F, Kasraei, H, Kassahun, W, Kassebaum, N, Kassel, M, Katikireddi, S, Kauppila, J, Kawakami, N, Kaydi, N, Kayode, G, Kazemi, F, Keiyoro, P, Kemmer, L, Kempen, J, Kerr, J, Kesse-Guyot, E, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalil, M, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, A, Khan, M, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, M, Khatib, M, Khavandegar, A, Khayat Kashani, H, Khidri, F, Khodadoust, E, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Khosla, A, Khosrowjerdi, M, Khreis, H, Khusun, H, Kifle, Z, Kim, K, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Knibbs, L, Knudsen, A, Koh, D, Kolahi, A, Kompani, F, Kong, J, Koren, G, Korja, M, Korshunov, V, Korzh, O, Kosen, S, Kothari, N, Koul, P, Koulmane Laxminarayana, S, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Krishnan, B, Krohn, K, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kuddus, M, Kugbey, N, Kuitunen, I, Kulimbet, M, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, A, Kumar, N, Kumar, V, Kundu, S, Kurmi, O, Kusnali, A, Kusuma, D, Kutluk, T, La Vecchia, C, Ladan, M, Laflamme, L, Lahariya, C, Lai, D, Lal, D, Lallukka, T, Lám, J, Lan, Q, Lan, T, Landires, I, Lanfranchi, F, Langguth, B, Lansingh, V, Laplante-Lévesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Le, H, Le, L, Le, N, Le, T, Leasher, J, Ledda, C, Lee, M, Lee, P, Lee, S, Lee, Y, Legrand, K, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Lerango, T, Lescinsky, H, Leung, J, Li, M, Li, W, Li, Y, Li, Z, Ligade, V, Lim, L, Lim, S, Lin, R, Lin, S, Liu, C, Liu, G, Liu, J, Liu, R, Liu, S, Liu, W, Liu, X, Livingstone, K, Llanaj, E, Lohiya, A, López-Bueno, R, Lopukhov, P, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Luo, L, Lv, H, M Amin, H, Ma, Z, Maass, K, Mabrok, M, Machairas, N, Machoy, M, Mafhoumi, A, Magdy Abd El Razek, M, Maghazachi, A, Mahadeshwara Prasad, D, Maharaj, S, Mahmoud, M, Mahmoudi, E, Majeed, A, Makram, O, Makris, K, Malasala, S, Maled, V, Malhotra, K, Malik, A, Malik, I, Malinga, L, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manda, A, Manla, Y, Mansour, A, Mansouri, B, Mansouri, P, Mansourian, M, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Manu, E, Marateb, H, Maravilla, J, Marsh, E, Martinez, G, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, F, Martorell, M, Marx, W, Maryam, S, Mathangasinghe, Y, Mathioudakis, A, Matozinhos, F, Mattumpuram, J, Maugeri, A, Maulik, P, Mayeli, M, Mazidi, M, Mazzotti, A, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mckowen, A, Mclaughlin, S, Mcphail, M, Mcphail, S, Mechili, E, Mehmood, A, Mehmood, K, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Meier, T, Mejia-Rodriguez, F, Mekene Meto, T, Mekonnen, B, Menezes, R, Mengist, B, Mensah, G, Mensah, L, Mentis, A, Meo, S, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mersha, A, Mesfin, B, Mestrovic, T, Mettananda, K, Mettananda, S, Miazgowski, T, Micha, G, Michalek, I, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, A, Miller, T, Mirarefin, M, Mirghafourvand, M, Mirica, A, Mirijello, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirshahi, A, Mirzaei, M, Mishra, A, Mishra, V, Mitchell, P, Mithra, P, Mittal, C, Moazen, B, Moberg, M, Mocciaro, G, Mohamadkhani, A, Mohamed, A, Mohamed, J, Mohamed, M, Mohamed, N, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moni, M, Moodi Ghalibaf, A, Moore, C, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreira, R, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, S, Morze, J, Mosaddeghi Heris, R, Mossialos, E, Motappa, R, Mougin, V, Mousavi, P, Msherghi, A, Mubarik, S, Muccioli, L, Mueller, U, Mulita, F, Mullany, E, Munjal, K, Murillo-Zamora, E, Murlimanju, B, Musina, A, Mustafa, G, Muthu, S, Muthupandian, S, Muthusamy, R, Muzaffar, M, Myung, W, Nafei, A, Nagarajan, A, Nagaraju, S, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naghavi, P, Naik, G, Nainu, F, Nair, T, Najdaghi, S, Nakhostin Ansari, N, Nanavaty, D, Nangia, V, Narasimha Swamy, S, Narimani Davani, D, Nascimento, B, Nascimento, G, Nashwan, A, Natto, Z, Nauman, J, Navaratna, S, Naveed, M, Nayak, B, Nayak, V, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, S, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, R, Nejadghaderi, S, Nejjari, C, Nematollahi, M, Nepal, S, Neupane, S, Ng, M, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, D, Nguyen, N, Nguyen, P, Nguyen, V, Nguyen Tran Minh, D, Niazi, R, Nicholson, S, Nie, J, Nikoobar, A, Nikpoor, A, Ningrum, D, Nnaji, C, Noman, E, Nomura, S, Noroozi, N, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nri-Ezedi, C, Ntaios, G, Ntsekhe, M, Nunemo, M, 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Abstract: Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk
Published: 2024

2. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Tran, K, Lang, J, Compton, K, Xu, R, Acheson, A, Henrikson, H, Kocarnik, J, Penberthy, L, Aali, A, Abbas, Q, Abbasi, B, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, Z, Abbastabar, H, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdelwahab, A, Abdoli, G, Abdulkadir, H, Abedi, A, Abegaz, K, Abidi, H, Aboagye, R, Abolhassani, H, Absalan, A, Abtew, Y, Abubaker Ali, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Achappa, B, Acuna, J, Addison, D, Addo, I, Adegboye, O, Adesina, M, Adnan, M, Adnani, Q, Advani, S, Afrin, S, Afzal, M, Aggarwal, M, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, R, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, L, Ahmed, M, Ahmed Rashid, T, Aiman, W, Ajami, M, Akalu, G, Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, M, Aklilu, A, Akonde, M, Akunna, C, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alanezi, F, Alanzi, T, Alessy, S, Algammal, A, Al-Hanawi, M, Alhassan, R, Ali, B, Ali, L, Ali, S, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Alkhayyat, M, Al-Maweri, S, Almustanyir, S, Alonso, N, Alqalyoobi, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Al-Rifai, R, Al-Sabah, S, Al-Tammemi, A, Altawalah, H, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amare, F, Ameyaw, E, Aminian Dehkordi, J, Amirzade-Iranaq, M, Amu, H, Amusa, G, Ancuceanu, R, Anderson, J, Animut, Y, Anoushiravani, A, Anoushirvani, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Ansha, M, Antony, B, Antwi, M, Anwar, S, Anwer, R, Anyasodor, A, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Argaw, A, Ariffin, H, Aripov, T, Arshad, M, Artaman, A, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, R, Aryannejad, A, Asaad, M, Asemahagn, M, Asemi, Z, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, T, Assadi, R, Athar, M, Athari, S, Atout, M, Attia, S, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awedew, A, Awoke, M, Awoke, T, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayana, T, Ayen, S, Azadi, D, Azadnajafabad, S, Azami-Aghdash, S, Azanaw, M, Azangou-Khyavy, M, Azari Jafari, A, Azizi, H, Azzam, A, Babajani, A, Badar, M, Badiye, A, Baghcheghi, N, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bahadory, S, Baig, A, Baker, J, Bakhtiari, A, Bakshi, R, Banach, M, Banerjee, I, Bardhan, M, Barone-Adesi, F, Barra, F, Barrow, A, Bashir, N, Bashiri, A, Basu, S, Batiha, A, Begum, A, Bekele, A, Belay, A, Belete, M, Belgaumi, U, Bell, A, Belo, L, Benzian, H, Berhie, A, Bermudez, A, Bernabe, E, Bhagavathula, A, Bhala, N, Bhandari, B, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhojaraja, V, Bhuyan, S, Bibi, S, Bilchut, A, Bintoro, B, Biondi, A, Birega, M, Birhan, H, Bjorge, T, Blyuss, O, Bodicha, B, Bolla, S, Boloor, A, Bosetti, C, Braithwaite, D, Brauer, M, Brenner, H, Briko, A, Briko, N, Buchanan, C, Bulamu, N, Bustamante-Teixeira, M, Butt, M, Butt, N, Butt, Z, Caetano dos Santos, F, Camera, L, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Carreras, G, Carvalho, M, Cembranel, F, Cerin, E, Chakraborty, P, Charalampous, P, Chattu, V, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chirinos-Caceres, J, Cho, D, Cho, W, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Chukwu, I, Cohen, A, Conde, J, Cortes, S, Costa, V, Cruz-Martins, N, Culbreth, G, Dadras, O, Dagnaw, F, Dahlawi, S, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Daneshpajouhnejad, P, Danielewicz, A, Dao, A, Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, R, Darwesh, A, Das, S, Davitoiu, D, Davtalab Esmaeili, E, De la Hoz, F, Debela, S, Dehghan, A, Demisse, B, Demisse, F, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Derakhshani, A, Derbew Molla, M, Dereje, D, Deribe, K, Desai, R, Desalegn, M, Dessalegn, F, Dessalegni, S, Dessie, G, Desta, A, Dewan, S, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Dianatinasab, M, Diao, N, Diaz, D, Digesa, L, Dixit, S, Doaei, S, Doan, L, Doku, P, Dongarwar, D, dos Santos, W, Driscoll, T, Dsouza, H, Durojaiye, O, Edalati, S, Eghbalian, F, Ehsani-Chimeh, E, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, T, Ekwueme, D, El Tantawi, M, Elbahnasawy, M, Elbarazi, I, Elghazaly, H, Elhadi, M, El-Huneidi, W, Emamian, M, Engelbert Bain, L, Enyew, D, Erkhembayar, R, Eshetu, T, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Espinosa-Montero, J, Etaee, F, Etemadimanesh, A, Eyayu, T, Ezeonwumelu, I, Ezzikouri, S, Fagbamigbe, A, Fahimi, S, Fakhradiyev, I, Faraon, E, Fares, J, Farmany, A, Farooque, U, Farrokhpour, H, Fasanmi, A, Fatehizadeh, A, Fatima, W, Fattahi, H, Fekadu, G, Feleke, B, Ferrari, A, Ferrero, S, Ferro Desideri, L, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foroumadi, R, Foroutan, M, Fukumoto, T, Gaal, P, Gad, M, Gadanya, M, Gaipov, A, Galehdar, N, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Gaspar Fonseca, M, Gebremariam, Y, Gebremeskel, T, Gebremichael, M, Geda, Y, Gela, Y, Gemeda, B, Getachew, M, Ghaffari, K, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, S, Ghasemi Nour, M, Ghassemi, F, Ghimire, A, Ghith, N, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gholizadeh Navashenaq, J, Ghozy, S, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Ginindza, T, Gizaw, A, Glasbey, J, Godos, J, Goel, A, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Golitaleb, M, Gorini, G, Goulart, B, Grosso, G, Guadie, H, Gubari, M, Gudayu, T, Guerra, M, Gunawardane, D, Gupta, B, Gupta, S, Gupta, V, Gurara, M, Guta, A, Habibzadeh, P, Haddadi Avval, A, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hajj Ali, A, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halboub, E, Halimi, A, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, R, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hariri, S, Harlianto, N, Haro, J, Hartono, R, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, S, Hasani, H, Hashemi, S, Hassan, A, Hassanipour, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Heidarymeybodi, Z, Herrera-Serna, B, Herteliu, C, Hezam, K, Hiraike, Y, Hlongwa, M, Holla, R, Holm, M, Horita, N, Hoseini, M, Hossain, M, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, A, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Hugo, F, Humayun, A, Hussain, S, Hussein, N, Hwang, B, Ibitoye, S, Iftikhar, P, Ikuta, K, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Immurana, M, Innos, K, Iranpour, P, Irham, L, Islam, M, Islam, R, Islami, F, Ismail, N, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, J, L, Jaiswal, A, Jakovljevic, M, Jalili, M, Jalilian, S, Jamshidi, E, Jang, S, Jani, C, Javaheri, T, Jayarajah, U, Jayaram, S, Jazayeri, S, Jebai, R, Jemal, B, Jeong, W, Jha, R, Jindal, H, John-Akinola, Y, Jonas, J, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kacimi, S, Kadashetti, V, Kahe, F, Kakodkar, P, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kamal, V, Kamangar, F, Kamath, A, Kanchan, T, Kandaswamy, E, Kandel, H, Kang, H, Kanno, G, Kapoor, N, Kar, S, Karanth, S, Karaye, I, Karch, A, Karimi, A, Kassa, B, Katoto, P, Kauppila, J, Kaur, H, Kebede, A, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Kejela, G, Kemp Bohan, P, Keramati, M, Keykhaei, M, Khajuria, H, Khan, A, Khan, E, Khan, G, Khan, M, Khanali, J, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, M, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khayat Kashani, H, Khazeei Tabari, M, Khezeli, M, Khodadost, M, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Klugar, M, Klugarova, J, Kolahi, A, Kolkhir, P, Kompani, F, Koul, P, Koulmane Laxminarayana, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kugbey, N, Kulimbet, M, Kumar, A, Kumar, G, Kumar, N, Kurmi, O, Kuttikkattu, A, La Vecchia, C, Lahiri, A, Lal, D, Lam, J, Lan, Q, Landires, I, Larijani, B, Lasrado, S, Lau, J, Lauriola, P, Ledda, C, Lee, S, Lee, W, Lee, Y, Legesse, S, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, M, Lim, S, Liu, G, Liu, J, Lo, C, Lohiya, A, Lopukhov, P, Lorenzovici, L, Lotfi, M, Loureiro, J, Lunevicius, R, Madadizadeh, F, Mafi, A, Magdeldin, S, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoodpoor, A, Mahmoudi, M, Mahmoudimanesh, M, Mahumud, R, Majeed, A, Majidpoor, J, Makki, A, Makris, K, Malakan Rad, E, Malekpour, M, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, A, Mallhi, T, Mallya, S, Mamun, M, Manda, A, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martini, S, Martorell, M, Masoudi, S, Masoumi, S, Matei, C, Mathews, E, Mathur, M, Mathur, V, Mckee, M, Meena, J, Mehmood, K, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mehrotra, R, Melese, A, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, S, Mensah, L, Mentis, A, Mera-Mamian, A, Meretoja, T, Merid, M, Mersha, A, Meselu, B, Meshkat, M, Mestrovic, T, Miao Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Mijena, G, Miller, T, Mir, S, Mirinezhad, S, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M, Mirzaei, H, Misganaw, A, Misra, S, Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, S, Mohan, S, Mohseni, M, Moka, N, Mokdad, A, Molassiotis, A, Molokhia, M, Momenzadeh, K, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mons, U, Montasir, A, Montazeri, F, Montero, A, Moosavi, M, Moradi, A, Moradi, Y, Moradi Sarabi, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Morrison, S, Morze, J, Mosapour, A, Mostafavi, E, Mousavi, S, Mousavi Isfahani, H, Mousavi Khaneghah, A, Mpundu-Kaambwa, C, Mubarik, S, Mulita, F, Munblit, D, Munro, S, Murillo-Zamora, E, Musa, J, Nabhan, A, Nagarajan, A, Nagaraju, S, Nagel, G, Naghipour, M, Naimzada, M, Nair, T, Naqvi, A, Narasimha Swamy, S, Narayana, A, Nassereldine, H, Natto, Z, Nayak, B, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, S, Negash, W, Nejadghaderi, S, Nejati, K, Neupane Kandel, S, Nguyen, H, Niazi, R, Noor, N, Noori, M, Noroozi, N, Nouraei, H, Nowroozi, A, Nunez-Samudio, V, Nzoputam, C, Nzoputam, O, Oancea, B, Odukoya, O, Oghenetega, O, Ogunsakin, R, Oguntade, A, Oh, I, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okekunle, A, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Olakunde, B, Olufadewa, I, Omer, E, Omonisi, A, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, O, Orru, H, Otstavnov, S, Oulhaj, A, Oumer, B, Owopetu, O, Oyinloye, B, P A, M, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, J, Pakbin, B, Pakshir, K, Pakzad, R, Palicz, T, Pana, A, Pandey, A, Pant, S, Pardhan, S, Park, E, Park, S, Patel, J, Pati, S, Paudel, R, Paudel, U, Paun, M, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Peng, M, Pereira, J, Pereira, R, Perna, S, Perumalsamy, N, Pestell, R, Pezzani, R, Piccinelli, C, Pillay, J, Piracha, Z, Pischon, T, Postma, M, Pourabhari Langroudi, A, Pourshams, A, Pourtaheri, N, Prashant, A, Qadir, M, Quazi Syed, Z, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, R, Radhakrishnan, V, Raeisi, M, Rafiee, A, Rafiei, A, Raheem, N, Rahim, F, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rahmani, S, Rahmanian, V, Rajai, N, Rajesh, A, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Rana, J, Ranabhat, K, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rashedi, S, Rashidi, A, Rashidi, M, Ratan, Z, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Razeghinia, M, Rehman, A, Rehman, I, Reitsma, M, Renzaho, A, Rezaei, M, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, M, Rezapour, A, Riad, A, Rikhtegar, R, Rios-Blancas, M, Roberts, T, Rohloff, P, Romero-Rodriguez, E, Roshandel, G, Rwegerera, G, S, M, Saber-Ayad, M, Saberzadeh-Ardestani, B, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Saeb, M, Saeed, U, Safaei, M, Safary, A, Sahebazzamani, M, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, H, Sajid, M, Salari, H, Salehi, S, Salem, M, Salimzadeh, H, Samodra, Y, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sankararaman, S, Sanmarchi, F, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saqib, M, Sarveazad, A, Sarvi, F, Sathian, B, Satpathy, M, Sayegh, N, Schneider, I, Schwarzinger, M, Sekerija, M, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Seyoum, K, Sha, F, Shafaat, O, Shah, P, Shahabi, S, Shahid, I, Shahrbaf, M, Shahsavari, H, Shaikh, M, Shaka, M, Shaker, E, Shannawaz, M, Sharew, M, Sharifi, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, P, Shashamo, B, Sheikh, A, Sheikh, M, Sheikhbahaei, S, Sheikhi, R, Sheikhy, A, Shepherd, P, Shetty, A, Shetty, J, Shetty, R, Shibuya, K, Shirkoohi, R, Shirzad-Aski, H, Shivakumar, K, Shivalli, S, Shivarov, V, Shobeiri, P, Shokri Varniab, Z, Shorofi, S, Shrestha, S, Sibhat, M, Siddappa Malleshappa, S, Sidemo, N, Silva, D, Silva, L, Silva Julian, G, Silvestris, N, Simegn, W, Singh, A, Singh, G, Singh, H, Singh, J, Singh, P, Singh, S, Sinha, D, Sinke, A, Siraj, M, Sitas, F, Siwal, S, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Socea, B, Soeberg, M, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Solomon, Y, Soltani-Zangbar, M, Song, S, Song, Y, Sorensen, R, Soshnikov, S, Sotoudeh, H, Sowe, A, Sufiyan, M, Suk, R, Suleman, M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sultana, S, Sur, D, Szocska, M, Tabaeian, S, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei, S, Tabuchi, T, Tadbiri, H, Taheri, E, Taheri, M, Taheri Soodejani, M, Takahashi, K, Talaat, I, Tampa, M, Tan, K, Tat, N, Tat, V, Tavakoli, A, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Tekalegn, Y, Tesfay, F, Thapar, R, Thavamani, A, Thoguluva Chandrasekar, V, Thomas, N, Ticoalu, J, Tiyuri, A, Tollosa, D, Topor-Madry, R, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Traini, E, Tran, M, Tripathy, J, Ukke, G, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Unnikrishnan, B, Vacante, M, Vaezi, M, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Valdez, P, Vardavas, C, Varthya, S, Vaziri, S, Velazquez, D, Veroux, M, Villeneuve, P, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Vu, L, Wadood, A, Waheed, Y, Walde, M, Wamai, R, Wang, C, Wang, F, Wang, N, Wang, Y, Ward, P, Waris, A, Westerman, R, Wickramasinghe, N, Woldemariam, M, Woldu, B, Xiao, H, Xu, S, Xu, X, Yadav, L, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yang, L, Yazdanpanah, F, Yeshaw, Y, Yismaw, Y, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefi, Z, Yousefian, F, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yunusa, I, Zahir, M, Zaki, N, Zaman, B, Zangiabadian, M, Zare, F, Zare, I, Zareshahrabadi, Z, Zarrintan, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zeineddine, M, Zhang, D, Zhang, J, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhou, L, Zodpey, S, Zoladl, M, Vos, T, Hay, S, Force, L, Murray, C, Tran K. B., Lang J. J., Compton K., Xu R., Acheson A. R., Henrikson H. J., Kocarnik J. M., Penberthy L., Aali A., Abbas Q., Abbasi B., Abbasi-Kangevari M., Abbasi-Kangevari Z., Abbastabar H., Abdelmasseh M., Abd-Elsalam S., Abdelwahab A. A., Abdoli G., Abdulkadir H. A., Abedi A., Abegaz K. H., Abidi H., Aboagye R. G., Abolhassani H., Absalan A., Abtew Y. D., Abubaker Ali H., Abu-Gharbieh E., Achappa B., Acuna J. M., Addison D., Addo I. Y., Adegboye O. A., Adesina M. A., Adnan M., Adnani Q. E. S., Advani S. M., Afrin S., Afzal M. S., Aggarwal M., Ahinkorah B. O., Ahmad A. R., Ahmad R., Ahmad S., Ahmadi S., Ahmed H., Ahmed L. A., Ahmed M. B., Ahmed Rashid T., Aiman W., Ajami M., Akalu G. T., Akbarzadeh-Khiavi M., Aklilu A., Akonde M., Akunna C. J., Al Hamad H., Alahdab F., Alanezi F. M., Alanzi T. M., Alessy S. A., Algammal A. M., Al-Hanawi M. K., Alhassan R. K., Ali B. A., Ali L., Ali S. S., Alimohamadi Y., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Alkhayyat M., Al-Maweri S. A. A., Almustanyir S., Alonso N., Alqalyoobi S., Al-Raddadi R. M., Al-Rifai R. H. H., Al-Sabah S. K., Al-Tammemi A. B., Altawalah H., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare F., Ameyaw E. K., Aminian Dehkordi J. J., Amirzade-Iranaq M. H., Amu H., Amusa G. A., Ancuceanu R., Anderson J. A., Animut Y. A., Anoushiravani A., Anoushirvani A. A., Ansari-Moghaddam A., Ansha M. G., Antony B., Antwi M. H., Anwar S. L., Anwer R., Anyasodor A. E., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Aremu O., Argaw A. M., Ariffin H., Aripov T., Arshad M., Artaman A., Arulappan J., Aruleba R. T., Aryannejad A., Asaad M., Asemahagn M. A., Asemi Z., Asghari-Jafarabadi M., Ashraf T., Assadi R., Athar M., Athari S. S., Atout M. M. W., Attia S., Aujayeb A., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Awedew A. F., Awoke M. A., Awoke T., Ayala Quintanilla B. P., Ayana T. M., Ayen S. S., Azadi D., Azadnajafabad S., Azami-Aghdash S., Azanaw M. M., Azangou-Khyavy M., Azari Jafari A., Azizi H., Azzam A. Y. Y., Babajani A., Badar M., Badiye A. D., Baghcheghi N., Bagheri N., Bagherieh S., Bahadory S., Baig A. A., Baker J. L., Bakhtiari A., Bakshi R. K., Banach M., Banerjee I., Bardhan M., Barone-Adesi F., Barra F., Barrow A., Bashir N. Z., Bashiri A., Basu S., Batiha A. -M. M., Begum A., Bekele A. B., Belay A. S., Belete M. A., Belgaumi U. I., Bell A. W., Belo L., Benzian H., Berhie A. Y., Bermudez A. N. C., Bernabe E., Bhagavathula A. S., Bhala N., Bhandari B. B., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhojaraja V. S., Bhuyan S. S., Bibi S., Bilchut A. H., Bintoro B. S., Biondi A., Birega M. G. B., Birhan H. E., Bjorge T., Blyuss O., Bodicha B. B. A., Bolla S. R., Boloor A., Bosetti C., Braithwaite D., Brauer M., Brenner H., Briko A. N., Briko N. I., Buchanan C. M., Bulamu N. B., Bustamante-Teixeira M. T., Butt M. H., Butt N. S., Butt Z. A., Caetano dos Santos F. L., Camera L. A., Cao C., Cao Y., Carreras G., Carvalho M., Cembranel F., Cerin E., Chakraborty P. A., Charalampous P., Chattu V. K., Chimed-Ochir O., Chirinos-Caceres J. L., Cho D. Y., Cho W. C. S., Christopher D. J., Chu D. -T., Chukwu I. S., Cohen A. J., Conde J., Cortes S., Costa V. M., Cruz-Martins N., Culbreth G. T., Dadras O., Dagnaw F. T., Dahlawi S. M. A., Dai X., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Danielewicz A., Dao A. T. M., Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani R., Darwesh A. M., Das S., Davitoiu D. V., Davtalab Esmaeili E., De la Hoz F. P., Debela S. A., Dehghan A., Demisse B., Demisse F. W., Denova-Gutierrez E., Derakhshani A., Derbew Molla M., Dereje D., Deribe K. S., Desai R., Desalegn M. D., Dessalegn F. N., Dessalegni S. A. A., Dessie G., Desta A. A., Dewan S. M. R., Dharmaratne S. D., Dhimal M., Dianatinasab M., Diao N., Diaz D., Digesa L. E., Dixit S. G., Doaei S., Doan L. P., Doku P. N., Dongarwar D., dos Santos W. M., Driscoll T. R., Dsouza H. L., Durojaiye O. C., Edalati S., Eghbalian F., Ehsani-Chimeh E., Eini E., Ekholuenetale M., Ekundayo T. C., Ekwueme D. 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Z., Yousefi Z., Yousefian F., Yu C., Yu Y., Yunusa I., Zahir M., Zaki N., Zaman B. A., Zangiabadian M., Zare F., Zare I., Zareshahrabadi Z., Zarrintan A., Zastrozhin M. S., Zeineddine M. A., Zhang D., Zhang J., Zhang Y., Zhang Z. -J., Zhou L., Zodpey S., Zoladl M., Vos T., Hay S. I., Force L. M., and Murray C. J. L.
Abstract: Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01-4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3-48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1-45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60-3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8-54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36-1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5-41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6-28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8-25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [2
Published: 2022

3. Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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J., Cruz-Martins N., Dadras O., Dagnaw F. T., Dai X., Dandona L., Dandona R., Dao A. T. M., Debela S. A., Demisse B., Demisse F. W., Demissie S., Dereje D., Desai H. D., Desta A. A., Desye B., Dhingra S., Diao N., Diaz D., Digesa L. E., Doan L. P., Dodangeh M., Dongarwar D., Dorostkar F., dos Santos W. M., Dsouza H. L., Dubljanin E., Durojaiye O. C., Edinur H. A., Ehsani-Chimeh E., Eini E., Ekholuenetale M., Ekundayo T. C., El Desouky E. D., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., Elhadi M., Elkhapery A. M. R., Emami A., Engelbert Bain L., Erkhembayar R., Etaee F., Ezati Asar M., Fagbamigbe A. F., Falahi S., Fallahzadeh A., Faraj A., Faraon E. J. A., Fatehizadeh A., Ferrara P., Ferrari A. A., Fetensa G., Fischer F., Flavel J., Foroutan M., Gaal P. A., Gaidhane A. M., Gaihre S., Galehdar N., Garcia-Basteiro A. L., Garg T., Gebrehiwot M. D., Gebremichael M. A., Gela Y. Y., Gemeda B. N. B., Gessner B. D., Getachew M., Getie A., Ghamari S. -H., Ghasemi Nour M., Ghashghaee A., Gholamrezanezhad A., Gholizadeh A., Ghosh R., Ghozy S., Goleij P., Golitaleb M., Gorini G., Goulart A. C., Goyomsa G. G., Guadie H. A., Gudisa Z., Guled R. A., Gupta S., Gupta V. B., Gupta V. K., Guta A., Habibzadeh P., Haj-Mirzaian A., Halwani R., Hamidi S., Hannan M. A., Harorani M., Hasaballah A. I., Hasani H., Hassan A. M., Hassani S., Hassanian-Moghaddam H., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Heibati B., Heidari M., Heyi D. Z., Hezam K., Holla R., Hong S. H., Horita N., Hosseini M. -S., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Househ M., Hoveidamanesh S., Huang J., Hussein N. R., Iavicoli I., Ibitoye S. E., Ikuta K. S., Ilesanmi O. S., Ilic I. M., Ilic M. D., Immurana M., Ismail N. E., Iwagami M., Jaafari J., Jamshidi E., Jang S. -I., Javadi Mamaghani A., Javaheri T., Javanmardi F., Javidnia J., Jayapal S. K., Jayarajah U., Jayaram S., Jema A. T., Jeong W., Jonas J. B., Joseph N., Joukar F., Jozwiak J. 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Abstract: Background: The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories. Methods: In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7, and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8, J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors. Findings: Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million (95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates decl
Published: 2022

4. Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Avina Vongpradith, Sarah Brooke Sirota, Amanda Novotney, Christopher E Troeger, Matthew C Doxey, Rose G Bender, Jorge R Ledesma, Molly H Biehl, Samuel B Albertson, Joseph Jon Frostad, Katrin Burkart, Fiona B Bennitt, Jeff T Zhao, William M Gardner, Hailey Hagins, Dana Bryazka, Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez, Semagn Mekonnen Abate, Michael Abdelmasseh, Amir Abdoli, Gholamreza Abdoli, Aidin Abedi, Vida Abedi, Tadesse M Abegaz, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Yonas Derso Abtew, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Kidist Adamu, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Jivan Qasim Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Hanadi Al Hamad, Luciana Albano, Mamoon A Aldeyab, Bezatu Mengistie Alemu, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Musa Mohammed Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Adel Al-Jumaily, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Rami H Hani Al-Rifai, Saif Aldeen S AlRyalat, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, John H Amuasi, Dickson A Amugsi, Etsay Woldu Anbesu, Adnan Ansar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Demelash Areda, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Zeleke Gebru Argaw, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Daniel Atlaw, Engi F Attia, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Tewachew Awoke, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Samad Azari, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Sara Bagherieh, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Indrajit Banerjee, Mainak Bardhan, 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Samarjeet Singh Siwal, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Suhang Song, Yimeng Song, Prashant Sood, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Muhammad Suleman, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Alireza Tahamtan, Majid Taheri, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Elahe Taki, Iman M Talaat, Mircea Tampa, Sarmila Tandukar, Nathan Y Tat, Vivian Y Tat, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Gebremaryam Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Azene Tesfaye, Degefa Gomora Tesfaye, Belay Tessema, Rekha Thapar, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Amir Tiyuri, Imad I Tleyjeh, Munkhsaikhan Togtmol, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Derara Girma Tufa, Irfan Ullah, Era Upadhyay, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Pascual R Valdez, Rohollah Valizadeh, Constantine Vardavas, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Bay Vo, Linh Gia Vu, Birhanu Wagaye, Yasir Waheed, Yu Wang, Abdul Waris, T Eoin West, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Xiaoyue Xu, Sajad Yaghoubi, Gahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Alireza Zandifar, Moein Zangiabadian, Heather J Zar, Iman Zare, Zahra Zareshahrabadi, Armin Zarrintan, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Wu Zeng, Mengxi Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Mohammad Zoladl, Alimuddin Zumla, Stephen S Lim, Theo Vos, Mohsen Naghavi, Michael Brauer, Simon I Hay, Christopher J L Murray, Kyu, H. H., Vongpradith, A., Sirota, S. B., Novotney, A., Troeger, C. E., Doxey, M. C., Bender, R. G., Ledesma, J. R., Biehl, M. H., Albertson, S. B., Frostad, J. J., Burkart, K., Bennitt, F. B., Zhao, J. T., Gardner, W. M., Hagins, H., Bryazka, D., Dominguez, R. -M. V., Abate, S. M., Abdelmasseh, M., Abdoli, A., Abdoli, G., Abedi, A., Abedi, V., Abegaz, T. M., Abidi, H., Aboagye, R. G., Abolhassani, H., Abtew, Y. D., Abubaker Ali, H., Abu-Gharbieh, E., Abu-Zaid, A., Adamu, K., Addo, I. Y., Adegboye, O. A., Adnan, M., Adnani, Q. E. S., Afzal, M. S., Afzal, S., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, A., Ahmad, A. R., Ahmad, S., Ahmadi, A., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, J. Q., Ahmed Rashid, T., Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, M., Al Hamad, H., Albano, L., Aldeyab, M. A., Alemu, B. M., Alene, K. A., Algammal, A. M., Alhalaiqa, F. A. N., Alhassan, R. K., Ali, B. A., Ali, L., Ali, M. M., Ali, S. S., Alimohamadi, Y., Alipour, V., Al-Jumaily, A., Aljunid, S. M., Almustanyir, S., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Al-Rifai, R. H. H., Alryalat, S. A. S., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J., Ameyaw, E. K., Aminian Dehkordi, J. J., Amuasi, J. H., Amugsi, D. A., Anbesu, E. W., Ansar, A., Anyasodor, A. E., Arabloo, J., Areda, D., Argaw, A. M., Argaw, Z. G., Arulappan, J., Aruleba, R. T., Asemahagn, M. A., Athari, S. S., Atlaw, D., Attia, E. F., Attia, S., Aujayeb, A., Awoke, T., Ayana, T. M., Ayanore, M. A., Azadnajafabad, S., Azangou-Khyavy, M., Azari, S., Azari Jafari, A., Badar, M., Badiye, A. D., Baghcheghi, N., Bagherieh, S., Baig, A. A., Banach, M., Banerjee, I., Bardhan, M., Barone-Adesi, F., Barqawi, H. J., Barrow, A., Bashiri, A., Bassat, Q., Batiha, A. -M. M., Belachew, A. B., Belete, M. A., Belgaumi, U. I., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhatt, P., Bhojaraja, V. S., Bhutta, Z. A., Bhuyan, S. S., Bijani, A., Bitaraf, S., Bodicha, B. B. A., Briko, N. I., Buonsenso, D., Butt, M. H., Cai, J., Camargos, P., Camera, L. A., Chakraborty, P. A., Chanie, M. G., Charan, J., Chattu, V. K., Ching, P. R., Choi, S., Chong, Y. Y., Choudhari, S. G., Chowdhury, E. K., Christopher, D. J., Chu, D. -T., Cobb, N. L., Cohen, A. J., Cruz-Martins, N., Dadras, O., Dagnaw, F. T., Dai, X., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dao, A. T. M., Debela, S. A., Demisse, B., Demisse, F. W., Demissie, S., Dereje, D., Desai, H. D., Desta, A. A., Desye, B., Dhingra, S., Diao, N., Diaz, D., Digesa, L. E., Doan, L. P., Dodangeh, M., Dongarwar, D., Dorostkar, F., dos Santos, W. M., Dsouza, H. L., Dubljanin, E., Durojaiye, O. C., Edinur, H. A., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., Eini, E., Ekholuenetale, M., Ekundayo, T. C., El Desouky, E. D., El Sayed, I., El Sayed Zaki, M., Elhadi, M., Elkhapery, A. M. R., Emami, A., Engelbert Bain, L., Erkhembayar, R., Etaee, F., Ezati Asar, M., Fagbamigbe, A. F., Falahi, S., Fallahzadeh, A., Faraj, A., Faraon, E. J. A., Fatehizadeh, A., Ferrara, P., Ferrari, A. A., Fetensa, G., Fischer, F., Flavel, J., Foroutan, M., Gaal, P. A., Gaidhane, A. M., Gaihre, S., Galehdar, N., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Garg, T., Gebrehiwot, M. D., Gebremichael, M. A., Gela, Y. Y., Gemeda, B. N. B., Gessner, B. D., Getachew, M., Getie, A., Ghamari, S. -H., Ghasemi Nour, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Gholizadeh, A., Ghosh, R., Ghozy, S., Goleij, P., Golitaleb, M., Gorini, G., Goulart, A. C., Goyomsa, G. G., Guadie, H. A., Gudisa, Z., Guled, R. A., Gupta, S., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, V. K., Guta, A., Habibzadeh, P., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Halwani, R., Hamidi, S., Hannan, M. A., Harorani, M., Hasaballah, A. I., Hasani, H., Hassan, A. M., Hassani, S., Hassanian-Moghaddam, H., Hassankhani, H., Hayat, K., Heibati, B., Heidari, M., Heyi, D. Z., Hezam, K., Holla, R., Hong, S. H., Horita, N., Hosseini, M. -S., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Househ, M., Hoveidamanesh, S., Huang, J., Hussein, N. R., Iavicoli, I., Ibitoye, S. E., Ikuta, K. S., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Immurana, M., Ismail, N. E., Iwagami, M., Jaafari, J., Jamshidi, E., Jang, S. -I., Javadi Mamaghani, A., Javaheri, T., Javanmardi, F., Javidnia, J., Jayapal, S. K., Jayarajah, U., Jayaram, S., Jema, A. T., Jeong, W., Jonas, J. B., Joseph, N., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., K, V., Kabir, Z., Kacimi, S. E. O., Kadashetti, V., Kalankesh, L. R., Kalhor, R., Kamath, A., Kamble, B. D., Kandel, H., Kanko, T. K., Karaye, I. M., Karch, A., Karkhah, S., Kassa, B. G., Katoto, P. D., Kaur, H., Kaur, R. J., Keikavoosi-Arani, L., Keykhaei, M., Khader, Y. S., Khajuria, H., Khan, E. A., Khan, G., Khan, I. A., Khan, M., Khan, M. N., Khan, M. A., Khan, Y. H., Khatatbeh, M. M., Khosravifar, M., Khubchandani, J., Kim, M. S., Kimokoti, R. W., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kissoon, N., Knibbs, L. D., Kochhar, S., Kompani, F., Koohestani, H. R., Korshunov, V. A., Kosen, S., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kuate Defo, B., Kumar, G. A., Kurmi, O. P., Kuttikkattu, A., Lal, D. 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A., Mubarik, S., Murillo-Zamora, E., Mustafa, G., Nair, S., Nair, T. S., Najafi, H., Naqvi, A. A., Narasimha Swamy, S., Natto, Z. S., Nayak, B. P., Nejadghaderi, S. A., Nguyen, H. V. N., Niazi, R. K., Nogueira de Sa, A. T., Nouraei, H., Nowroozi, A., Nunez-Samudio, V., Nzoputam, C. I., Nzoputam, O. J., Oancea, B., Ochir, C., Odukoya, O. O., Okati-Aliabad, H., Okekunle, A. P., Okonji, O. C., Olagunju, A. T., Olufadewa, I. I., Omar Bali, A., Omer, E., Oren, E., Ota, E., Otstavnov, N., Oulhaj, A., P A, M., Padubidri, J. R., Pakshir, K., Pakzad, R., Palicz, T., Pandey, A., Pant, S., Pardhan, S., Park, E. -C., Park, E. -K., Pashazadeh Kan, F., Paudel, R., Pawar, S., Peng, M., Pereira, G., Perna, S., Perumalsamy, N., Petcu, I. -R., Pigott, D. M., Piracha, Z. Z., Podder, V., Polibin, R. V., Postma, M. J., Pourasghari, H., Pourtaheri, N., Qadir, M. M. F., Raad, M., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Raeghi, S., Rafiei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi, M., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, A., Rahman, M. 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Population and Behavioural Science Division, Tampere University, Health Sciences, Clinical Medicine, Kyu, H, Vongpradith, A, Sirota, S, Novotney, A, Troeger, C, Doxey, M, Bender, R, Ledesma, J, Biehl, M, Albertson, S, Frostad, J, Burkart, K, Bennitt, F, Zhao, J, Gardner, W, Hagins, H, Bryazka, D, Dominguez, R, Abate, S, Abdelmasseh, M, Abdoli, A, Abdoli, G, Abedi, A, Abedi, V, Abegaz, T, Abidi, H, Aboagye, R, Abolhassani, H, Abtew, Y, Abubaker Ali, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Zaid, A, Adamu, K, Addo, I, Adegboye, O, Adnan, M, Adnani, Q, Afzal, M, Afzal, S, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, J, Ahmed Rashid, T, Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, M, Al Hamad, H, Albano, L, Aldeyab, M, Alemu, B, Alene, K, Algammal, A, Alhalaiqa, F, Alhassan, R, Ali, B, Ali, L, Ali, M, Ali, S, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Al-Jumaily, A, Aljunid, S, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Al-Rifai, R, Alryalat, S, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, N, Ameyaw, E, Aminian Dehkordi, J, Amuasi, J, Amugsi, D, Anbesu, E, Ansar, A, Anyasodor, A, Arabloo, J, Areda, D, Argaw, A, Argaw, Z, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, R, Asemahagn, M, Athari, S, Atlaw, D, Attia, E, Attia, S, Aujayeb, A, Awoke, T, Ayana, T, Ayanore, M, Azadnajafabad, S, Azangou-Khyavy, M, Azari, S, Azari Jafari, A, Badar, M, Badiye, A, Baghcheghi, N, Bagherieh, S, Baig, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, I, Bardhan, M, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, H, Barrow, A, Bashiri, A, Bassat, Q, Batiha, A, Belachew, A, Belete, M, Belgaumi, U, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhatt, P, Bhojaraja, V, Bhutta, Z, Bhuyan, S, Bijani, A, Bitaraf, S, Bodicha, B, Briko, N, Buonsenso, D, Butt, M, Cai, J, Camargos, P, Camera, L, Chakraborty, P, Chanie, M, Charan, J, Chattu, V, Ching, P, Choi, S, Chong, Y, Choudhari, S, Chowdhury, E, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Cobb, N, Cohen, A, Cruz-Martins, N, Dadras, O, Dagnaw, F, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dao, A, Debela, S, Demisse, B, Demisse, F, Demissie, S, Dereje, D, Desai, H, Desta, A, Desye, B, Dhingra, S, Diao, N, Diaz, D, Digesa, L, Doan, L, Dodangeh, M, Dongarwar, D, Dorostkar, F, dos Santos, W, Dsouza, H, Dubljanin, E, Durojaiye, O, Edinur, H, Ehsani-Chimeh, E, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, T, El Desouky, E, El Sayed, I, El Sayed Zaki, M, Elhadi, M, Elkhapery, A, Emami, A, Engelbert Bain, L, Erkhembayar, R, Etaee, F, Ezati Asar, M, Fagbamigbe, A, Falahi, S, Fallahzadeh, A, Faraj, A, Faraon, E, Fatehizadeh, A, Ferrara, P, Ferrari, A, Fetensa, G, Fischer, F, Flavel, J, Foroutan, M, Gaal, P, Gaidhane, A, Gaihre, S, Galehdar, N, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Garg, T, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremichael, M, Gela, Y, Gemeda, B, Gessner, B, Getachew, M, Getie, A, Ghamari, S, Ghasemi Nour, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, A, Ghosh, R, Ghozy, S, Goleij, P, Golitaleb, M, Gorini, G, Goulart, A, Goyomsa, G, Guadie, H, Gudisa, Z, Guled, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, V, Guta, A, Habibzadeh, P, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Hamidi, S, Hannan, M, Harorani, M, Hasaballah, A, Hasani, H, Hassan, A, Hassani, S, 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Subjects: Adult, Male, Global Health, Time, Global Burden of Disease, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Risk Factors, RA0421, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Humans, Ambient air-quality, Child, Respiratory Tract Infections, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, MCC, Sex Characteristics, Malnutrition, Pyridinolcarbamate, Bayes Theorem, 3rd-DAS, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Infectious Diseases, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Child, Preschool, Female, Particulate Matter, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Covid-19, LRI
Abstract: Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Background: The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories. Methods: In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7, and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8, J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors. Findings: Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million (95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged 70 years and older having the highest increase in LRI episodes (126·0% [95% UI 121·4–131·1]) and deaths (100·0% [83·4–115·9]). During the same period, LRI episodes and deaths in children younger than 15 years were estimated to have decreased, and the greatest decline was observed for LRI deaths in males younger than 5 years (–70·7% [–77·2 to –61·8]). The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. More than half of global LRI deaths in children younger than 5 years were attributable to child wasting (population attributable fraction [PAF] 53·0% [95% UI 37·7–61·8] in males and 56·4% [40·7–65·1] in females), and more than a quarter of LRI deaths among those aged 5–14 years were attributable to household air pollution (PAF 26·0% [95% UI 16·6–35·5] for males and PAF 25·8% [16·3–35·4] for females). PAFs of male LRI deaths attributed to smoking were 20·4% (95% UI 15·4–25·2) in those aged 15–49 years, 30·5% (24·1–36·9) in those aged 50–69 years, and 21·9% (16·8–27·3) in those aged 70 years and older. PAFs of female LRI deaths attributed to household air pollution were 21·1% (95% UI 14·5–27·9) in those aged 15–49 years and 18·2% (12·5–24·5) in those aged 50–69 years. For females aged 70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2–15·8) of LRI deaths. Interpretation: The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied across age groups and sexes. The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. Similar interventions for other age groups could contribute to the achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals targets, including promoting wellbeing at all ages and reducing health inequalities. Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and reduce health disparities. Publisher PDF
Published: 2022

5. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Khanh Bao Tran, Justin J Lang, Kelly Compton, Rixing Xu, Alistair R Acheson, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Louise Penberthy, Amirali Aali, Qamar Abbas, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Ahmed Abdelwahab Abdelwahab, Gholamreza Abdoli, Hanan Abdulkadir Abdulkadir, Aidin Abedi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Abdorrahim Absalan, Yonas Derso Abtew, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Daniel Addison, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Sumia Afrin, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Wajeeha Aiman, Marjan Ajami, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Addis Aklilu, Maxwell Akonde, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Saleh Ali Alessy, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Nivaldo Alonso, Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Rami H Hani Al-Rifai, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Ala'a B Al-Tammemi, Haya Altawalah, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Yaregal Animut Animut, Amir Anoushiravani, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Benny Antony, Maxwell Hubert Antwi, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Olatunde Aremu, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Hany Ariffin, Timur Aripov, Muhammad Arshad, Al Artaman, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Armin Aryannejad, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Zatollah Asemi, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Tahira Ashraf, Reza Assadi, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Tewachew Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Solomon Shitu Ayen, Davood Azadi, Sina Azadnajafabad, Saber Azami-Aghdash, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Hosein Azizi, Ahmed Y Y Azzam, Amirhesam Babajani, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nader Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Ahad Bakhtiari, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Maciej Banach, Indrajit Banerjee, Mainak Bardhan, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Nasir Z Bashir, Azadeh Bashiri, Saurav Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Aeysha Begum, Alehegn Bekele Bekele, Alemayehu Sayih Belay, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Luis Belo, Habib Benzian, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Eduardo Bernabe, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Bharti Bhandari Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Soumitra S Bhuyan, Sadia Bibi, Awraris Hailu Bilchut, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Antonio Biondi, Mesfin Geremaw Birega Birega, Habitu Eshetu Birhan, Tone Bjørge, Oleg Blyuss, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Michael Brauer, Hermann Brenner, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Christina Maree Buchanan, Norma B Bulamu, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Luis 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Melinda Gates Foundation, Kuwait University (Kuwait), Ministry of Higher Education (Malasia), Lega Italiana per la Lotta ai Tumori, Health Effects Institute (Estados Unidos), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. European Research Council (ERC), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. H2020, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, National Institute for Health Research (Reino Unido), National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Finnish Cancer Foundation, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (India), Xiamen University (Malasia), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Panjab University (India), Sistema Nacional de Investigación (Panamá), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Panamá), Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), Lung Foundation Australia, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Wellcome Trust, UNSW Sydney (Australia), ICMR - National Institute of Epidemiology (India), University of Tasmania (Australia), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (Irán), Ain Shams University (Egipto), International Center of Medical Sciences Research (Islamabad), National Institutes of Health (Estados Unidos), University of Oxford (Reino Unido), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Irán), Marga und Walter Boll - Stiftung, Ministero della Salute (Italia), IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (Italia), King College London, Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance (India), Public Health, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, and University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division
Subjects: Male, DEATHS, DALY, cancer, risk factors, Medizin, systematic analysis, Global Health, Risk Assessment, Cancer prevention, Global Burden of Disease, RC0254, Risk-attributable cancer deaths, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, Risk Factors, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Neoplasms, cancer, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, UK, Medicine(all), MCC, RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer), Risk Factor, Smoking, COVID-19, 3rd-DAS, General Medicine, Disability-adjusted life-years, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, Risk assessments, risk factor, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, OBESITY, Cancer burden, Neoplasm, Female, LIFE-STYLE, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, HEALTH, RA, Human, RC
Abstract: Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01-4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3-48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1-45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60-3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8-54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36-1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5-41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6-28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8-25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9-42·8] and 33·3% [25·8-42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. We are grateful to the surveillance systems, including cancer registries, that generated and shared observed cancer burden data. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H Ariffin acknowledges support from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (grant FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/UM/01/1). F Barra acknowledges support from Lega Italiana per la Lotta contro i Tumori - LILT - Bando 5 x 1000 anno 2019. L Belo and M Carvalho acknowledge the support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. A J Cohen was supported by the Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA. J Conde acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council - ERC Starting Grant 848325. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. T C Ekundayo was supported by the African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH). N Ghith acknowledges support from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). J C Glasbey is support by a Doctoral Research Fellowship from the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR300175). V K Gupta and V B Gupta acknowledge funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. C Herteliu, A Pana, and M Ausloos acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu is also partially supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. S Hussain was supported from Operational Programme Research, Development and Education–Project, Postdoc2MUNI (number CZ.02.2. 69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016952). M Jakovljevic acknowledges partial support through the grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. J H Kauppila acknowledges research grants from Sigrid Jusélius Foundation and the Finnish Cancer Foundation. M N Khatib acknowledges support from Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (deemed-to-be-university). Y J Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia [XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004]. S L Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges institutional assistance by Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. K Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (Phase II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. I Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). M-C Li was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 110-2314-B-003-001). G Liu acknowledges support from the CREATE Hope scientific fellowship from Lung Foundation Australia. J Liu acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation (72122001). J A Loureiro was supported by Scientific Employment Stimulus (FCT; CEECINST/00049/2018). E Mathews is supported by a Clinical and Public Health Early Career Fellowship (grant number IA/CPHE/17/1/503345) from the DBT India Alliance/Wellcome Trust Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2018–2023). T J Meretoja was supported by an unrestricted grant from Cancer Foundation Finland sr. S Mohammed acknowledges a fellowship grant from Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, outside the submitted work. M Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. L Monasta received support from the Italian Ministry of Health at the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste - Italy (RC 34/2017). U Mons is supported by the Marga and Walter Boll Foundation, Kerpen, Germany. M A Moosavi acknowledges the financial support of National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB). J Musa acknowledges support from the NIH/FICK43TW011416 for research-protected time for cervical cancer research and career development at University of Jos. V Nuñez-Samudio is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). O O Odukoya acknowledges support by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under the award number K43TW010704 for research-protected time. The content is solely the responsibility of all the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. A S Oguntade acknowledges funding by a doctoral scholarship from the Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford (Oxford Population Health). J R Padubidri acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for their constant support in research collaborations. R G Pestell acknowledges support from NIH grant W81XWH1810605 Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Grant R21 CA235139-01. Z Z Piracha acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad (44000), Pakistan. R A Radhakrishnan acknowledges support from Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance - IA/CPHI/18/1/503927. U Saeed acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges the support from Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. F Sha was supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant number KQTD20190929172835662). H R Shahsavari acknowledges the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Research Council. A Shetty acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for all the academic support. D A S Silva acknowledges financing in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 and D A S Silva is supported in part by CNPq-Brazil (309589/2021-5). L M L R Silva was supported by project CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162, Fundo Social Europeu (FSE). Am Singh is supported by the International Graduate Research Scholarship, University of Tasmania. R Suliankatchi Abdulkader acknowledges support from ICMR—National Institute of Epidemiology. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. H Xiao acknowledges support from the Public Health Sciences Division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. X Xu is supported by the University of New South Wales (Australia) Scientia Program. C Yu was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 82173626) and Wuhan Medical Research Program of Joint Fund of Hubei Health Committee (grant number WJ2019H304). Sí
Published: 2022

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1. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

2. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

3. Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

4. Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

5. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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