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3. Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

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Phelps, Nowell H, Singleton, Rosie K, Zhou, Bin, Heap, Rachel A, Mishra, Anu, Bennett, James E, Paciorek, Christopher J, Lhoste, Victor PF, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M, Stevens, Gretchen A, Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Bixby, Honor, Bentham, James, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Danaei, Goodarz, Rayner, Archie W, Barradas-Pires, Ana, Cowan, Melanie J, Savin, Stefan, Riley, Leanne M, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A, Baker, Jennifer L, Barkat, Amina, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Branca, Francesco, Caixeta, Roberta B, Cuschieri, Sarah, Farzadfar, Farshad, Ganapathy, Shubash, Ikeda, Nayu, Iotova, Violeta, Kengne, Andre P, Khang, Young-Ho, Laxmaiah, Avula, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Ma, Jun, Mbanya, Jean Claude N, Miranda, J Jaime, Pradeepa, Rajendra, Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando, Sorić, Maroje, Turley, Maria, Wang, Limin, Webster-Kerr, Karen, Aarestrup, Julie, Abarca-Gómez, Leandra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abdeen, Ziad A, Abdrakhmanova, Shynar, Abdul Ghaffar, Suhaila, Abdul Rahim, Hanan F, Abdurrahmonova, Zulfiya, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M, Abubakar Garba, Jamila, Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Adam, Ishag, Adamczyk, Marzena, Adams, Robert J, Adu-Afarwuah, Seth, Aekplakorn, Wichai, Afsana, Kaosar, Afzal, Shoaib, Agbor, Valirie N, Agdeppa, Imelda A, Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad, Ågren, Åsa, Aguenaou, Hassan, Agyemang, Charles, Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan, Ahmad, Noor Ani, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmadi, Nastaran, Ahmed, Imran, Ahmed, Soheir H, Ahrens, Wolfgang, Aitmurzaeva, Gulmira, Ajlouni, Kamel, Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M, Al-Hinai, Halima, Al-Lahou, Badreya, Al-Lawati, Jawad A, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Al Asfoor, Deena, Al Hourani, Huda M, Al Qaoud, Nawal M, Alarouj, Monira, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Aldwairji, Maryam A, Alexius, Sylvia, Ali, Mohamed M, Alieva, Anna V, Alkandari, Abdullah, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alkhatib, Buthaina M, Allin, Kristine, Alomary, Shaker A, Alomirah, Husam F, Alshangiti, Arwa M, Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N, Amiano Etxezarreta, Pilar, Amoah, John, Amougou, Norbert, Amouyel, Philippe, Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A, Androutsos, Odysseas, Ängquist, Lars, Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Anufrieva, Elena, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Araújo, Joana, Ariansen, Inger, Aris, Tahir, Arku, Raphael E, Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K, Assefa, Nega, Aspelund, Thor, Assah, Felix K, Assembekov, Batyrbek, Assunção, Maria Cecília F, Aung, May Soe, Aurélio de Valois, Correia Júnior Marco, Auvinen, Juha, Avdičová, Mária, Avi, Shina, Azad, Kishwar, Azevedo, Ana, Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen, Azizi, Fereidoun, Babu, Bontha V, Bacopoulou, Flora, Bæksgaard Jørgensen, Maja, Baharudin, Azli, Bahijri, Suhad, Bajramovic, Izet, Bakacs, Marta, Balakrishna, Nagalla, Balanova, Yulia, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Banegas, José R, Baran, Joanna, Baran, Rafał, Barbagallo, Carlo M, Barbosa Filho, Valter, Barceló, Alberto, Baretić, Maja, Barnoya, Joaquin, Barrera, Lena, Barreto, Marta, Barros, Aluisio JD, Barros, Mauro Virgílio Gomes, Bartosiewicz, Anna, Basit, Abdul, Bastos, Joao Luiz, Bata, Iqbal, Batieha, Anwar M, Batista, Aline P, Batista, Rosangela L, Battakova, Zhamilya, Baur, Louise A, Bayauli, Pascal M, Beaglehole, Robert, Bel-Serrat, Silvia, Belavendra, Antonisamy, Ben Romdhane, Habiba, Benedek, Theodora, Benedics, Judith, Benet, Mikhail, Benitez Rolandi, Gilda Estela, Benzeval, Michaela, Bere, Elling, Berger, Nicolas, Bergh, Ingunn Holden, Berhane, Yemane, Berkinbayev, Salim, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio, Bernotiene, Gailute, Berrios Carrasola, Ximena, Bettiol, Heloísa, Beutel, Manfred E, Beybey, Augustin F, Bezerra, Jorge, Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor, Bharadwaj, Sumit, Bhargava, Santosh K, Bi, Hongsheng, Bi, Yufang, Bia, Daniel, Biasch, Katia, Bika Lele, Elysée Claude, Bikbov, Mukharram M, Bista, Bihungum, Bjelica, Dusko J, Bjerregaard, Anne A, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjertness, Espen, Bjertness, Marius B, Björkelund, Cecilia, Bloch, Katia V, Blokstra, Anneke, Blychfeld Magnazu, Moran, Bo, Simona, Bobak, Martin, Boddy, Lynne M, Boehm, Bernhard O, Boer, Jolanda MA, Boggia, Jose G, Bogova, Elena, Boissonnet, Carlos P, Bojesen, Stig E, Bonaccio, Marialaura, Bongard, Vanina, Bonilla-Vargas, Alice, Bopp, Matthias, Borghs, Herman, Botomba, Steve, Bourne, Rupert RA, Bovet, Pascal, Boymatova, Khadichamo, Braeckevelt, Lien, Braeckman, Lutgart, Bragt, Marjolijn CE, Braithwaite, Tasanee, Brajkovich, Imperia, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Breda, João, Brenner, Hermann, Brewster, Lizzy M, Brian, Garry R, Briceño, Yajaira, Brinduse, Lacramioara, Bringolf-Isler, Bettina, Brito, Miguel, Brophy, Sinead, Brug, Johannes, Bruno, Graziella, Bugge, Anna, Buoncristiano, Marta, Burazeri, Genc, Burns, Con, Cabrera de León, Antonio, Cacciottolo, Joseph, Cai, Hui, Cama, Tilema, Cameron, Christine, Camolas, José, Can, Günay, Cândido, Ana Paula c, Cañete, Felicia, Capanzana, Mario V, Čapková, Naděžda, Capuano, Eduardo, Capuano, Rocco, Capuano, Vincenzo, Cardol, Marloes, Cardoso, Viviane C, Carlsson, Axel C, Carmuega, Esteban, Carvalho, Joana, Casajús, José A, Casanueva, Felipe F, Casas, Maribel, Celikcan, Ertugrul, Censi, Laura, Cervantes-Loaiza, Marvin, Cesar, Juraci A, Chamnan, Parinya, Chamukuttan, Snehalatha, Chan, Angelique, Chan, Queenie, Charchar, Fadi J, Charles, Marie-Aline, Chaturvedi, Himanshu K, Chaturvedi, Nish, Che Abdul Rahim, Norsyamlina, Chee, Miao Li, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Fangfang, Chen, Huashuai, Chen, Long-Sheng, Chen, Shuohua, Chen, Zhengming, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Cheng, Yiling J, Cheraghian, Bahman, Chetrit, Angela, Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina, Chinapaw, Mai JM, Chinnock, Anne, Chiolero, Arnaud, Chiou, Shu-Ti, Chirita-Emandi, Adela, Chirlaque, María-Dolores, Cho, Belong, Christensen, Kaare, Christofaro, Diego G, Chudek, Jerzy, Cifkova, Renata, Cilia, Michelle, Cinteza, Eliza, Cirillo, Massimo, Claessens, Frank, Clare, Philip, Clarke, Janine, Clays, Els, Cohen, Emmanuel, Cojocaru, Cosmin R, Colorado-Yohar, Sandra, Compañ-Gabucio, Laura-María, Concin, Hans, Confortin, Susana C, Cooper, Cyrus, Coppinger, Tara C, Corpeleijn, Eva, Cortés, Lilia Yadira, Costanzo, Simona, Cottel, Dominique, Cowell, Chris, Craig, Cora L, Crampin, Amelia C, Cross, Amanda J, Crujeiras, Ana B, Cruz, Juan J, Csányi, Tamás, Csilla, Semánová, Cucu, Alexandra M, Cui, Liufu, Cureau, Felipe V, Czenczek-Lewandowska, Ewelina, D'Arrigo, Graziella, d'Orsi, Eleonora, da Silva, Alanna G, Dacica, Liliana, Dahm, Christina C, Dallongeville, Jean, Damasceno, Albertino, Damsgaard, Camilla T, Dankner, Rachel, Dantoft, Thomas M, Dasgupta, Parasmani, Dastgiri, Saeed, Dauchet, Luc, Davletov, Kairat, de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos, Francisco, de Assis, Maria Alice Altenburg, De Backer, Guy, De Bacquer, Dirk, De Bacquer, Jaco, de Bont, Jeroen, De Curtis, Amalia, de Fragas Hinnig, Patrícia, de Gaetano, Giovanni, De Henauw, Stefaan, De Miguel-Etayo, Pilar, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Duarte de Oliveira, Paula, De Ridder, David, De Ridder, Karin, de Rooij, Susanne R, de Sá, Ana Carolina MGN, De Smedt, Delphine, Deepa, Mohan, Deev, Alexander D, DeGennaro, Vincent Jr, Delisle, Hélène, Delpeuch, Francis, Demarest, Stefaan, Dennison, Elaine, Dereń, Katarzyna, Deschamps, Valérie, Devrishov, Ruslan D, Dhimal, Meghnath, Di Castelnuovo, Augusto, Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares, Díaz-Sánchez, María Elena, Diaz, Alejandro, Díaz Fernández, Pedro, Díez Ripollés, María Pilar, Dika, Zivka, Djalalinia, Shirin, Djordjic, Visnja, Do, Ha TP, Dobson, Annette J, Dominguez, Liria, Donati, Maria Benedetta, Donfrancesco, Chiara, Dong, Guanghui, Dong, Yanhui, Donoso, Silvana P, Döring, Angela, Dorobantu, Maria, Dorosty, Ahmad Reza, Dörr, Marcus, Doua, Kouamelan, Dragano, Nico, Drygas, Wojciech, Du, Shufa, Duan, Jia Li, Duante, Charmaine A, Duboz, Priscilla, Duleva, Vesselka L, Dulskiene, Virginija, Dumith, Samuel C, Dushpanova, Anar, Dwyer, Terence, Dyussupova, Azhar, Dzerve, Vilnis, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta, Ebrahimi, Narges, Echeverría, Guadalupe, Eddie, Ricky, Eftekhar, Ebrahim, Efthymiou, Vasiliki, Egbagbe, Eruke E, Eggertsen, Robert, Eghtesad, Sareh, Eiben, Gabriele, Ekelund, Ulf, El-Khateeb, Mohammad, El Ammari, Laila, El Ati, Jalila, Eldemire-Shearer, Denise, Elliott, Paul, Enang, Ofem, Endevelt, Ronit, Engle-Stone, Reina, Erasmus, Rajiv T, Erem, Cihangir, Ergor, Gul, Eriksen, Louise, Eriksson, Johan G, Escobedo-de la Peña, Jorge, Eslami, Saeid, Esmaeili, Ali, Evans, Alun, Evans, Roger G, Faeh, David, Fagherazzi, Guy, Fakhradiyev, Ildar, Fakhretdinova, Albina A, Fall, Caroline H, Faramarzi, Elnaz, Farjam, Mojtaba, Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Victoria, Farzi, Yosef, Fattahi, Mohammad Reza, Fawwad, Asher, Fawzi, Wafaie W, Felix-Redondo, Francisco J, Ferguson, Trevor S, Fernandes, Romulo A, Fernández-Bergés, Daniel, Ferrante, Daniel, Ferrao, Thomas, Ferrari, Gerson, Ferrari, Marika, Ferrario, Marco M, Ferreccio, Catterina, Ferreira, Haroldo S, Ferrer, Eldridge, Ferrieres, Jean, Figueiró, Thamara Hubler, Fijalkowska, Anna, Fink, Günther, Fisberg, Mauro, Fischer, Krista, Foo, Leng Huat, Forsner, Maria, Fottrell, Edward F, Fouad, Heba M, Francis, Damian K, Franco, Maria do Carmo, Fras, Zlatko, Fraser, Brooklyn, Frontera, Guillermo, Fuchs, Flavio D, Fuchs, Sandra C, Fujiati, Isti I, Fujita, Yuki, Fumihiko, Matsuda, Furdela, Viktoriya, Furusawa, Takuro, Gabriela, Stefan Adela, Gaciong, Zbigniew, Gafencu, Mihai, Galán Cuesta, Manuel, Galbarczyk, Andrzej, Galcheva, Sonya V, Galenkamp, Henrike, Galeone, Daniela, Galfo, Myriam, Galvano, Fabio, Gao, Jingli, Gao, Pei, Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli, García Mérida, María José, García Solano, Marta, Gareta, Dickman, Garnett, Sarah P, Gaspoz, Jean-Michel, Gasull, Magda, Gaya, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo, Gaya, Anelise Reis, Gazzinelli, Andrea, Gehring, Ulrike, Geiger, Harald, Geleijnse, Johanna M, George, Ronnie, Gerdts, Eva, Ghaderi, Ebrahim, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, Ghanbari, Ali, Ghasemi, Erfan, Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina, Gialluisi, Alessandro, Giampaoli, Simona, Gianfagna, Francesco, Gieger, Christian, Gill, Tiffany K, Giovannelli, Jonathan, Gironella, Glen, Giwercman, Aleksander, Gkiouras, Konstantinos, Glushkova, Natalya, Godara, Ramesh, Godos, Justyna, Gogen, Sibel, Goldberg, Marcel, Goltzman, David, Gómez, Georgina, Gómez Gómez, Jesús Humberto, Gomez, Luis F, Gómez, Santiago F, Gomula, Aleksandra, Gonçalves Cordeiro da Silva, Bruna, Gonçalves, Helen, Gonçalves, Mauer, González-Alvarez, Ana D, Gonzalez-Chica, David A, González-Gil, Esther M, Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela, González-Leon, Margot, González-Rivas, Juan P, González-Villalpando, Clicerio, González-Villalpando, María-Elena, Gonzalez, Angel R, Gottrand, Frederic, Graça, Antonio Pedro, Grafnetter, Dušan, Grajda, Aneta, Grammatikopoulou, Maria G, Gregg, Edward W, Gregor, Ronald D, Gregório, Maria João, Grøholt, Else Karin, Grøntved, Anders, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gruden, Gabriella, Gu, Dongfeng, Guajardo, Viviana, Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela, Guallar-Castillón, Pilar, Gualtieri, Andrea, Gudmundsson, Elias F, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Guerchet, Maëlenn, Guerrero, Ramiro, Guessous, Idris, Guimaraes, Andre L, Gujral, Unjali P, Gulliford, Martin C, Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna, Gunter, Marc J, Guo, Xiu-Hua, Guo, Yin, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rajeev, Gureje, Oye, Gurinović, Mirjana A, Gutiérrez González, Enrique, Gutierrez, Laura, Gutzwiller, Felix, Gwee, Xinyi, Ha, Seongjun, Hadaegh, Farzad, Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A, Haghshenas, Rosa, Hakimi, Hamid, Halkjær, Jytte, Hambleton, Ian R, Hamzeh, Behrooz, Hanekom, Willem A, Hange, Dominique, Hanif, Abu AM, Hantunen, Sari, Hao, Jie, Hardman, Carla Menêses, Hardy, Louise, Hari Kumar, Rachakulla, Harmer Lassen, Tina, Harooni, Javad, Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad, Hassapidou, Maria, Hata, Jun, Haugsgjerd, Teresa, Hayes, Alison J, He, Jiang, He, Yuan, He, Yuna, Heidinger-Felső, Regina, Heier, Margit, Heinen, Mirjam, Hejgaard, Tatjana, Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth, Henrique, Rafael dos Santos, Henriques, Ana, Hernandez Cadena, Leticia, Herrala, Sauli, Herrera-Cuenca, Marianella, Herrera, Victor M, Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle, Herzig, Karl-Heinz, Heshmat, Ramin, Heude, Barbara, Hill, Allan G, Ho, Sai Yin, Ho, Suzanne C, Hobbs, Michael, Höfelmann, Doroteia A, Holdsworth, Michelle, Homayounfar, Reza, Homs, Clara, Hoogendijk, Emiel, Hopman, Wilma M, Horimoto, Andrea RVR, Hormiga, Claudia M, Horta, Bernardo L, Houti, Leila, Howitt, Christina, Htay, Thein Thein, Htet, Aung Soe, Htike, Maung Maung Than, Hu, Yonghua, Huerta, José María, Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani, Huiart, Laetitia, Huidumac Petrescu, Constanta, Husseini, Abdullatif, Huu, Chinh Nguyen, Huybrechts, Inge, Hwalla, Nahla, Hyska, Jolanda, Iacoviello, Licia, Iakupova, Ellina M, Ibarluzea, Jesús, Ibrahim, Mohsen M, Ibrahim Wong, Norazizah, Igland, Jannicke, Ijoma, Chinwuba, Ikram, M Arfan, Iñiguez, Carmen, Irazola, Vilma E, Ishida, Takafumi, Isiguzo, Godsent C, Islam, Muhammad, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islek, Duygu, Ittermann, Till, Ivanova-Pandourska, Ivaila Y, Iwasaki, Masanori, Jääskeläinen, Tuija, Jackson, Rod T, Jacobs, Jeremy M, Jadoul, Michel, Jafar, Tazeen, Jallow, Bakary, James, Kenneth, Jamil, Kazi M, Jamrozik, Konrad, Jan, Nataša, Jansson, Anna, Janszky, Imre, Janus, Edward, Jarani, Juel, Jarnig, Gerald, Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta, Jasienska, Grazyna, Jelaković, Ana, Jelaković, Bojan, Jennings, Garry, Jiang, Chao Qiang, Jimenez, Ramon O, Jöckel, Karl-Heinz, Joffres, Michel, Jokelainen, Jari J, Jonas, Jost B, Jonnagaddala, Jitendra, Jøran Kjerpeseth, Lars, Jørgensen, Torben, Joshi, Pradeep, Joshi, Rohina, Josipović, Josipa, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jóźwiak, Jacek J, Judge, Debra S, Juolevi, Anne, Jurak, Gregor, Jurca Simina, Iulia, Juresa, Vesna, Kaaks, Rudolf, Kaducu, Felix O, Kadvan, Agnes L, Kafatos, Anthony, Kaj, Mónika, Kajantie, Eero O, Kakutia, Natia, Kállayová, Daniela, Kalmatayeva, Zhanna, Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra, Kameli, Yves, Kanala, Kodanda R, Kannan, Srinivasan, Kapantais, Efthymios, Karaglani, Eva, Karakosta, Argyro, Kårhus, Line L, Karki, Khem B, Karlsson, Omat, Kassi Anicet, Adoubi, Katchunga, Philippe B, Katibeh, Marzieh, Katz, Joanne, Katzmarzyk, Peter T, Kauhanen, Jussi, Kaur, Prabhdeep, Kavousi, Maryam, Kazakbaeva, Gyulli M, Kaze, François F, Kazembe, Benson M, Ke, Calvin, Keil, Ulrich, Keinan Boker, Lital, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka, Kelishadi, Roya, Kelleher, Cecily, Kemper, Han CG, Keramati, Maryam, Kerimkulova, Alina, Kersting, Mathilde, Key, Timothy, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khaledifar, Arsalan, Khalili, Davood, Kheiri, Bahareh, Kheradmand, Motahareh, Khosravi, Alireza, Khouw, Ilse MSL, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula, Kiechl, Sophia J, Kiechl, Stefan, Killewo, Japhet, Kim, Hyeon Chang, Kim, Jeongseon, Kindblom, Jenny M, Kingston, Andrew, Klakk, Heidi, Klanarong, Suntara, Klanova, Jana, Klimek, Magdalena, Klimont, Jeannette, Klumbiene, Jurate, Knoflach, Michael, Kobel, Susanne, Koirala, Bhawesh, Kolle, Elin, Kolo, Sanda M, Kolsteren, Patrick, König, Jürgen, Korpelainen, Raija, Korrovits, Paul, Korzycka, Magdalena, Kos, Jelena, Koskinen, Seppo, Kouda, Katsuyasu, Koussoh Simone, Malik, Kovács, Éva, Kovacs, Viktoria Anna, Kovalskys, Irina, Kowlessur, Sudhir, Koziel, Slawomir, Kratenova, Jana, Kratzer, Wolfgang, Kriaucioniene, Vilma, Kriemler, Susi, Kristensen, Peter Lund, Krizan, Helena, Kroker-Lobos, Maria F, Krokstad, Steinar, Kromhout, Daan, Kruger, Herculina S, Kruger, Ruan, Kryst, Łukasz, Kubinova, Ruzena, Kuciene, Renata, Kujala, Urho M, Kujundzic, Enisa, Kulaga, Zbigniew, Kulimbet, Mukhtar, Kulothungan, Vaitheeswaran, Kumar, R Krishna, Kumari, Meena, Kunešová, Marie, Kurjata, Pawel, Kusuma, Yadlapalli S, Kutsenko, Vladimir, Kuulasmaa, Kari, Kyobutungi, Catherine, La, Quang Ngoc, Laamiri, Fatima Zahra, Laatikainen, Tiina, Labadarios, Demetre, Lachat, Carl, Lackner, Karl J, Lai, Daphne, Laid, Youcef, Lall, Lachmie, Lam, Tai Hing, Landaeta Jimenez, Maritza, Landais, Edwige, Lankila, Tiina, Lanska, Vera, Lappas, Georg, Larijani, Bagher, Larissa, Simo Pone, Lateva, Mina P, Latt, Tint Swe, Laurenzi, Martino, Lauria, Laura, Lazo-Porras, Maria, Le Coroller, Gwenaëlle, Le Nguyen Bao, Khanh, Le Port, Agnès, Le, Tuyen D, Lee, Jeannette, Lee, Jeonghee, Lee, Paul H, Lehtimäki, Terho, Lemogoum, Daniel, Leong, Elvynna, Leskošek, Branimir, Leszczak, Justyna, Leth-Møller, Katja B, Leung, Gabriel M, Levitt, Naomi S, Li, Yanping, Liivak, Merike, Lilly, Christa L, Lim, Charlie, Lim, Wei-Yen, Lima-Costa, M Fernanda, Lin, Xu, Lind, Lars, Lingam, Vijaya, Linkohr, Birgit, Linneberg, Allan, Lissner, Lauren, Litwin, Mieczyslaw, Liu, Jing, Liu, Lijuan, Liu, Liping, Liu, Xiaotian, Lo, Wei-Cheng, Loit, Helle-Mai, Long, Khuong Quynh, Longo Abril, Guadalupe, Lopes, Luis, Lopes, Marcus SS, Lopes, Oscar, Lopez-Garcia, Esther, Lopez, Tania, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, José Eugenio, Lukrafka, Janice L, Luksiene, Dalia, Lundqvist, Annamari, Lunet, Nuno, Lunogelo, Charles, Lustigová, Michala, Łuszczki, Edyta, M'Buyamba-Kabangu, Jean-René, Ma, Guansheng, Ma, Xu, Machado-Coelho, George LL, Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M, Macia, Enguerran, Macieira, Luisa M, Madar, Ahmed A, Madraisau, Sherilynn, Madsen, Anja L, Maestre, Gladys E, Maggi, Stefania, Magliano, Dianna J, Magnacca, Sara, Magriplis, Emmanuella, Mahasampath, Gowri, Maire, Bernard, Majer, Marjeta, Makdisse, Marcia, Mäki, Päivi, Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza, Malekzadeh, Fatemeh, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rahul, Mallikharjuna Rao, Kodavanti, Malta, Deborah C, Malyutina, Sofia K, Maniego, Lynell V, Manios, Yannis, Mann, Jim I, Mannix, Masimango Imani, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Manyanga, Taru, Manzato, Enzo, Mapatano, Mala Ali, Marcil, Anie, Margozzini, Paula, Maria-Magdalena, Rosu, Mariño, Joany, Markaki, Anastasia, Markey, Oonagh, Markidou Ioannidou, Eliza, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Marques, Larissa Pruner, Marrugat, Jaume, Martin-Prevel, Yves, Martin, Rosemarie, Martorell, Reynaldo, Martos, Eva, Maruf, Fatai A, Maruszczak, Katharina, Marventano, Stefano, Masala, Giovanna, Mascarenhas, Luis P, Masinaei, Masoud, Masoodi, Shariq R, Mathiesen, Ellisiv B, Mathur, Prashant, Matijasevich, Alicia, Matłosz, Piotr, Matsha, Tandi E, Matsudo, Victor, Matteo, Giletta, Maulik, Pallab K, Mavrogianni, Christina, Mazur, Artur, McFarlane, Shelly R, McGarvey, Stephen T, McKee, Martin, McLean, Rachael M, McLean, Scott B, McNairy, Margaret L, McNulty, Breige A, Mediene Benchekor, Sounnia, Medzioniene, Jurate, Mehlig, Kirsten, Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang, Meirhaeghe, Aline, Meisfjord, Jørgen, Meisinger, Christa, Melgarejo, Jesus D, Melkumova, Marina, Mello, Júlio, Méndez, Fabián, Mendivil, Carlos O, Menezes, Ana Maria B, Menon, Geetha R, Mensink, Gert BM, Menzano, Maria Teresa, Meshram, Indrapal I, Meto, Diane T, Meyer, Haakon E, Mi, Jie, Michaelsen, Kim F, Michels, Nathalie, Mikkel, Kairit, Miłkowska, Karolina, Miller, Jody C, Milushkina, Olga, Minderico, Cláudia S, Mini, GK, Miquel, Juan Francisco, Mirjalili, Mohammad Reza, Mirkopoulou, Daphne, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mišigoj-Duraković, Marjeta, Mistretta, Antonio, Mocanu, Veronica, Modesti, Pietro A, Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi, Mohamed, Shukri F, Mohammad, 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Alireza, Safarpour, Ali Reza, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Saghi, Mohammad Hossien, Saidi, Olfa, Saieva, Calogero, Sakata, Satoko, Saki, Nader, Šalaj, Sanja, Salanave, Benoit, Salazar Martinez, Eduardo, Salhanova, Akkumis, Salmerón, Diego, Salomaa, Veikko, Salonen, Jukka T, Salvetti, Massimo, Samoutian, Margarita, Sánchez-Abanto, Jose, Sánchez Rodríguez, Inés, Sandjaja, Sans, Susana, Santa-Marina, Loreto, Santacruz, Ethel, Santos, Diana A, Santos, Ina S, Santos, Lèlita C, Santos, Maria Paula, Santos, Osvaldo, Santos, Rute, Santos, Tamara R, Saramies, Jouko L, Sardinha, Luis B, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Saum, Kai-Uwe, Savva, Savvas, Savy, Mathilde, Sawada, Norie, Sbaraini, Mariana, Scazufca, Marcia, Schaan, Beatriz D, Schaffrath Rosario, Angelika, Schargrodsky, Herman, Schienkiewitz, Anja, Schindler, Karin, Schipf, Sabine, Schmidt, Börge, Schmidt, Carsten O, Schmidt, Ida Maria, Schneider, Andrea, Schnohr, Peter, Schöttker, Ben, Schramm, Sara, Schramm, Stine, Schröder, Helmut, Schultsz, Constance, Schultz, Gry, Schulze, Matthias B, Schutte, Aletta E, Sebert, Sylvain, Sedaghattalab, Moslem, Selamat, Rusidah, Sember, Vedrana, Sen, Abhijit, Senbanjo, Idowu O, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Sequera, Guillermo, Serra-Majem, Luis, Servais, Jennifer, Ševčíková, Ľudmila, Sewpaul, Ronel, Shalnova, Svetlana, Shamah-Levy, Teresa, Shamshirgaran, Seyed Morteza, Shanthirani, Coimbatore Subramaniam, Sharafkhah, Maryam, Sharma, Sanjib K, Sharman, Almaz, Shaw, Jonathan E, Shayanrad, Amaneh, Shayesteh, Ali Akbar, Shengelia, Lela, Shi, Zumin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana, Shimony, Tal, Shiri, Rahman, Shrestha, Namuna, Si-Ramlee, Khairil, Siani, Alfonso, Siantar, Rosalynn, Sibai, Abla M, Sidossis, Labros S, Silitrari, Natalia, Silva, Antonio M, Silva, Caroline Ramos de Moura, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, Kelly Samara, Sim, Xueling, Simon, Mary, Simons, Judith, Simons, Leon A, Sjöberg, Agneta, Sjöström, Michael, Skoblina, Elena V, Skoblina, Natalia A, Slazhnyova, Tatyana, Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta, Slusarczyk, Przemysław, Smeeth, Liam, So, Hung-Kwan, Soares, Fernanda Cunha, Sobek, Grzegorz, Sobngwi, Eugène, Sodemann, Morten, Söderberg, Stefan, Soekatri, Moesijanti YE, Soemantri, Agustinus, Sofat, Reecha, Solfrizzi, Vincenzo, Solovieva, Yuliya V, Somi, Mohammad Hossein, Sonestedt, Emily, Song, Yi, Soofi, Sajid, Sørensen, Thorkild IA, Sørgjerd, Elin P, Sossa Jérome, Charles, Soto-Rojas, Victoria E, Soumaré, Aïcha, Sousa-Poza, Alfonso, Sovic, Slavica, Sparboe-Nilsen, Bente, Sparrenberger, Karen, Spencer, Phoebe R, Spinelli, Angela, Spiroski, Igor, Staessen, Jan A, Stamm, Hanspeter, Stang, Andreas, Starc, Gregor, Staub, Kaspar, Stavreski, Bill, Steene-Johannessen, Jostein, Stehle, Peter, Stein, Aryeh D, Steinsbekk, Silje, Stergiou, George S, Stessman, Jochanan, Stevanović, Ranko, Stieber, Jutta, Stöckl, Doris, Stokwiszewski, Jakub, Stoyanova, Ekaterina, Stratton, Gareth, Stronks, Karien, Strufaldi, Maria Wany, Sturua, Lela, Suárez-Medina, Ramón, Suarez-Ortegón, Milton F, Suebsamran, Phalakorn, Sugiyama, Mindy, Suka, Machi, Sulo, Gerhard, Sun, Chien-An, Sun, Liang, Sund, Malin, Sundström, Johan, Sung, Yn-Tz, Sunyer, Jordi, Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul, Sweis, Nabil William G, Swinburn, Boyd A, Sy, Rody G, Sylva, René Charles, Szponar, Lucjan, Tabone, Lorraine, Tai, E Shyong, Takuro, Furusawa, Tambalis, Konstantinos D, Tammesoo, Mari-Liis, Tamosiunas, Abdonas, Tan, Eng Joo, Tang, Xun, Tanrygulyyeva, Maya, Tanser, Frank, Tao, Yong, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tarp, Jakob, Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B, Taxová Braunerová, Radka, Taylor, Anne, Taylor, Julie, Tchibindat, Félicité, Te Velde, Saskia, Tebar, William R, Tell, Grethe S, Tello, Tania, Tessema, Masresha, Tham, Yih Chung, Thankappan, KR, Theobald, Holger, Theodoridis, Xenophon, Thomas, Nihal, Thorand, Barbara, Thrift, Amanda G, Tichá, Ľubica, Timmermans, Erik J, Tjandrarini, Dwi Hapsari, Tjonneland, Anne, Tolonen, Hanna K, Tolstrup, Janne S, Tomaszewski, Maciej, Topbas, Murat, Topór-Mądry, Roman, Torheim, Liv Elin, Tornaritis, Michael J, Torrent, Maties, Torres-Collado, Laura, Toselli, Stefania, Touloumi, Giota, Traissac, Pierre, Tran, Thi Tuyet-Hanh, Tremblay, Mark S, Triantafyllou, Areti, Trichopoulos, Dimitrios, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Trinh, Oanh TH, Trivedi, Atul, Tshepo, Lechaba, Tsigga, Maria, Tsintavis, Panagiotis, Tsugane, Shoichiro, Tuitele, John, Tuliakova, Azaliia M, Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K, Tullu, Fikru, Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Twig, Gilad, Tynelius, Per, Tzala, Evangelia, Tzotzas, Themistoklis, Tzourio, Christophe, Udoji, Nwannedimma, Ueda, Peter, Ugel, Eunice, Ukoli, Flora AM, Ulmer, Hanno, Unal, Belgin, Usupova, Zhamyila, Uusitalo, Hannu MT, Uysal, Nalan, Vaitkeviciute, Justina, Valdivia, Gonzalo, Vale, Susana, Valvi, Damaskini, van Dam, Rob M, van den Born, Bert-Jan, Van der Heyden, Johan, van der Schouw, Yvonne T, Van Herck, Koen, Van Lippevelde, Wendy, Van Minh, Hoang, Van Schoor, Natasja M, van Valkengoed, Irene GM, Vanderschueren, Dirk, Vanuzzo, Diego, Varbo, Anette, Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio, Vargas, Luz Nayibe, Varona-Pérez, Patricia, Vasan, Senthil K, Vasques, Daniel G, Vatasescu, Radu, Vega, Tomas, Veidebaum, Toomas, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Velika, Biruta, Verloigne, Maïté, Veronesi, Giovanni, Verschuren, WM Monique, Victora, Cesar G, Viegi, Giovanni, Viet, Lucie, Vik, Frøydis N, Vilar, Monica, Villalpando, Salvador, Vioque, Jesus, Viriyautsahakul, Napaphan, Virtanen, Jyrki K, Visser, Marjolein, Visvikis-Siest, Sophie, Viswanathan, Bharathi, Vladulescu, Mihaela, Vlasoff, Tiina, Vocanec, Dorja, Vollenweider, Peter, Völzke, Henry, Vourli, Georgia, Voutilainen, Ari, Vrijheid, Martine, Vrijkotte, Tanja GM, Vuletić, Silvije, Wade, Alisha N, Waldhör, Thomas, Walton, Janette, Wambiya, Elvis OA, Wan Bebakar, Wan Mohamad, Wan Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon, Wanderley Júnior, Rildo de Souza, Wang, Chongjian, Wang, Huijun, Wang, Ming-Dong, Wang, Ningli, Wang, Qian, Wang, Xiangjun, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ying-Wei, Wannamethee, S Goya, Wareham, Nicholas, Wartha, Olivia, Weber, Adelheid, Wedderkopp, Niels, Weghuber, Daniel, Wei, Wenbin, Weres, Aneta, Werner, Bo, Westbury, Leo D, Whincup, Peter H, Wichstrøm, Lars, Wickramasinghe, Kremlin, Widhalm, Kurt, Widyahening, Indah S, Więcek, Andrzej, Wild, Philipp S, Wilks, Rainford J, Willeit, Johann, Willeit, Peter, Williams, Julianne, Wilsgaard, Tom, Wirth, James P, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Woldeyohannes, Meseret, Wolf, Kathrin, Wong-McClure, Roy A, Wong, Andrew, Wong, Emily B, Wong, Jyh Eiin, Wong, Tien Yin, Woo, Jean, Woodward, Mark, Wu, Frederick C, Wu, Hon-Yen, Wu, Jianfeng, Wu, Li Juan, Wu, Shouling, Wyszyńska, Justyna, Xu, Haiquan, Xu, Liang, Yaacob, Nor Azwany, Yamborisut, Uruwan, Yan, Li, Yan, Weili, Yang, Ling, Yang, Xiaoguang, Yang, Yang, Yardim, Nazan, Yasuharu, Tabara, Yépez García, Martha, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K, Yngve, Agneta, Yoosefi, Moein, Yoshihara, Akihiro, Yotov, Yoto, You, Qi Sheng, You, San-Lin, Younger-Coleman, Novie O, Yu, Yu-Ling, Yu, Yunjiang, Yusof, Safiah Md, Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi, Zaccagni, Luciana, Zafiropulos, Vassilis, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul, Zamani, Farhad, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antonis, Zamrazilová, Hana, Zapata, Maria Elisa, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Zaw, Ko Ko, Zayed, Ayman A, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Żegleń, Magdalena, Zejglicova, Kristyna, Zeljkovic Vrkic, Tajana, Zeng, Yi, Zentai, Andrea, Zhang, Bing, Zhang, Luxia, Zhang, Zhen-Yu, Zhao, Dong, Zhao, Ming-Hui, Zhao, Wenhua, Zhecheva, Yanitsa V, Zhen, Shiqi, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Dan, Zimmet, Paul, Zins, Marie, Zitt, Emanuel, Zocalo, Yanina, Zoghlami, Nada, Zuñiga Cisneros, Julio, Zuziak, Monika, and Ezzati, Majid

Published
2024
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7. Emotions or cognitions first? Longitudinal relations between executive functions and emotion regulation in childhood.

Author

Halse, Marte, Steinsbekk, Silje, Bjørklund, Oda, Hammar, Åsa, and Wichstrøm, Lars

Subjects
*SCHOOL children, *CHILD development, *EXECUTIVE function, *EMOTION regulation
Abstract

Executive functions and emotion regulation develop from early childhood to adolescence and are predictive of important psychosocial outcomes. However, despite the correlation between the two regulatory capacities, whether they are prospectively related in school‐aged children remains unknown, and the direction of effects is uncertain. In this study, a sample drawn from two birth cohorts in Norway was biennially examined between the ages of 6 and 14 (n = 852, 50.1% girls, 93% Norwegian). Parents completed the Emotion Regulation Checklist, and teachers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. A random intercept cross‐lagged panel model revealed that improved emotion regulation predicted increased executive functioning to the same extent throughout development, whereas enhanced executive functioning was unrelated to future changes in emotion regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Reciprocal relations between dimensions of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity and anxiety disorders from preschool age to adolescence: sex differences in a birth cohort sample.

Author

Habibi Asgarabad, Mojtaba, Steinsbekk, Silje, Hartung, Cynthia M., and Wichstrøm, Lars

Subjects
*ATTENTION-deficit hyperactivity disorder, *COHORT analysis, *ADOLESCENCE, *GENDER differences (Psychology), *ANXIETY disorders, *HYPERACTIVITY, *SCHOOL year
Abstract

Background Methods Results Conclusions Symptoms of anxiety and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are prospectively related from childhood to adolescence. However, whether the two dimensions of ADHD—inattention and hyperactivity‐impulsivity—are differentially related to anxiety and whether there are developmental and sex/gender differences in these relations are unknown.Two birth cohorts of Norwegian children were assessed biennially from ages 4 to 16 (N = 1,077; 49% girls) with diagnostic parent interviews used to assess symptoms of anxiety and ADHD. Data were analyzed using a random intercept cross‐lagged panel model, adjusting for all unobserved time‐invariant confounding effects.In girls, increased inattention, but not hyperactivity‐impulsivity, predicted increased anxiety 2 years later across all time‐points and increased anxiety at ages 12 and 14 predicted increased inattention but not hyperactivity‐impulsivity. In boys, increased hyperactivity‐impulsivity at ages 6 and 8, but not increased inattention, predicted increased anxiety 2 years later, whereas increased anxiety did not predict increased inattention or hyperactivity‐impulsivity.The two ADHD dimensions were differentially related to anxiety, and the relations were sex‐specific. In girls, inattention may be involved in the development of anxiety throughout childhood and adolescence and anxiety may contribute to girls developing more inattention beginning in early adolescence. In boys, hyperactivity‐impulsivity may be involved in the development of anxiety during the early school years. Effective treatment of inattention symptoms in girls may reduce anxiety risk at all time‐points, while addressing anxiety may decrease inattention during adolescence. Similarly, treating hyperactivity‐impulsivity may reduce anxiety risk in boys during late childhood (at ages 8–10). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Reciprocal relations between interparental aggression and symptoms of oppositional defiant and conduct disorders: a seven‐wave cohort study of within‐family effects from preschool to adolescence.

Author

Nobakht, Habib Niyaraq, Steinsbekk, Silje, and Wichstrøm, Lars

Subjects
*RISK assessment, *FAMILY conflict, *INTERVIEWING, *FAMILY relations, *PARENT attitudes, *AGGRESSION (Psychology), *BEHAVIOR disorders in children, *RESEARCH methodology, *PSYCHOLOGY of parents, *OPPOSITIONAL defiant disorder in children, *DISEASE risk factors, *SYMPTOMS, *ADOLESCENCE, *CHILDREN
Abstract

Background: Interparental aggression is believed to increase the risk of behavioral disorders in offspring, and offspring behavioral problems may forecast interparental aggression. However, these assumptions have yet to be put to a strong test. This study, therefore, examined whether increased interparental aggression predicted increased symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) from preschool to adolescence and vice versa. Methods: A sample (n = 1,077; 49.6% girls) from two birth cohorts of children in Trondheim, Norway, was assessed biennially from age 4 to 16. Children's symptoms of ODD and CD were assessed using semi‐structured clinical interviews of parents (from age 4) and children (from age 8). One of the parents reported on their own and their partner's verbal and physical aggression. A random intercept cross‐lagged model was estimated to test the within‐family relations between interparental aggression, CD, and ODD symptoms. Results: Across development, increased interparental aggression predicted increased CD symptoms 2 years later, whereas an increased number of ODD symptoms forecasted increased interparental aggression. Conclusions: The argumentative/defiant, aggressive, and vindictive behaviors seen in ODD are often directed toward parents and may take a toll on their relationship and possibly foster interparental aggression, whereas aggression between parents may promote symptoms of CD in their offspring, which commonly extend beyond the home. Incorporating effective and non‐aggressive means to solve interparental conflict into parental management programs may reduce the development of symptoms of CDs in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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12. Development of symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder from preschool to adolescence: the role of bullying victimization and emotion regulation.

Author

Nobakht, Habib Niyaraq, Steinsbekk, Silje, and Wichstrøm, Lars

Subjects
*ADOLESCENT development, *RESEARCH, *AGE distribution, *CHILD development, *INTERVIEWING, *VICTIM psychology, *RISK assessment, *OPPOSITIONAL defiant disorder in children, *AFFECTIVE disorders, *TEACHERS, *RESEARCH funding, *EMOTION regulation, *ANGER, *STATISTICAL correlation, *BULLYING, *LONGITUDINAL method, *PARENTS, *DISEASE risk factors, *SYMPTOMS, *CHILDREN, *ADOLESCENCE
Abstract

Background: Childhood oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is associated with adverse outcomes which can continue to impair life well into adulthood. Identifying modifiable etiological factors of ODD is therefore essential. Although bullying victimization and poor emotion regulation are assumed to be risk factors for the development of ODD symptoms, little research has been conducted to test this possibility. Methods: A sample (n = 1,042) from two birth cohorts of children in the city of Trondheim, Norway, was assessed biennially from age 4 to 14 years. Parents and children (from age 8) were assessed with clinical interviews to determine symptoms of ODD, children reported on their victimization from bullying, and teachers reported on children's emotion regulation. Results: Oppositional defiant disorder symptoms increased from age 4 to 6, from age 8 to 10, and then started to wane as children entered adolescence. A Random Intercept Cross‐Lagged Panel Model revealed that increased emotion regulation predicted a reduced number of ODD symptoms across development (β = −.15 to −.13, p <.001). This prediction was equally strong for the angry/irritable and argumentative/defiant dimensions of ODD. No longitudinal links were observed between bullying victimization and ODD symptoms. Conclusions: Improving emotion regulation skills may protect against ODD symptoms throughout childhood and adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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14. The Trondheim Early Secure Study (TESS) – Parental distress and relationship quality between parents and children

Author

Wichstrøm, Lars, Missler, Marjolein, Steinsbekk, Silje, and Van Der Kaap-Deeder, Jolene

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Psychology, Social and Behavioral Sciences, parental distress, anxiety, depression, parent-child relationship
Abstract

Study into the longitudinal association between parental anxiety and depression symptomatology and the quality of the parent-child relationship.

Published
2023
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15. Parental personality disorder symptoms and children's social skills: a prospective community study.

Author

Wichstrøm, Lars, Borgen, Anna Emilie, and Steinsbekk, Silje

Subjects
PERSONALITY disorders, PSYCHOLOGY of parents, CONFIDENCE intervals, CHILDREN of parents with disabilities, COMMUNITY health services, PSYCHOSOCIAL factors, CHI-squared test, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, QUESTIONNAIRES, PARENT-child relationships, SOCIAL skills, LONGITUDINAL method
Abstract

Acquiring age-appropriate social skills, arguably a major prerequisite for favorable psychosocial development in children, is targeted in a range of interventions. Hence, identifying factors that limit this acquisition may inform preventative and treatment efforts. Personality disorders are characterized by pervasive and enduring dysfunctional interpersonal functioning, including parenting, and could thus entail risk for offspring in not developing adaptive interpersonal skills. However, no study has tested this possibility. A representative sample drawn from two birth cohorts of Norwegian 4-year-olds (n = 956) and their parents was followed up at ages 6, 8, and 10 years. Parents' personality disorder symptoms were measured dimensionally with the DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Questionnaire, and children's social skills were evaluated by the Social Skills Rating System. A difference-in-difference approach was applied to adjust for all unmeasured time-invariant confounders, and parental symptoms of depression and anxiety were entered as covariates. Increased Cluster B symptoms in parents of children aged 4 to 6 years predicted decreased social skill development in offspring (B = −0.97, 95% CI −1.58, −0.37, p = 0.002). On a more granular level, increased symptoms of borderline (B = −0.39, CI −0.65, −0.12, p = 0.004), histrionic (B = −0.55, CI −0.99, −0.11, p = 0.018), and avoidant (B = −0.46, CI−0.79, −0.13, p = 0.006) personality disorders in parents predicted decreased social skill development in offspring. Subclinical levels of borderline, histrionic and avoidant personality disorders in parents may impair the development of social skills in offspring. Successfully treating these personality problems or considering them when providing services to children may facilitate children's acquisition of social skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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16. Social media use and mental health

Author

Steinsbekk, Silje, Nesi, Jacqueline, and Wichstrøm, Lars

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Psychology, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

This is a preregistration of a study examining the prospective relations between social media use and mental helath in adolescents. See attached preregistration file

Published
2022
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17. Reciprocal relations between social media use and social skills from middle childhood to adolescence

Author

Johannessen, Maria, Steinsbekk, Silje, Bjørklund, Oda, Wichstrøm, Lars, and Nesi, Jacqueline

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Psychology, Social and Behavioral Sciences, human activities
Abstract

This study will examine the reciprocal relationship between social media use and social skills in a Norwegian community sample of children measured biennially from age 10 to 16 years.

Published
2022
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18. Social skills and symptoms of anxiety disorders from preschool to adolescence: a prospective cohort study.

Author

Habibi Asgarabad, Mojtaba, Steinsbekk, Silje, and Wichstrøm, Lars

Subjects
*PHOBIAS, *RESEARCH methodology, *SELF-perception, *INTERVIEWING, *RISK assessment, *SOCIAL anxiety, *ATTACHMENT behavior, *CRIME victims, *RESEARCH funding, *ANXIETY disorders, *SOCIAL skills, *SEPARATION anxiety, *EMOTION regulation, *LONGITUDINAL method, *BULLYING, *CHILDREN, *ADOLESCENCE
Abstract

Background: Prior research, mostly cross‐sectional or prospective studies with short follow‐up periods, has indicated that childhood anxiety is associated with difficulties with social interaction. However, the etiological role of social skills in the development of anxiety in childhood remains unknown. Moreover, it is not known whether childhood anxiety impedes the development of age‐appropriate social skills. Methods: The relation between anxiety and social skills was, therefore, examined in two birth cohorts of children who were assessed biennially from the ages of 4 to 14 years (n = 1,043). Semistructured psychiatric diagnostic interviews of children (from age 8) and parents were used to measure symptoms of separation, generalized, and social anxiety disorders as well as specific phobias. Social skills were measured through the parent‐reported Social Skills Rating System. A random intercept cross‐lagged panel model was used to analyze the data, adjusting for observed time‐variant covariates (emotion regulation, secure attachment, bullying victimization, and global self‐esteem) and all unobserved time‐invariant confounding effects. Results: Reduced social skills predicted increased symptoms of anxiety at ages 8, 10, and 12 (β = −.26, β = −.17, and β = −.15, respectively), whereas an increased number of anxiety symptoms did not forecast changes in social skills. Conclusions: The findings suggest that reduced social skills may be involved in the development of anxiety symptoms in middle childhood and should, therefore, be considered in efforts to prevent and treat childhood anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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23. Prevalence and course of anxiety disorders and symptoms from preschool to adolescence: a 6‐wave community study.

Author

Steinsbekk, Silje, Ranum, Bror, and Wichstrøm, Lars

Subjects
*CONFIDENCE intervals, *PHOBIAS, *AGE distribution, *SEX distribution, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *DISEASE prevalence, *ANXIETY disorders, *GENERALIZED anxiety disorder, *SEPARATION anxiety, *CHILDREN, *ADOLESCENCE
Abstract

Background: The rate of various anxiety disorders in early childhood and whether they continue into middle childhood or adolescence is not known. We therefore report on the prevalence and stability of DSM‐5‐defined anxiety disorders and their symptoms, capturing the period from preschool to adolescence. Methods: By means of interviewer‐based clinical interviews, anxiety was measured in a sample of Norwegian children at six measurement points from age 4 to 14 (n = 1,041). To adjust for time‐invariant factors, we applied random intercept cross‐lagged panel models (RI‐CLPMs) capturing within‐person changes. Results: Nearly 10% (95% CI = 7.29, 12.63) had an anxiety disorder at some timepoint. Specific phobia was the most prevalent disorder in early and middle childhood, whereas generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) increased in prevalence and became the most common anxiety disorder at age 14 (4.51%, 95% CI = 2.78, 6.23). When time‐invariant confounding was adjusted for, homotypic continuity in anxiety symptoms typically first emerged in late middle childhood or adolescence. Even so, such within‐person analyses revealed a heterotypic path from increased number of early childhood symptoms of specific phobia to increased number of GAD symptoms in middle childhood (B =.41, 95% CI =.06,.75). Increased separation anxiety in middle childhood predicted increased symptoms of GAD in adolescence (B =.38, 95% CI =.14,.62), and vice versa (B =.05, 95% CI =.00,.09). Only minor gender differences were revealed. Conclusions: Anxiety disorders are prevalent in childhood. In early childhood, anxiety symptoms generally do not predict later anxiety symptoms. In middle childhood, however, such symptoms are less likely to vanish, indicating this developmental period to be particularly important for preventive and treatment efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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24. The new social landscape: Relationships among social media use, social skills, and offline friendships from age 10–18 years.

Author

Steinsbekk, Silje, Bjørklund, Oda, Valkenburg, Patti, Nesi, Jacqueline, and Wichstrøm, Lars

Subjects
*SOCIAL media, *MENTAL health, *SOCIAL skills in adolescence, *ADOLESCENT friendships, *SOCIAL context, *TEENAGERS' conduct of life, *PSYCHOSOCIAL functioning, *SOCIAL anxiety, *ADOLESCENCE
Abstract

Social media has created a new social landscape for adolescents. Knowledge is needed on how this landscape shapes adolescents' social skills and time spent with friends, as these outcomes are important to mental health and psychosocial functioning. Using five waves of biennially collected data from a birth cohort assessed throughout age 10–18 years (n = 812), we found that increased social media use predicted more time with friends offline but was unrelated to future changes in social skills. Age and sex did not moderate these associations but increased social media use predicted declined social skills among those high in social anxiety symptoms. The findings suggest that social media use may neither harm nor benefit the development of social skills and may promote, rather than displace, offline interaction with friends during adolescence. However, increased social media use may pose a risk for reduced social skills in socially anxious individuals. • Social media has created a new social landscape for adolescents. How does it affect their sociability? • Social media use, social skills and time spent with friends offline were measured at ages 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18. • Increased social media use predicted more time with friends offline but was unrelated to future changes in social skills. • No sex,- or age-differences were found, but socially anxious youth may be at risk for reduced social skills. • Social media may not harm or benefit social skill development; it might foster, rather than displace offline interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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25. Childhood predictors of avoidant personality disorder traits in adolescence: a seven‐wave birth cohort study.

Author

Wichstrøm, Lars, Wilberg, Theresa, Hartveit Kvarstein, Elfrida, and Steinsbekk, Silje

Subjects
*PASSIVITY (Psychology), *PERSONALITY disorders, *PERSONALITY, *SOCIAL interaction, *COHORT analysis, *EXTRAVERSION, *SOCIAL anxiety
Abstract

Background Methods Results Conclusions Although it is widely assumed that avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) originates in childhood, there is little prospective research to substantiate this claim. We therefore aimed to determine whether presumed childhood risk factors predict AvPD traits at 16 years.A population‐based sample (n = 1,077; 50.9% female) from the 2003 and 2004 birth cohorts in (blinded for review) Norway was examined biennially from 4 to 16 years. The number of AvPD traits at the age of 16 was assessed with the structured clinical interview for DSM‐5 personality disorders and regressed on the intercept and growth in child risk and protective factors until the age of 14.The prevalence of AvPD at the age of 16 was 3.2% (95% CI: 2.2–4.1). Higher levels and an increased number of social anxiety symptoms over time, as well as increased negative affectivity/neuroticism, predicted a higher number of AvPD traits. When the levels and changes in these factors were adjusted for, less and decreasing extraversion forecasted more AvPD traits, as did declining self‐worth, higher levels of parental AvPD traits, and increased onlooking behavior.Neuroticism, low extraversion, social anxiety symptoms, passive onlooking behavior, and low self‐worth predicted a higher number of AvPD traits in adolescence, as did more AvPD traits in parents. Efforts to enhance self‐worth, reduce social anxiety, and promote peer interaction among onlooking children may reduce the development of AvPD traits in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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26. The Reciprocal Relation Between Parenting Stress and Emotion Regulation in Middle Childhood

Author

Mageli, Inga, Van der Kaap-Deeder, Jolene, and Steinsbekk, Silje

Abstract

Foreldrestress og barns emosjonsregulering (ER) er ansett å være to relaterte konsepter som gjensidig påvirker hverandre. Det er likevel mangel på kunnskap om hvordan konseptene interagerer og utvikler seg over tid, spesielt utover tidlig barndomsår. Formålet med denne studien var å undersøke den antatte gjensidige relasjonen mellom foreldrestress og adaptiv ER hos barn i barneskolealder. Foreldrestress ble rapportert av foreldrene, og barns adaptive ER ble rapportert av både foreldre og lærere. I denne studien er det samlet inn data fra et normalutvalg bestående norske barn i Trondheim. De ble målt på fire tidspunkter, fra barna var 6 til 12 år gamle (n = 605-760). Analyser ble gjort ved bruk av Random Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Model, og resultatene viste en negativ bidireksjonal sammenheng mellom foreldrestress og adaptiv ER fra alderen 10 til 12 år. Foreldrestress relatert til både foreldrenes og barnas karakteristikker var begge negativt assosiert med adaptiv ER. Denne sammenhengen var hovedsakelig til stede når foreldrene rapporterte barnas ER. Funnene fra denne studien indikerer at foreldrestress og barns ER interagerer og utvikler seg i en gjensidig prosess, hvor foreldrene fortsetter å utgjøre en viktig rolle i barnas utvikling av ER, også i senere barndom. Parenting stress and children’s emotion regulation (ER) are considered to be two related concepts, which mutually affect each other. However, there is less research on how these concepts interact and develop over time, especially beyond early childhood years. The purpose of this study was to examine the assumed reciprocal relation between parenting stress and adaptive ER in middle childhood. Parenting stress was reported by the parents, and children’s adaptive ER was reported by both parents and teachers. Responses were collected from a community sample of Norwegian children at four time points, from the children were 6 to 12 years old (n = 605-760). Applying the Random Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Model, the results showed a negative bidirectional relation between parenting stress and adaptive ER from age 10 to 12. Additionally, parenting stress related to both parental and child characteristics was negatively related to ER. The relation between parenting stress and ER was mainly evident when parents reported children’s ER. The findings of this study suggest that parenting stress and children’s ER interact and develop in a bidirectional process, where the role of parents continue to play a key role for children’s ER in middle and late childhood.

Published
2022

27. Helsepersonells erfaringer med tverrfaglig oppfølging av barn med hjertefeil og deres familier – en kvalitativ analyse

Author

Utnes, Jensine, Nordfjærn, Trond, and Steinsbekk, Silje

Abstract

Medfødt hjertefeil hos barn innebærer ofte sammensatte vansker som påvirker livet og livskvaliteten til de som rammes. På bakgrunn av dette har det i Norge blitt utformet en nasjonal veileder for tverrfaglig oppfølging av barn med hjertefeil i primær- og spesialisthelsetjenesten. Det finnes imidlertid lite forskning på hvordan tverrfaglighet oppnås i praksis, og hvordan de tverrfaglige teamene jobber for å fremme bedre helse og livskvalitet for barn med hjertefeil og deres familier. Formålet med denne studien var derfor å undersøke helsepersonells erfaring med tverrfaglig oppfølging av barn med hjertefeil og deres familier. Det ble utformet tre forskningsspørsmål som hadde fokus på henholdsvis teamets funksjon, psykologens rolle og tverrfaglig samarbeid. Data ble samlet inn gjennom fokusgruppeintervju med seks informanter fra et tverrfaglig team ved St. Olavs Hospital, og videre analysert med tematisk analyse. Resultatene viser at informantene opplever at teamets funksjon er å vurdere hvilke sammensatte behov barn med hjertefeil og deres familier har, og at dette gir teamet mulighet til å iverksette forebyggende tiltak tilpasset hver enkelt familie. Teamet opplever at psykologen har et særlig fokus på sykdomsmestring, emosjonell ivaretakelse av foreldre og forebygging av psykiske vansker. Videre viser resultatene at informantene opplever et godt tverrfaglig samarbeid, men etterspør mer tid til organisert tverrfaglig møtevirksomhet. Samlet sett tyder funnene fra denne studien på at fysisk samlokalisering, felleskonsultasjoner og hyppige organiserte tverrfaglige møter er særlig viktig for å fremme den tverrfagligheten teamet anser som avgjørende for å gi barn med hjertefeil og deres familier den oppfølgingen de trenger. Congenital heart disease in children often involve complex difficulties that affect the lives and quality of life of both the children and their families. For this reason, a Norwegian guide for interdisciplinary follow-up of children with heart disease in primary- and secondary health care has been developed. There is, however, limited research on how to achieve interdisciplinarity in clinical practice, and how the interdisciplinary teams work to promote better health and quality of life for children with heart disease and their families. The aim of the present study was therefore to explore health professionals' experiences with interdisciplinary follow-up of children with heart disease and their families. The study includes three research questions exploring how the team members perceive the aim of the interdisciplinary team, which role the psychologist of the team plays, and how the interdisciplinary collaboration works. The data was collected through a focus group interview with six informants from an interdisciplinary team at St. Olav's University Hospital, and analyzed by thematic analysis. According to the results and as perceived by the team members, the aim of the team is to reveal the complex needs of children with heart defects and their families, and based on this being able to implement measures to promote mental health and wellbeing, adapted to each individual family. The team states that the psychologist plays an important role by focusing on coping, emotional care for parents and prevention of mental health problems. Furthermore, the informants characterize the interdisciplinary collaboration as good, but call for more organized interdisciplinary meeting activities to improve the interdisciplinary approach further. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that physical co-location, joint consultations, and frequent organized interdisciplinary meetings are particularly important in promoting the interdisciplinarity that the team considers crucial to provide children with heart disease and their families the help they need.

Published
2022

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