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System-level impingement cooling with cryogens has potential thermal applications in size-constrained, weight-constrained, and power-constrained or low-atmosphere environments by utilizing a phase change for enhanced heat transfer at cryogenic temperatures. In this work, an experiment capable of measuring the heat and mass flow of liquid nitrogen jets for variable impingement surface temperatures, mass flow rates, and jet geometries is developed. A boiling curve and other performance metrics are produced. A critical heat flux of approximately [Formula: see text] is observed.

FeFET is a promising technology for non-volatile on-chip memories. It is rapidly attracting an ever-increasing attention from industry. The advantage of FeFETs is full compatibility with the existing CMOS process beside their low power consumption. To enable ultra-dense memories, 1-FeFET AND arrays were proposed in which a memory cell is formed from a single FeFET. All access transistors, which are traditionally needed to operate memory cells, are removed. This imposes a new reliability challenge due to indirect write disturbances. In this work, we are the first to investigate the reliability of FeFET memories from device to system level. We develop a unified model capturing the impact of both indirect disturbances and direct writes on the reliability of FeFET cells. We then investigate different array sizes, write voltages, write methods under the effect of a wide range of workloads using CPU cache as an example of on-chip memory. We demonstrate that indirect write disturbances are the dominate effect degrading the reliability of FeFET memories. For most cells, it contributes over 90% to the overall induced degradation. This provides guidelines for researchers at both device and circuit levels to optimize the FeFET reliability further, while considering the hidden impact of workloads.

Although at the infancy stage, biomolecular network biology is a comprehensive approach to understand complex biological function in plants. Recent advancements in the accumulation of multi-omics data coupled with computational approach have accelerated our current understanding of the complexities of gene function at the system level. Biomolecular networks such as protein-protein interaction, co-expression and gene regulatory networks have extensively been used to decipher the intricacies of transcriptional reprogramming of hundreds of genes and their regulatory interaction in response to various environmental perturbations mainly in the model plant Arabidopsis. This review describes recent applications of network-based approaches to understand the biological functions in plants and focuses on the challenges and opportunities to harness the full potential of the approach.

An ultra-low power, energy efficient, and versatile resistive sensor interface for energy constrained internet-of-things applications is presented. The sensor interface includes an efficiently duty-cycled current digital-to-analog converter (I-DAC) and an asynchronous successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which enables a fully-dynamic operation. A fast start-up circuit is used in the duty-cycled I-DAC to speed up the start-up procedure and to minimize the energy consumption. A system-level correlated double sampling (CDS) technique is employed to suppress ADC offset and 1/ f noise. To tackle the limited robustness against supply and temperature variations observed in a previous implementation of the sensor interface, a system-level ratiometric measurement (SRM) approach is employed in an updated design, which is described here in detail. The chip is fabricated in 65nm CMOS technology. Thanks to the all-dynamic nature, measurement rates from 0.1S/s to 12.5kS/s can be supported with an inherent scaling of power over 3 orders of magnitude. A reported lowest power consumption of 0.32nW is achieved at 0.1S/s. Adaptable resolution with efficient scaling of power can also be achieved by adjusting sensor interface settings and/or using oversampling and averaging. The achieved figure-of-merit (FoM), which ranges from 98 to 552fJ/conv-step is also the lowest among prior designs. Thanks to the SRM approach, only 3.6%/V and 21ppm/ ∘C supply and temperature sensitivity are obtained, respectively.

BACKGROUND Reconstruction following abdominoperineal resection improves outcomes by reducing wound-related complications, particularly in irradiated patients. Little is known regarding system-level factors that impact patients' access to reconstructive surgery following abdominoperineal resection. This study aimed to identify barriers to undergoing reconstruction following abdominoperineal resection. METHODS Using the National Inpatient Sample database from 2012 to 2014, all encounters with colorectal or anorectal carcinoma patients who underwent abdominoperineal resection were extracted based on International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, diagnosis and procedure codes. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed the outcome of undergoing reconstruction. RESULTS The weighted sample included encounters with 19,205 abdominoperineal resection patients, of whom 1243 (6.5 percent) received a flap. Notable patient-level predictors of receiving a flap included age younger than 55 years (OR, 1.82; 95 percent CI,1.23 to 2.74; p = 0.003) and neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (OR, 1.37; 95 percent CI, 1.01 to 1.88; p = 0.041). Race, sex, income level, insurance type, and Elixhauser Comorbidity Index were not associated with increased odds of receiving a flap. For facility-level factors, urban teaching hospitals (OR, 23.6; 95 percent CI, 3.29 to 169.4; p = 0.002) and larger hospital bedsize (OR, 2.64; 95 percent CI, 1.53 to 4.56; p = 0.000) were associated with higher odds of reconstruction. Plastic surgery facility volume was not found to be a significant predictor of undergoing flap reconstruction (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients undergoing abdominoperineal resection at academic centers were over 23 times more likely to undergo reconstruction, after adjusting for available confounders. Patients undergoing abdominoperineal resection at smaller, nonacademic centers may not have equitable access to reconstruction despite being appropriate candidates. Given the morbidity of abdominoperineal resection, patients should be referred to large, academic centers to have access to flap reconstruction. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, III.

Chinese medicines (CM) are gaining more attentions from all over the world. However, there are a large body of questions to be answered because of the chemical complexity of CM and intricate molecular reactions within human body. In recent years, gut microbiota and metabolomics have emerged as two cynosures in deciphering the mechanisms of how our body is functioning. Since gut microbiota and host is a closely interrelated system, paying attention only to gut microbiota or metabolites may omit the interplays among CM, gut microbiota, and hosts. To systemically study these interplays, a network understanding of CM components, gut microbiota, metabolites of gut microbiota, metabolites in human body is necessary. Although there are some obstacles impeding the application of this integrative approach, the potential areas for implementation of the integrative approach is vast. These areas include, but not limited to, elucidating the mechanisms of CM at system level, screening bioactive compounds in CM, and guiding quality control of CM.

Identifying which approaches can effectively reduce the need for out-of-home care for children is critically important. Despite the proliferation of different interventions and approaches globally, evidence summaries on this topic are limited. This study is a scoping review using a realist framework to explore what research evidence exists about reducing the number of children and young people in care. Searches of databases and websites were used to identify studies evaluating intervention effect on at least one of the following outcomes: reduction in initial entry to care; increase in family reunification post care. Data extracted from papers included type of study, outcome, type and level of intervention, effect, mechanism and moderator, implementation issues and economic (EMMIE) considerations. Data were coded by: primary outcome; level of intervention (community, policy, organisation, family or child); and type of evidence, using the realist EMMIE framework. This is the first example of a scoping review on any topic using this framework. Evaluated interventions were grouped and analysed according to system-level mechanism. We present the spread of evidence across system-level mechanisms and an overview of how each system-level mechanism might reduce the number of children in care. Implications and gaps are identified.

Cyberattacks have been progressed in the fields of Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence technologies using the advanced persistent threat (APT) method recently. The damage caused by ransomware is rapidly spreading among APT attacks, and the range of the damages of individuals, corporations, public institutions, and even governments are increasing. The seriousness of the problem has increased because ransomware has been evolving into an intelligent ransomware attack that spreads over the network to infect multiple users simultaneously. This study used open source endpoint detection and response tools to build and test a framework environment that enables systematic ransomware detection at the network and system level. Experimental results demonstrate that the use of EDR tools can quickly extract ransomware attack features and respond to attacks.

The performance of an adsorption heat pump is a function of the equilibrium uptake and diffusion resistances of a particular system, which determines the refrigerant throughput during a cycle. Previous studies have sought improved sorption bed performance by increasing heat transfer; however, some of the proposed heat exchanger enhancements represent costly alterations to the system. This work instead investigates a method for optimizing sorption bed mass transfer, which can be implemented as a low-cost alternative to heat transfer enhancement or in addition to it. The objective is to balance the intra-particle diffusion resistance, which increases with adsorbent particle diameter, with the inter-particle pressure drop, which decreases with adsorbent particle diameter. A silica gel–water system model is used to show that the optimal particle geometry in a packed bed yields a 48% improvement in cooling duty and over 50% increase in coefficient of performance compared with larger particles (dp = 1.42 mm).

The recent decades have seen various attempts at accelerating the process of developing materials targeted towards specific applications. The performance required for a particular application leads to the choice of a particular material system whose properties are optimized by manipulating its underlying microstructure through processing. The specific configuration of the structure is then designed by characterizing the material in detail, and using this characterization along with physical principles in system level simulations and optimization. These have been advanced by multiscale modeling of materials, high-throughput experimentations, materials data-bases, topology optimization and other ideas. Still, developing materials for extreme applications involving large deformation, high strain rates and high temperatures remains a challenge. This article reviews a number of recent methods that advance the goal of designing materials targeted by specific applications.

This paper analyzes how incumbent firms act to shape markets for new technology alternatives. It introduces a framework that highlights important linkages between the dynamic market-shaping capabilities of individual firms and market-shaping processes on a system level. The framework is used to analyze the endeavors of two large heavy vehicle manufacturers to introduce two technology platforms-electrified trucks and trucks fueled by liquefied gas-as alternatives to traditional diesel-fueled trucks. The analysis shows how incumbent firms deploy market-shaping capabilities to claim legitimate positions in envisioned future markets. The paper concludes by pointing to the dynamism of market interactions in sustainability transitions, showing how firms induce system-level reconfigurations and how such reconfigurations induce changes at the level of the firm. Funding Agencies|Energimyndigheten [P46351-1]; Riksbankens Jubileumsfond [P18-0588-1]

Объект исследования — радиочастотный приёмный тракт. Предмет исследования — параметры Ñ„ÑƒÐ½ÐºÑ†Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð±Ð»Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð² тракта. Цель работы — разработка методики проектирования на системном ÑƒÑ€Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÐµÂ Ñ€Ð°Ð´Ð¸Ð¾Ñ‡Ð°ÑÑ‚Ð¾Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¸Ñ‘Ð¼Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÑƒÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð¹ÑÑ‚Ð² при заданной потребляемой мощности. Современная методика проектирования Ñ€Ð°Ð´Ð¸Ð¾Ñ‡Ð°ÑÑ‚Ð¾Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¸Ñ‘Ð¼Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Â ÑƒÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð¹ÑÑ‚Ð² не позволяет гарантированно получить устройство, удовлетворяющее требованиям к параметрам сигнала с минимальной потребляемой мощностью. Поэтому Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ð° разработка новой методики. В результате работы были разработаны математическая модель Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð³Ð½Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ð°Ñ€Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑ‚Ñ€Ð¾Ð² МОП-транзистора и функциональные модели малошумящего усилителя и смесителя, проведена оптимизация тракта, построена и промоделирована модель приёмного тракта в Matlab Simulink., The object of research is a radio frequency receiver. The subject matter is the characteristics of functional blocks of the receiver.The goal of this works is to create a technique for designing radio frequency receivers given their power consumption. The modern technique for designing radio frequency receiver devices does not guarantee that a designed device satisfies thesignal characteristics requirements while consuming minimum power. Therefore, a new technique has to be created. As the result of this work mathematical models of small-signal parameters of a MOS transistor and functional models of a low-noise amplifier and a mixer were created, a receiver was optimized, a Matlab Simulink model of a receiver was created and simulated.

Artificial muscles are capable of generating actuation in microsystems with outstanding compliance. Recent years have witnessed a growing academic interest in artificial muscles and their application in many areas, such as soft robotics and biomedical devices. This paper aims to provide a comparative review of recent advances in artificial muscle based on various operating mechanisms. The advantages and limitations of each operating mechanism are analyzed and compared. According to the unique application requirements and electrical and mechanical properties of the muscle types, we suggest suitable artificial muscle mechanisms for specific microsystem applications. Finally, we discuss potential strategies for energy delivery, conversion, and storage to promote the energy autonomy of microrobotic systems at a system level.

Prognostics and health management (PHM) has become an essential function for safe system operation and scheduling economic maintenance. To date, there has been much research and publications on component-level prognostics. In practice, however, most industrial systems consist of multiple components that are interlinked. This paper aims to provide a review of approaches for system-level prognostics. To achieve this goal, the approaches are grouped into four categories: health index-based, component RUL-based, influenced component-based, and multiple failure mode-based prognostics. Issues of each approach are presented in terms of the target systems and employed algorithms. Two examples of PHM datasets are used to demonstrate how the system-level prognostics should be conducted. Challenges for practical system-level prognostics are also addressed.

One in three people with HIV (PWH) has hypertension. However, most hypertensive PWH in sub-Saharan Africa are unaware of their hypertension diagnosis and are not on treatment. To better understand barriers to hypertension care faced by PWH, we interviewed 15 medical providers who care for patients with HIV and hypertension in northern Tanzania. The data revealed barriers at the patient, provider, and system level and included: stress, depression, and HIV-related stigma; lack of hypertension knowledge; insufficient hypertension training; inefficient prescribing practices; challenges with counselling; capacity limitations in hypertension care; high costs of care; and lack of routine hypertension screening and follow-up. Opportunities for improvement focused on prioritizing resources and funding towards hypertension care. System-related challenges were the underlying cause of barriers at individual levels. Strategies that focus on strengthening capacity and utilize existing HIV platforms to promote hypertension care delivery are urgently needed to improve cardiovascular outcomes among PWH.

The need to improve the practice and quality of evaluation in the health promotion and disease prevention field is widely recognised. In order to plan, implement and evaluate health promotion evaluation capacity building efforts, there is a need to better understand the practitioner, organisational and system-level determinants of evaluation capacity and practice. This study aimed to assess the validity Evaluation Practice Analysis Survey (EPAS) constructs using confirmatory factor analysis and validate a conceptual framework of health promotion evaluation capacity using path analysis. Experienced Australian health promotion practitioners completed the survey (n = 219). Twenty-one of the original 23 EPAS scales were assessed as reliable and valid. The final model was found to have good fit (χ214 = 18.72, p = 0.18, root mean square error of approximation = 0.04, 90% CI 0.00–0.82, Comparative Fit Index = 1.00, standardised root mean square residual = 0.04). This model supports the role of the organisation in facilitating evaluation practice through leadership, culture, systems, support and resources. It builds on existing frameworks from other fields to incorporate political, funding and administrative factors. This study provides an evidence-based model of evaluation capacity that organisations, funders and policy makers can use to plan and implement more effective evaluation capacity building strategies within organisations and the wider prevention field.

： Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play a vital role in portable electronic products, transportation and large-scale energy storage. However, the electrochemical performance of LIBs deteriorates severely at low temperatures, exhibiting significant energy and power loss, charging difficulty, lifetime degradation, and safety issue, which has become one of the biggest challenges for LIBs. This article aims to review challenges and limitations of the battery chemistry in low-temperature environments, as well as the development of low-temperature LIBs from cell level to system level. This review introduces feasible solutions to accelarate low-temperature kinetics by increasing the inherent reactivity from cell design and improving the external reaction temperature from heating techniques. In addition, real-time and accurate monitoring of the battery temperature for the battery thermal management, as well as the optimization of charging protocols and the online lithium-plating monitoring in battery management systems are outlined. In general, a systematic review of low-temperature LIBs is conducted in order to provide references for future research.

A common approach to energy system optimization is to minimize overall costs at system level, regardless of the actors actually bearing those costs. This paper presents an approach inspired by Nash game theory concepts, in which the actors involved in an energy system determine their optimal strategies according to their own economic interests (profit functions) in a non-cooperative or in a cooperative way. A simple case study, considering an electric utility and individual heating consumers in the municipal energy system of a small town in northern Sweden, shows the differences between the two approaches. The game theory approach is able to represent more realistic interactions among the actors of an energy system, fair in fulfilling their conflicting economic interests, and, therefore, a more suitable tool for decision makers evaluating the impacts of policy instruments.

The IEC 61000-4-2 is a system level test, yet original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) continually ask the IC manufactures to test components with this waveform. The main problem to testing components to the IEC 61000-4-2 is that qualified generators (sometimes referenced as an IEC gun) produce different results for RF sensitive components. This work analyzes the frequency domain spectra to demonstrate why the IEC generators are not repeatable across equipment. In addition, it analyzes an IEC pulser's waveform to show the well-controlled spectrum and the repeatability from event to event which is something the generators lack. Using equipment that is repeatable is essential to get meaningful results across sites, especially for RF components.

Introduction: Radioimmunotherapy is a targeted approach to cancer care. It has been shown to improve progression-free survival and quality of life in people with specific types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, including CD20- and CD37-positive B-cell lymphoma (Barr et al., 2018 NCT00770224; Green & Press, 2017; Kolstad et al., 2018 NCT01796171; Witzig et al., 2002). It has also been shown to increase the proportion of people who achieve complete response to therapy (Green & Press, 2017). Although CD20-targeted therapy has been approved in the US and Europe for nearly two decades, its use remains limited. At its peak in the UK in 2007, only 57 people with lymphoma were treated with the therapy (Rojas et al., 2019). However, research is ongoing; a PubMed search for 'radioimmunotherapy' and 'lymphoma' produces 1,097 articles in the past 20 years, including over 300 articles in the past ten years. With novel applications (CD37- and CD22-targeted) currently under investigation, it is increasingly important to understand potential system and policy barriers to uptake, such that existing roadblocks are overcome. Tackling these challenges is essential to ensuring that radioimmunotherapy is appropriately integrated into relevant clinical guidelines and care pathways. Aim: To better understand the policy and system barriers to integration of existing and novel radioimmunotherapy into lymphoma care in the US and the UK. Methodology: We conducted a structured literature review, taking a systems approach, to explore each of the five domains of the health system as outlined in the Radioligand Therapy Readiness Assessment Framework (Figure 1. Five core domains of the health system, with subdomains; The Health Policy Partnership, 2021). This approach allowed us to gain a holistic understanding of what integration of radioimmunotherapy involves and identify potential barriers, from clinical development through to patient care. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with lymphoma experts in the US (N=5) and UK (N=6), including clinicians and nurses ('clinical experts', N=8) and patient advocates ('advocates', N=3). Our work was guided by national expert advisory groups in each country. Results: While the US and UK health systems are organized and funded very differently, the literature and expert interviews revealed many common strategic challenges to the integration of radioimmunotherapy. These were: 1) low awareness and understanding of radioimmunotherapy among newly licensed healthcare professionals (an issue raised by n=8 clinical experts); 2) limited awareness by patient advocates, patients and policymakers (n=3 advocates); 3) caution around uptake of new radioimmunotherapy agents based on limited access to and use of older treatments (n=7 clinical experts); 4) nonexistent referral pathways and unclear models of working which discourage shared care and hinder multidisciplinary coordination (n=4 clinical experts); 5) lack of recent clinical data and research to support evidence-based use (n=5 clinical experts); 6) reimbursement concerns (n=5 clinical experts). Policy implications: Taking a systems approach to explore potential barriers to integration of radioimmunotherapy has allowed us to explore potential adaptations needed to achieve multisectoral and multidisciplinary working. Our findings reveal that professional societies, policymakers and patient advocacy groups will need to work together to overcome these barriers by: 1) reaching consensus on timing and eligibility criteria for use of radioimmunotherapy; 2) creating accurate and consistent patient-friendly information; 3) efficiently updating clinical training and treatment guidelines to include approved radioimmunotherapy; 4) developing evidence-based and personalized referral and treatment pathways which ensure consistency of care; and 5) investing in data collection and analysis to continually inform practice. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Morgan: Nordic Nanovector: Consultancy; Advanced Accelerator Applications: Consultancy. Merkel: Advanced Accelerator Applications: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; AstraZeneca: Consultancy; Bayer: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Curium: Consultancy; Johnson & Johnson: Consultancy; MSD: Consultancy; Nordic Nanovector: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy. Gordon: Zylem Biosciences: Patents & Royalties: Patents, No royalties; Bristol Myers Squibb: Honoraria, Research Funding. Buscombe: Advanced Accelerator Applications Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau. Wait: Bayer: Consultancy; Curium: Consultancy; Johnson & Johnson: Consultancy; MSD: Consultancy; Advanced Accelerator Applications: Consultancy; Nordic Nanovector: Consultancy; Shionogi: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; AstraZeneca: Consultancy. Dreyling: Genmab: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Speakers Bureau; Astra Zeneca: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; BeiGene: Consultancy; Gilead/Kite: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Incyte: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Roche: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Abbvie: Research Funding. Mittra: Advanced Accelerator Applications Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Curium: Consultancy, Honoraria; Nordic Nanovector: Research Funding. Gopal: Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Cellectar: Consultancy, Honoraria; Bristol Meyers Squibb: Research Funding; SeaGen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; I-Mab bio: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Incyte: Honoraria; MorphoSys: Honoraria; Servier: Consultancy, Honoraria; Genetech: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; IGM Biosciences: Research Funding; Astra-Zeneca: Research Funding; Karyopharm: Consultancy, Honoraria; Takeda: Research Funding; Teva: Research Funding; Agios: Research Funding; Kite: Consultancy, Honoraria; ADC Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Acrotech: Consultancy, Honoraria; Merck: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Epizyme: Consultancy, Honoraria; Nurix Inc: Consultancy, Honoraria; Beigene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding.