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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously produced signaling molecule that belongs to the group of gasotransmitters along with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). H2S plays a pivotal role in male reproductive processes. It is produced in various tissues and cells of the male reproductive system, including testicular tissue, Leydig and Sertoli cells, epididymis, seminal plasma, prostate, penile tissues, and sperm cells. This review aims to summarize the knowledge about the presence and effects of H2S in male reproductive tissues and outline possible therapeutic strategies in pathological conditions related to male fertility, e. g. spermatogenetic disorders and erectile dysfunction (ED). For instance, H2S supports spermatogenesis by maintaining the integrity of the blood-testicular barrier (BTB), stimulating testosterone production, and providing cytoprotective effects. In spermatozoa, H2S modulates sperm motility, promotes sperm maturation, capacitation, and acrosome reaction, and has significant cytoprotective effects. Given its vasorelaxant effects, it supports the erection of penile tissue. These findings suggest the importance and therapeutic potential of H2S in male reproduction, paving the way for further research and potential clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the molecular background based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis of canine testicular tumours is underestimated. The available data mostly focus on histopathological evaluations, with a few reports of nuclear genome (nDNA) studies. Tumourigenesis represents a highly complex and diverse genetic disorder, which can also encompass defects in mtDNA. The aim of this study was to identify molecular changes in whole mitochondrial genome sequences obtained from dogs affected by testicular tumours. Samples of blood, tumour, and healthy tissue were collected from each animal, and mtDNA (ultimately 45 samples) was subsequently sequenced. Thereafter, protein analyses were performed to assess the impact of the identified molecular alterations on the amino acid level. The total number of observed changes included 722 SNPs, 12 mutations, 62 indels, 5 indel mutations, and 35 heteroplasmic sites. The highest number of mtDNA variants in protein-coding genes COX1, COX3, ATP6, ND1, ND4, and ND5 was observed. Interestingly, SNPs were found in 10 out of 22 tRNA genes. Most of the identified mtDNA defects were synonymous changes at the amino acid level. Also, polymorphisms and heteroplasmy were frequently observed in the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) regions, especially in its fragment spanning 16,138–16,358 bp. Based on the obtained results, it was possible to select 11 polymorphisms that occurred in all the tested samples (benign, malignant) and an additional five SNPs identified only in benign neoplasms. The comprehensive analysis of malignant testicular tumours demonstrated a significant diversity in their molecular profiles, with changes ranging from 17 to 101 per sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammation-induced testicular damage is a significant contributing factor to the increasing incidence of infertility. Traditional treatments during the inflammatory phase often fail to achieve the desired fertility outcomes, necessitating innovative interventions such as cell therapy. Methods: We explored the in vivo properties of intravenously administered Sertoli cells (SCs) in an acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory mouse model. Infiltrating and resident myeloid cell phenotypes were assessed using flow cytometry. The impact of SC administration on testis morphology and germ cell quality was evaluated using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and immunohistochemistry. Results: SCs demonstrated a distinctive migration pattern, importantly they preferentially concentrated in the testes and liver. SC application significantly reduced neutrophil infiltration as well as preserved the resident macrophage subpopulations. SCs upregulated MerTK expression in both interstitial and peritubular macrophages. Applied SC treatment exhibited protective effects on sperm including their motility and kinematic parameters, and maintained the physiological testicular morphology. Conclusion: Our study provides compelling evidence of the therapeutic efficacy of SC transplantation in alleviating acute inflammation-induced testicular damage. These findings contribute to the expanding knowledge on the potential applications of cell-based therapies for addressing reproductive health challenges and offer a promising approach for targeted interventions in male infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) possess the characteristics of self-renewal and differentiation, as well as the ability to generate functional sperm. Their unique stemness has broad applications in male infertility treatment and species preservation. In rodents, research on SSCs has been widely reported, but progress is slow in large livestock such as cattle and pigs due to long growth cycles, difficult proliferation in vitro, and significant species differences. Previously, we showed that histone 3 (H3) lysine 9 (K9) trimethylation (H3K9me3) is associated with the proliferation of bovine SSCs. Here, we isolated and purified SSCs from calf testicular tissues and investigated the impact of different H3K9me3 levels on the in vitro proliferation of bovine SSCs. The enriched SSCs eventually formed classical stem cell clones in vitro in our feeder-free culture system. These clones expressed glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-1 (GFRα1, specific marker for SSCs), NANOG (pluripotency protein), C-KIT (germ cell marker), and strong alkaline phosphatase (AKP) positivity. qRT-PCR analysis further showed that these clones expressed the pluripotency genes NANOG and SOX2, and the SSC-specific marker gene GFRα1. To investigate the dynamic relationship between H3K9me3 levels and SSC proliferation, H3K9me3 levels in bovine SSCs were first downregulated using the methyltransferase inhibitor, chaetocin, or transfection with the siRNA of H3K9 methyltransferase suppressor of variegation 3-9 homologue 1 (SUV39H1). The EDU (5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine) assay revealed that SSC proliferation was inhibited. Conversely, when H3K9me3 levels in bovine SSCs were upregulated by transfecting lysine demethylase 4D (KDM4D) siRNA, the EDU assay showed a promotion of cell proliferation. In summary, this study established a feeder-free culture system to obtain bovine SSCs and explored its effects on the proliferation of bovine SSCs by regulating H3K9me3 levels, laying the foundation for elucidating the regulatory mechanism underlying histone methylation modification in the proliferation of bovine SSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To predict testicular involvement in patients diagnosed with Fournier's gangrene (FG) using the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (LRINEC) score and the site other than lower limb (SIARI) score. Methods: The medical records of 51 patients operated for FG in our clinic between December 2012 and April 2022 were evaluated retrospectively in this study. Patients' demographics, and laboratory test results were compared with the testisticular involvement status. Patients with testisticular involvement (n = 10) were compared with patients without testicular involvement (n = 41). The SIARI score at initial admission was analysed using logistic regression analyses for its performance in predicting testicular involvement with FG. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were used to evaluate its discriminating ability. Results: The SIARI score had modest performance for diagnosing testicular involvement in FG patients, with ROC analysis showing an AUROC value of 0.83 (p < 0.001). With a SIARI cut-off score of ≥ 3, the sensitivity was 90% and the specificity was 68%. For a SIARI cut-off score of ≥ 5, the sensitivity was 40% and the specificity was 97%. Conclusions: The ability of the SIARI score to discriminate FG with testicular involvement is modest. The SIARI score should be employed cautiously as a routine diagnostic tool for the prediction of testicular involvement in FG at the initial admission. More research is needed to develop a better understanding of the relationship between the SIARI score and testicular involvement in FG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tempol, a synthetic antioxidant compound, has received significant attention for its potential therapeutic applications in recent years, especially against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The aim of the present research was to assess the protective effects of Tempol on testicular I/R injury caused by testicular torsion and detorsion (T/D) in rats. The subjects were divided into five groups: sham, testicular T/D, testicular T/D with Tempol treatment at 50 and 100 mg/kg, and healthy rats treated with Tempol at 100 mg/kg. Testicular torsion was induced by rotating the left testicles for 2 h, followed by detorsion for 24 h. Testicular tissues were evaluated for gene expression, oxidative stress markers, and histopathology, epididymal sperms were stained and analyzed, and blood serum samples were collected to measure the testosterone hormone. The results showed that testicular I/R caused a significant decrease in sperm velocity parameters, viability, and count, as well as an increase in abnormal sperms (p < 0.05). However, treatment with Tempol significantly improved these parameters (p < 0.05). Histopathological analysis revealed severe damage to the testicular tissues, but treatment with Tempol improved the structural integrity of the seminiferous tubules. Testicular I/R also resulted in increased oxidative stress index and decreased testosterone levels significantly (p < 0.05), but Tempol administration mitigated these effects significantly (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the expression of Bax and Bcl 2 , genes associated with apoptosis, were significantly altered by testicular I/R (p < 0.05), but Tempol prevented these changes significantly (p < 0.05). These findings provide strong evidence that Tempol can effectively prevent testicular I/R injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of high-quality and safe food products in areas contaminated by radiation due to the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident remains a pressing issue. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration and transfer factors of 137Cs, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in bull products when including various high-protein feeds, such as narrow-leaved lupin and genetically modified soybean, in their diets. The study employed zootechnical methods (design and conduct of a scientific-economic experiment on animals), radiological and spectrometric methods (determination of the concentration of 137Cs, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in feeds, longissimus dorsi muscle, liver, kidneys, and testes of bulls), and statistical methods. It was established that when using GM soybean in the grain mixture, the concentration of 137Cs in the muscle tissue of animals in Group II (experimental) decreased relative to the control by 2.57 Bq/kg, or by 40.5% with a statistically significant difference between groups (P > 0.99). Furthermore, the transfer factor of the radionuclide into the muscle tissue of animals in Group II compared to Group I also had 2.15% abs. lower. The content of Pb in the muscle tissue of bulls in both experimental groups exceeded the maximum permissible concentration by 2.52-2.78 times, while the concentration of Cd in the longissimus dorsi muscle and Cu in the liver of animals in Group II also exceeded sanitary-hygienic requirements by 10.0% and 2.0%, respectively. The introduction of 40% (by mass) of maize grain and 30% of GM soybean into the grain mixture instead of the same amount of wheat and lupin chop during the fattening of animals in the third zone of radioactive contamination contributed to significantly higher content and transfer of heavy metals into muscle tissue: Pb - by 10.3% and 0.10% abs., Cd - 10.0 and 0.03, Cu - 17.2 and 0.53, and Zn - by 17.2% and 2.40% abs. The results of the research can be used in agricultural enterprises and private households that produce livestock products in areas with a high anthropogenic load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male infertility represents a significant public health concern. There is a negative impact of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) on the male reproductive system. The aim of this study was to investigate whether oat beta-glucan (OBG) with different molar mass can modulate parameters of antioxidant defense and inflammatory response in the testes of adult Sprague–Dawley rats with TNBS-induced colitis and whether the OBG intervention can modulate the inflammatory response in association with the RAS system. Results: higher testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) activities and glutathione (GSH) concentration, and lower testosterone (T) level and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, were observed in rats with colitis than in healthy control ones. TNBS-induced colitis resulted in decreased the angiotensin 1–7 (ANG 1–7) level in the testes of rats fed with low-molar mass OBG compared to control animals. Conclusions: although colitis induced moderate pro-oxidant changes in the gonads, it seems plausible that dietary intervention with different fractions of oat beta-glucans mass may support the maintenance of reproductive homeostasis via the stimulation of the local antioxidant defense system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have demonstrated the therapeutic properties of natural products like Crassocephalum rubens against a range of clinical conditions that involve oxidative stress. In this study the effect of an aqueous extract of Crassocephalum rubens (AECR) leaves on the potential of testicular damage from cisplatin was investigated. Thirty adult male Wistar rats (150-240 g) were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n = 6) and used for the study. Group A was administered 2 ml/kg of distilled water as the normal control; groups B and C were administered 300 mg/kg and 450 mg/kg AECR, respectively, for 14 days; and cisplatin (5 mg/kg) was administered on days 7 and 14 to both groups. Groups D and E received 450 mg/kg AECR and 5 mg/kg of cisplatin, respectively, on days 7 and 14. Cisplatin and extract administration was done intraperitoneally and orally, respectively. Testicular tissue histology was assessed using Hematoxylin and eosin procedures. Statistical data were analysed using ANOVA and the tukey test. There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.3405; F = 1.193) in the body weight change when all groups were compared to the control. Testicular weight showed a statistically significant difference in weight reduction (p< 0.0001; F = 16.85) in groups D and E Histological evaluation showed severe histoarchietctural derangement in testicular morphology, with no clearly distinguishable tubular lumen, in the cisplatin only group, while these were ameliorated in the extract treated groups. In conclusion, AECR at 300 and 450 mg/kg possesses protective effect against cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Morphological and histological examination of the testes can provide a suitable insight into the health of the reproductive system. Aim: The objective of the current study was to investigate the morphological and histological features of the testes of local pigeons (Columba livia domestica) at mature and immature stages of age. Methods: Two groups of collected specimens underwent macroscopic and microscopic investigation to evaluate and compare the main general properties of their testes. Results: The findings indicated that the testis has an oval shape in both pre-puberty and post-puberty stages, situated on the inner side of the kidney towards the caudal extreme of the lungs. However, the left testis was bigger than those on the right side. In the pre-puberty stage group, the testicular parenchyma was small, and almost collapsed seminiferous tubules containing a single layer of Spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. In contrast, in the post-puberty stage, the parenchyma space between seminiferous tubules was small, and tubules adhered closely to each other. Also, mature cells including Sertoli, spermatogonia, and spermatocytes were noticed to spread within the tubules. Conclusion: The change in the histological structure of testes before and after maturity may help to evaluate the complexity of the male reproductive system of pigeons and draw attention to the organization of sex hormones and the function of several types of cells within the testes. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(9.000): 2163-2169]

Abstract Background Inflammation-induced testicular damage is a significant contributing factor to the increasing incidence of infertility. Traditional treatments during the inflammatory phase often fail to achieve the desired fertility outcomes, necessitating innovative interventions such as cell therapy. Methods We explored the in vivo properties of intravenously administered Sertoli cells (SCs) in an acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory mouse model. Infiltrating and resident myeloid cell phenotypes were assessed using flow cytometry. The impact of SC administration on testis morphology and germ cell quality was evaluated using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and immunohistochemistry. Results SCs demonstrated a distinctive migration pattern, importantly they preferentially concentrated in the testes and liver. SC application significantly reduced neutrophil infiltration as well as preserved the resident macrophage subpopulations. SCs upregulated MerTK expression in both interstitial and peritubular macrophages. Applied SC treatment exhibited protective effects on sperm including their motility and kinematic parameters, and maintained the physiological testicular morphology. Conclusion Our study provides compelling evidence of the therapeutic efficacy of SC transplantation in alleviating acute inflammation-induced testicular damage. These findings contribute to the expanding knowledge on the potential applications of cell-based therapies for addressing reproductive health challenges and offer a promising approach for targeted interventions in male infertility.

The production of high-quality and safe food products in areas contaminated by radiation due to the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident remains a pressing issue. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration and transfer factors of 137Cs, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in bull products when including various high-protein feeds, such as narrow-leaved lupin and genetically modified soybean, in their diets. The study employed zootechnical methods (design and conduct of a scientific-economic experiment on animals), radiological and spectrometric methods (determination of the concentration of 137Cs, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in feeds, longissimus dorsi muscle, liver, kidneys, and testes of bulls), and statistical methods. It was established that when using GM soybean in the grain mixture, the concentration of 137Cs in the muscle tissue of animals in Group II (experimental) decreased relative to the control by 2.57 Bq/kg, or by 40.5% with a statistically significant difference between groups (P > 0.99). Furthermore, the transfer factor of the radionuclide into the muscle tissue of animals in Group II compared to Group I also had 2.15% abs. lower. The content of Pb in the muscle tissue of bulls in both experimental groups exceeded the maximum permissible concentration by 2.52-2.78 times, while the concentration of Cd in the longissimus dorsi muscle and Cu in the liver of animals in Group II also exceeded sanitary-hygienic requirements by 10.0% and 2.0%, respectively. The introduction of 40% (by mass) of maize grain and 30% of GM soybean into the grain mixture instead of the same amount of wheat and lupin chop during the fattening of animals in the third zone of radioactive contamination contributed to significantly higher content and transfer of heavy metals into muscle tissue: Pb – by 10.3% and 0.10% abs., Cd – 10.0 and 0.03, Cu – 17.2 and 0.53, and Zn – by 17.2% and 2.40% abs. The results of the research can be used in agricultural enterprises and private households that produce livestock products in areas with a high anthropogenic load

Abstract Background To predict testicular involvement in patients diagnosed with Fournier’s gangrene (FG) using the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (LRINEC) score and the site other than lower limb (SIARI) score. Methods The medical records of 51 patients operated for FG in our clinic between December 2012 and April 2022 were evaluated retrospectively in this study. Patients’ demographics, and laboratory test results were compared with the testisticular involvement status. Patients with testisticular involvement (n = 10) were compared with patients without testicular involvement (n = 41). The SIARI score at initial admission was analysed using logistic regression analyses for its performance in predicting testicular involvement with FG. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were used to evaluate its discriminating ability. Results The SIARI score had modest performance for diagnosing testicular involvement in FG patients, with ROC analysis showing an AUROC value of 0.83 (p

This study examined the possibility of using an alcoholic extract of S. costus root as a protective agent against chlorpromazine, which causes male infertility. The study divided white male rats into five groups, each containing six rats, for 30 days. The results revealed that the rats that received doses of chlorpromazine had significant changes in the hormones LH, FSH, and testosterone, in addition to a decrease in sperm motility, distortion of some sperm, and death of others. When injecting the rats with different doses of the alcoholic extract of the S. costus plant (at concentrations of 1.25 mg/kg, 2.4 mg/kg, and 4 mg/kg), in conjunction with doses of chlorpromazine at 2 mg/kg, there was no decrease in the aforementioned attributes. The histological test of the testicles showed significant changes in the histological structure of the testis in the group that received chlorpromazine. Both the amount of Leydig and Sertoli cells were reduced, as well as the average diameter of the seminiferous tubules, as a result of taking the drug. This led to a lower number of sperm-forming cells, the presence of gaps or spaces between the seminiferous tubules, and few or no mature sperm. Compared to the control group, the interstitial tissue was similarly dense, the spacing between the seminiferous tubules was reduced, and spermatogenic cells with mature spermatogonia appeared within the lumen of the tubules. There was a slight increase in the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and the number of Sertoli and Leydig cells compared to the control group. Seminiferous tubules and the average Leydig and Sertoli cell diameters increased significantly in the two groups at doses of 2.4 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg.

Abstract Background Camels are bred for their milk, meat, wool and hair, transportation, and their excrement as fuel. The seasonal reproduction of camel bull is accompanied by changes in sexual activity, the morphology, and function of the testes. This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal fluctuations in serum testosterone (T) levels as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the testes of dromedary bulls (Camelus dromedarius) during the rutting and non-rutting seasons. Moreover, the impact of rutting season on the testicular size and histomorphology was also observed. Seventy mature dromedary bulls were divided into a rutting group (n = 35) and a non-rutting group (n = 35). From these bulls, blood samples and testes were collected during the rutting season (October to April) and non-rutting season (May to September) from a local slaughterhouse. Results All parameters changed significantly during rutting and non-rutting periods in camel bulls. The levels of TAC in testes, and serum T were significantly (P

Thyroid hormones are pivotal regulators of various physiological processes, including reproductive function. While the impact of thyroid dysfunction on female fertility has been extensively studied, its association with male infertility has gained increasing recognition. This comprehensive review explores the role of thyroid hormones in male infertility, focusing on their effects on spermatogenesis, sperm quality, and reproductive outcomes. The review delves into the physiology of thyroid hormones, the presence of thyroid hormone receptors in the male reproductive system, and the influence of thyroid dysfunction on spermatogenesis and semen parameters. Additionally, it examines the molecular mechanisms underlying thyroid hormone action in the male reproductive system and discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting thyroid hormone pathways to improve male fertility. Understanding the intricate relationship between thyroid hormones and male infertility is crucial for advancing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the management of male infertility associated with thyroid dysfunction.

Sexual maturation of Atlantic salmon males is marked by dramatic endocrine changes and rapid growth of the testes, resulting in an increase in the gonad somatic index (GSI). We examined the association of gonadal growth with serum sex steroids, as well as pituitary and testicular gene expression levels, which were assessed with a DNA oligonucleotide microarray. The testes transcriptome was stable in males with a GSI < 0.08% despite the large difference between the smallest and the largest gonads. Fish with a GSI ≥ 0.23% had 7–17 times higher serum levels of five male steroids and a 2-fold increase in progesterone, without a change in cortisol and related steroids. The pituitary transcriptome showed an upregulation of the hormone-coding genes that control reproduction and behavior, and structural rearrangement was indicated by the genes involved in synaptic transmission and the differentiation of neurons. The observed changes in the abundance of testicular transcripts were caused by the regulation of transcription and/or disproportional growth, with a greater increase in the germinative compartment. As these factors could not be separated, the transcriptome results are presented as higher or lower specific activities (HSA and LSA). LSA was observed in 4268 genes, including many genes involved in various immune responses and developmental processes. LSA also included genes with roles in female reproduction, germinal cell maintenance and gonad development, responses to endocrine and neural regulation, and the biosynthesis of sex steroids. Two functional groups prevailed among HSA: structure and activity of the cilia (95 genes) and meiosis (34 genes). The puberty of A. salmon testis is marked by the predominance of spermatogenesis, which displaces other processes; masculinization; and the weakening of external regulation. Results confirmed the known roles of many genes involved in reproduction and pointed to uncharacterized genes that deserve attention as possible regulators of sexual maturation.

BPA is a multifunctional endocrine disruptor with ubiquitous presence in aquatic ecosystems. The Mexican Central Plateau is an area severely impacted by pollution, inhabited by endemic viviparous fish. However, efforts to understand the effects of BPA on native species such as Goodea atripinnis are non-existent. This study focused on providing in vivo evidence of alterations in the testes of G. atripinnis males due to acute exposure to BPA at test concentrations of 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 50 mg/L for 96 h. BPA exposition 1 mg/L and 10 mg/L showed degeneration and disorganization in germinal tissue. Furthermore, there was a notable decrease in sperm within the seminiferous tubules of males exposed to 10 mg/L of BPA. In all treatments, somatic cells had alterations by connective tissue thickening and an increase in collagen fibers. Additionally, inflammation and bleeding occurred in the testes of males exposed to 1 and 10 mg/L BPA. The alterations in the testes of G. atripinnis are related to BPA toxicity, which can lead to apoptosis in germ cells increasing connective tissue. Finally, even though the changes produced by BPA became evident in acute exposure (96 h), its effects are probably irreversible, compromising the reproduction of G. atripinnis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vivo antigenotoxic activity of BP-C2 composition (at doses of 60, 80, and 120 mg/kg) based on polyphenolic compounds derived from hydrolyzed lignin was evaluated in mouse germ cells. The BP-C2 composition dose-dependently reduced the aneugenic activity of topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide in mouse oocytes without affecting the clastogenic activity of the genotoxicant. In mouse testicular cells, the BP-C2 composition reduced the DNA-damaging activity of the pro-oxidant genotoxicant dioxidine, but not etoposide. The cytoprotective activity of BP-C2 composition was revealed in relation to etoposide-induced cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stanozolol and nandrolone decanoate hormones are mainly used in dogs and horses to strengthen muscle growth, increase of body weight, treatment of anemia and stimulation of appetite; nevertheless, some side effects have been reported, including testicular atrophy, and decrease of spermatozoid count in dogs. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the histopathological changes of testicular and epididymal tissues in dogs treated with stanozolol and nandrolone decanoate. The present survey was performed on sixtheen male dogs. The studied animals were divided into two equal groups of eight. Stanozolol was administered to dogs in group A with dosage of 50 mg per dog intramuscularly for 6 continuous weeks. Group B was similar to group A, but instead of stanozolol, nandrolone decanoate was injected with dosage of 1 mg/kg. To evaluate the possible side effects on the testicles, one of them was surgically removed before the investigation and the second testicle was removed on days 28 (four dogs in each group) and 42 (the remaining four of each group). Before the testes were placed in 10% formalin buffer, sperm quality in the epididymis was evaluated for indicators such as motility, morphology and number in times zero, 28 and 42 days. The results showed that destructive effects were obtained such as hyperplasia of interstitial Leydig cells, vacuolation, the presence of multinucleated cells and different stages of spermatogonia in testicular tissue; also, the destruction of duct covering cells and the detachment of cilia in the epididymal epithelium was observed. These changes were significantly greater in the stanozolol group than nandrolone decanoate. The quantitative changes were more pronounced in the stanozolol group and the qualitative changes in the nanderlone decanoate group. Although both drugs had side effects on testicular and epididymal tissues; the side effects of stanozolol were greater than nandrolone decanoate; therefore, it is recommended minimum dose of nandrolone decanate for therapeutic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractGallic acid (GAL), rutin (RUT), and quercetin (QUE) are common antioxidant agents in fruits and vegetables with intriguing pharmacological effects. In the present study, we compared the therapeutic outcomes of GAL + QUE in comparison with GAL + RUT co-treatment in a busulfan (BUS) model of testicular injury in Wistar rats. BUS (4 mg kg−1 body weight (b.w) was injected intraperitoneally daily for 4 days. GAL + RUT or GAL + QUE (20 mg kg−1 b. w) was delivered by oral gavage for 52 days. Examination of the testes of BUS-treated rats both biochemically and under light microscopy revealed an increased level of lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, glutathione-S-transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase with a concomitant decrease in the level of antioxidants: glutathione, ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities, suggesting testicular injury. Tissue sections confirmed the testicular injury-induced by BUS, including diminished spermatogenesis score index, tubular diameter, gonado-somatic index, testis weight, epithelia thickness and higher percentage of aberrant tubules. GAL + QUE co-administration had better recovery effects than GAL + RUT on the biochemical markers and protected against BUS-induced testicular damage. GAL + QUE treatment regimen has better capacity to maintain the antioxidant capacity of the testes and is more potent at reducing BUS-induced oxidative damage compared to GAL + RUT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Camels are bred for their milk, meat, wool and hair, transportation, and their excrement as fuel. The seasonal reproduction of camel bull is accompanied by changes in sexual activity, the morphology, and function of the testes. This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal fluctuations in serum testosterone (T) levels as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the testes of dromedary bulls (Camelus dromedarius) during the rutting and non-rutting seasons. Moreover, the impact of rutting season on the testicular size and histomorphology was also observed. Seventy mature dromedary bulls were divided into a rutting group (n = 35) and a non-rutting group (n = 35). From these bulls, blood samples and testes were collected during the rutting season (October to April) and non-rutting season (May to September) from a local slaughterhouse. Results: All parameters changed significantly during rutting and non-rutting periods in camel bulls. The levels of TAC in testes, and serum T were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the rutting group than in the non-rutting group. However, testicular MDA was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the rutting group than in the non-rutting group. TAC was negatively correlated with MDA (r = -0.59, p < 0.01). Moreover, in the rutting group and the non-rutting group, T was positively correlated with levels of TAC (r = 0.66, p < 0.0003). Additionally, testicular size (length, breadth, and thickness) was significantly greater in camels during the rutting season than in camels during the non-rutting season. Moreover, the number and diameter of seminiferous tubules, and spermatogenesis increased during the rutting season, whereas, the collagen content and apoptosis increased during the non-rutting season. Conclusion: This study revealed that the rutting normal breeding season (NBS, rutting group) was associated with higher levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), T, and spermatogenic activity while the collagen content, concentrations of MDA (the oxidative stress factor) and apoptosis (an outcome of oxidative stress) were lower than those in the low breeding season (LBS, non-rutting group). In addition, the testicular size and seminiferous tubule diameter and number were higher during the NBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The invasive avian vampire fly, Philornis downsi, Dodge and Aitken (Diptera: Muscidae) is a threat to the long‐term conservation of Darwin's finches and other landbirds in the Galapagos Islands. Adult flies feed on fermented fruit, but their larvae are obligate parasites that feed on, and often cause the mortality of, the developing nestlings. Various techniques for the control of this parasite are currently under study, but the inability to rear flies in captivity has slowed progress. To help understand the reproductive behaviour of P. downsi, in this study, we measured the reproductive organs of male and female flies to determine the age flies mature physiologically, as well as the influence of the larval and adult diets on this process. Both females and males reared from larvae that had developed in the wild on live birds reached physiological maturity at 6 days; in the males, this was associated with increased pigmentation of the testes and the presence of free sperm, and in the females, mature eggs. Females reared in the laboratory on an artificial diet produced mature eggs at 6 days. However, the ovaries of laboratory‐reared females were statistically smaller than those of wild females, suggesting that egg production was affected by larval diet. Physiological maturity was delayed in laboratory‐reared males, taking twice as long. The testes of these males had more unpigmented areas and deformities indicating that the artificial larval diet was insufficient. Enrichment of the adult diet could help compensate for this. The addition of methoprene (M) to the diet was found to have a positive effect on the sexual development of the flies. In females, a diet of sugar + yeast hydrolysate (YH) in a 3:1 ratio combined with M favoured the development of larger ovaries and the production of mature eggs at an earlier age (3 days). In the case of males, a diet with YH increased testis size and M accelerated the growth of testis length even when males were fed only with sugar and without YH. Additional studies are recommended for improving the diets for mass‐rearing this highly harmful fly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In avian embryos, xenoestrogens induce abnormalities in reproductive organs, particularly the testes and Müllerian ducts (MDs). However, the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We investigated the effects of ethynylestradiol (EE2) exposure on gene expression associated with reproductive organ development in Japanese quail embryos. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that the left testis containing ovary-like tissues following EE2 exposure highly expressed the genes for steroidogenic enzymes (P450scc , P45017α, lyase , and 3β-HS D) and estrogen receptor-β, compared to the right testis. No asymmetry was found in these gene expression without EE2. EE2 induced hypertrophy in female MDs and suppressed atrophy in male MDs on both sides. RNA sequencing analysis of female MDs showed 1,366 differentially expressed genes between developing left MD and atrophied right MD in the absence of EE2, and these genes were enriched in Gene Ontology terms related to organogenesis, including cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, and angiogenesis. However, EE2 reduced asymmetrically expressed genes to 21. RT-qPCR analysis indicated that genes promoting cell cycle progression and oncogenesis were more highly expressed in the left MD than in the right MD, but EE2 eliminated such asymmetric gene expression by increasing levels on the right side. EE2-exposed males showed overexpression of these genes in both MDs. This study reveals part of the molecular basis of xenoestrogen-induced abnormalities in avian reproductive organs, where EE2 may partly feminize gene expression in the left testis, developing as the ovotestis, and induce bilateral MD malformation by canceling asymmetric gene expression underlying MD development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The torsion of the testis is a surgical emergent situation which is common; however there are no effective measures to avoid damage of the testis after untwisting this torsion. L-carnitine (LC) is an essential micronutrient with strong anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potencies that can reverse oxidative stress induced testicular damage. Aim of the Work: To evaluate the potential protective role of LC against the testicular damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rabbits. Materials and Methods: 50 adult male rabbits weighing 1300-1600 g were divided into 5 groups (10 rabbits per group). Acute IR testicular injury was induced in rabbits by twisting the left spermatic cord 720º for 2 h. Group 1: Control group and divided into two subgroups (subgroup A negative control and subgroup B positive control); Group 2: Sham-operated; Group 3: Ischemia group; Group 4: IR group (testicular IR was induced without LC); Group 5: IR+LC testicular IR was induced and LC was given by intra-peritoneal injection at a dose of 500 mg/kg immediately after torsion. At the experimental end, tissue samples of left testes were collected from all rabbits of the five groups and evaluated biochemically and histologically. Results: Ischemia-reperfusion resulted in disturbance of the oxidant/antioxidant status markers, loss of normal architecture of spermatogenic cells, apparent increase in the number of caspase-3 positive spermatogenic cells as well as abnormal fragmented chromatin material in addition to lack of halos around the sperm nuclei. However, the intra-peritoneal administration of LC immediately after torsion significantly improved these changes caused by IR on the testes. Conclusion: Administration of LC reduced the testicular damage induced by the ischemia-reperfusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as major regulators of gene expression, chromatin structure, epigenetic changes, post-transcriptional processing of RNAs, translation of mRNAs into proteins as well as contributing to the process of ageing. Ageing is a universal, slow, progressive change in almost all physiological processes of organisms after attaining reproductive maturity and often associated with age-related diseases. Mammalian testes contain various cell-types, vast reservoir of transcriptome complexity, produce haploid male gametes for reproduction and testosterone for development and maintenance of male sexual characters as well as contribute genetic variation to the species. We report age-related decline in expression and cellular localization of Long intergenic noncoding repeat-rich sense-antisense (LINC-RSAS) RNA in the testes and its major cell-types such as primary spermatocytes, Leydig cells and Sertoli cells during ageing of the rat. LINC-RSAS expression in testes increased from immature (4-weeks) to adult (16- and 44-weeks) and declined from adult (44-weeks) to nearly-old (70-weeks) rats. Genomic DNA methylation in the testes showed a similar pattern. Cell-type specific higher expression of LINC-RSAS was observed in primary spermatocytes (pachytene cells), Leydig cells and Sertoli cells of testes of adult rats. Over-expression of LINC-RSAS in cultured human cell lines revealed its possible role in cell-cycle control and apoptosis. We propose that LINC-RSAS expression is involved in molecular physiology of primary spermatocytes, Leydig cells and Sertoli cells of adult testes and its decline is associated with diminishing function of testes during ageing of the rat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cymbopogon citratus (C. citratus) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemoprotective properties. This study investigated if increased doses of C. citratus ethanol extract can cause any serious adverse effect (gross, histological, hormonal, and/or inflammatory responses) on the testes of male albino rats. The sixty albino rats used in this study were randomly assigned into four groups of 15 each: 1/CENT each allowed free access to potable water, 2/CET2, 3/CET5, and 4/CET10 rats were each administered 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg b.w dose of C. citratus, respectively. At two-weeks intervals, the rats were examined for signs and lesions, serum samples were collected on days 0, 14 and 28 post-treatment and assayed for testosterone, luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones. On days 14 and 28 post treatment, gross and microscopic lesions were not observed in the testis of groups 2/CET2 and 3/CET5. Grossly, the testis of group 4/CET10 appeared reduced in size, with translucency of the visceral and parietal coats of the tunica vaginalis, while the histopathologic changes were degeneration of spermatogenic cells and fibrinous exudates expanding the intertubular spaces. Groups 2/CET2 and 3/CET5 testosterone, luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of 4/CET10. These findings suggest that degeneration of spermatogenic cells and fibrinous exudates expanding the intertubular spaces, and decreased reproductive hormone levels are diagnostic features of C. citratus toxicity in male albino rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatiotemporal expression patterns of genes are crucial for maintaining normal physiological functions in animals. Conditional gene knockout using the cyclization recombination enzyme (Cre)/locus of crossover of P1 (Cre/LoxP) strategy has been extensively employed for functional assays at specific tissue or developmental stages. This approach aids in uncovering the associations between phenotypes and gene regulation while minimizing interference among distinct tissues. Various Cre-engineered mouse models have been utilized in the male reproductive system, including Dppa3-MERCre for primordial germ cells, Ddx4-Cre and Stra8-Cre for spermatogonia, Prm1-Cre and Acrv1-iCre for haploid spermatids, Cyp17a1-iCre for the Leydig cell, Sox9-Cre for the Sertoli cell, and Lcn5/8/9-Cre for differentiated segments of the epididymis. Notably, the specificity and functioning stage of Cre recombinases vary, and the efficiency of recombination driven by Cre depends on endogenous promoters with different sequences as well as the constructed Cre vectors, even when controlled by an identical promoter. Cre mouse models generated via traditional recombination or CRISPR/Cas9 also exhibit distinct knockout properties. This review focuses on Cre-engineered mouse models applied to the male reproductive system, including Cre-targeting strategies, mouse model screening, and practical challenges encountered, particularly with novel mouse strains over the past decade. It aims to provide valuable references for studies conducted on the male reproductive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infertility is a frequent long-term adverse effect of cancer therapy for children. Compromised testicular functions in adolescence are frequent observations after chemotherapy and there are currently no well-established alternatives to avoid this damage. Antimetabolites such as 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) are used to treat a variety of cancer; however, its treatment-associated adverse effects on the male reproductive functions are overlooked. Here, the molecular processes underlying 6-MP-induced male germ cell damage in juvenile Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats (3 weeks) have been investigated. Rats were administered with low (5 mg/kg), medium (10 mg/kg), and high (20 mg/kg) doses of 6-MP per orally either singly (1 week × 1 cycle) or intermittently (1 week treatment followed by 1 week remission period × 3 cycles). The toxicity was evaluated in terms of genotoxicity and testes- and sperm-related cellular and molecular parameters. Single cycle of exposure either produced mild or no toxic manifestations at the end of the 6th week. Intermittent cycles of exposure, particularly at the 10 and 20 mg/kg, decreased body and organ weights, increased micronucleated cells in the peripheral blood, induced oxidative/nitrosative stress, altered sperm chromatin quality, reduced serum testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, increased testicular structural aberrations, DNA damage, and apoptosis, and upregulated TNF-α expression and downregulated p-AMPK and β-catenin expressions. Conclusively, intermittent cycles of exposure at 10 and 20 mg/kg doses to the juvenile rats significantly induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and cellular and molecular perturbations in the testes and sperm of adult rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously produced signaling molecule that belongs to the group of gasotransmitters along with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). H2S plays a pivotal role in male reproductive processes. It is produced in various tissues and cells of the male reproductive system, including testicular tissue, Leydig and Sertoli cells, epididymis, seminal plasma, prostate, penile tissues, and sperm cells. This review aims to summarize the knowledge about the presence and effects of H2S in male reproductive tissues and outline possible therapeutic strategies in pathological conditions related to male fertility, e. g. spermatogenetic disorders and erectile dysfunction (ED). For instance, H2S supports spermatogenesis by maintaining the integrity of the blood-testicular barrier (BTB), stimulating testosterone production, and providing cytoprotective effects. In spermatozoa, H2S modulates sperm motility, promotes sperm maturation, capacitation, and acrosome reaction, and has significant cytoprotective effects. Given its vasorelaxant effects, it supports the erection of penile tissue. These findings suggest the importance and therapeutic potential of H2S in male reproduction, paving the way for further research and potential clinical applications.

The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), such as testosterone, is associated with a myriad of physiological and behavioral health concerns. Most notably, in both humans and rats, exposure to supraphysiological levels of testosterone has been shown to increase aggressive-like behaviors. However, it is unclear if testosterone enhances the motivation to engage in aggressive-type behaviors to begin with. To elucidate the effects of testosterone on the motivation to seek out a potentially aggressive encounter, rats were tested on a social motivation task in which physical contact between test and stimulus rats was prevented by a wire barrier, which eliminated the possibility of physical provocation. Relative to vehicle treated rats, rats treated with testosterone during adolescence exhibited lower levels of social motivation, as indicted by a reduction in the amount of time spent adjacent to the wire barrier. Over the course of the social motivation test, there were no differences between testosterone and vehicle treated rats in the frequency of rearing behavior and the total number of fecal boli, which suggests that the testosterone-induced reduction in social motivation occurred independent of changes in activity and emotionality, respectively. Consistent with previous studies, testosterone treatment during adolescence decreased total weight gain, increased the weights of the bulbourethral glands, and decreased the weights of the testes. These results suggest that the heightened levels of aggression following testosterone exposure that have been reported in other studies are likely not due to a greater motivation to seek out an interaction with a conspecific of the same sex. Abbreviations: ASS – Anabolic Androgenic Steroids; PND – Post Natal Day; HPA axis – Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis; HPG axis – Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonad axis

This research aims to document the harmful effects of exposure to aflatoxin-B1 in the prepubertal stage on the reproductive efficiency of male rats after puberty. Sixty male rats (35 days old) were divided equally into control and treatment groups. Control males were orally supplemented with distilled water. Treatment males were orally supplemented with aflatoxin-B1 (0.3mg/kg/day). After 15 days (50 days old; prepubertal stage), 25 days (60 days old; pubertal stage), and 35 days (70 days old; postpubertal stage) of treatment, ten males from each group were weighed, anesthetized, and blood samples were collected for assessment the serum concentrations of reproductive hormones. Pituitary and testicular tissue samples were obtained to analyze the expression levels of pituitary and testicular genes. Testes and epididymis were obtained for histopathological examination. Compared to control, treated males showed a decrease in serum concentration of gonadotrophin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone, and the expression level of pituitary GNRHR1, FSHβ, and LHβ genes and testicular LHR, FSHR, ABP, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD genes, in all experimental periods. Histological sections of the testicles of treated males showed atrophy of some seminiferous tubules, empty lumen, and massive vacuolization and exfoliation of the germ cells. The histological results of the epididymis showed obliteration of the lumen, necrosis of the epithelial layer, deformed cavities, a climbing epithelial layer, and epithelium hyperplasia compared to the control group. In conclusion, exposure to aflatoxin-B1 at the prepubertal stage can reduce reproductive efficiency at puberty.

In this paper data on the number of follicles in testes and the number of ovarioles in ovaries of planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) are summarised and discussed. Fulgoromorpha include about 14,000 described species belonging to 21 families distributed throughout the world. The number of follicles is known for 186 species, 123 genera and 17 families, and the number of ovarioles is known for 52 species, 44 genera and 11 families. Almost 80% of the species studied belong to the families Dictyophar­idae, Delphacidae, Issidae, Cixiidae and Achilidae. The number of follicles per testis and ovarioles per ovary varies within similar ranges, from 2 to 30 and from 3 to just over 30, respectively. The predominant number of follicles is 6, which is found in more than one third of the species and in almost all of the families studied. This number is considered as an ancestral trait for Fulgoromorpha. In each family, the ancestral number can vary both upwards or downwards, probably due to either polymerization or oligomerization. In the more basal families, a decreasing trend clearly predominates, whereas an increasing trend predominates in the more advanced families. As for the numbers of ovarioles, they tend to vary within families, with rare exceptions (e.g., Dictyopharidae), but that is probably due to the lack of data.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to water-soluble fractions (WSFs) of spent engine oil (SEO) on male fertility in adult male rats. Materials and Methods: The study included 40 rats, which were randomized into 4 groups (n = 10) and treated for 45 days with different SEO concentrations. Group A (the control) received distilled water, while Groups B, C, and D were given 0.2 ml of 10%, 50%, and 100% concentrations of WSF of SEO, respectively, via oral gavage. Results: The study found no significant differences in the gonadometric indices, sperm motility, livability, and sperm concentration among the groups, except for slight changes in the weight and length of the testis and the mean diameter of both testes. However, the study found significant changes in the red blood cell, white blood cell, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and neutrophil values following exposure to SEO. The mean values of testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone did not show any significant alterations in the experimental groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: It was concluded that chronic exposure to SEO-soluble fractions can adversely affect the body's physiological and biochemical processes, but it does not appear to have any significant effect on the fertility of male rats. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to investigate the much longer-term effects of SEO exposure on male fertility. [Vet. Res. Notes 2024; 4(2.000): 17-23]

Objective: Aqueous extract of unripe Musa paradisiaca fruit is commonly used for the treatment of ulcers in eastern Nigeria. This study aimed to assess the acute and subacute effects of an aqueous extract of unripe fruit on male and female fertility in rats. Methods: Aqueous extracts obtained by maceration were analyzed for acute and subacute toxicity and for the presence of phytochemical constituents using standard procedures. The extract (100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) was administered daily to rats of both sexes for 28 d. Blood samples collected on days 0 and 28 were assessed for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Testes and ovaries were harvested for histopathological analysis. Sperm were also collected to determine the sperm count and motility. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and resins. After an oral dose of up to 5000 mg/kg, there were no deaths in the acute toxicity test. The extract (500 mg/kg) significantly (P <.05) enhanced sperm count and motility relative to the untreated control; significantly (P <.05) reduced SOD, CAT, and glutathione levels, while significantly (P <.05) elevated LH, FSH, and MDA levels in male and female rats. Histological examination revealed significant structural damage to the ovaries. Conclusion: Unripe Musa paradisiaca fruit exhibited an adverse toxicological profile following prolonged administration and caused oxidative stress in rodents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synodontis catfishes in Lake Tanganyika have undergone a modest radiation, with differences among species in reproductive strategies, including one species that has evolved to be an obligate brood parasite. Here, we provide insights into the reproductive traits and histology of male and female reproductive organs of five Lake Tanganyika Synodontis species (S. irsacae, S. melanostictus, S. multipunctatus, S. petricola and S. polli). We describe the structures employed in oogenesis, spermiogenesis and spermiation. We show that the shape and size of the urogenital papilla is a valuable trait for sex determination in all species except S. polli, where the imprecision reached > 20 %. From a histological perspective, the inter-specific structural differences associated with the type of reproductive strategy were not found in the ovaries. However, testicular histology indicated variations in spermiation structures among species, namely in S. multipunctatus and S. irsacae. The differences identified may be related to variation in reproductive strategies among species. In particular, weaker eosinophily of testicular secretions was found in S. multipunctatus than in other species, suggesting the possibility of a different composition. Experimental manipulation of environmental and hormonal stimuli represents a promising direction for further research into the structural and functional diversity of male gonads in Synodontis species from Lake Tanganyika. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cell phone and Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) waves produce oxidative stress and cause testicular toxicity. This investigation was directed to evaluate the effectiveness of Rosmarinic Acid (RA) against oxidative stress caused by UHF radiation in rats. Methods: Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into six groups. The control received 5 mL normal saline (0.9% NaCl) by gavage, the cell phone group received 915 MHz, the UHF waves group just received 2450 MHz, the RA/cell phone group received RA plus 915 MHz, RA/UHF waves group received RA plus 2450 MHz, and RA just received RA (20 mg/kg). After 30 days of consecutive radiation, the biochemical and histopathological parameters of their testes were measured. Statistical comparison was made using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Cell phone and UHF wave radiation significantly diminished the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione content (P<0.001). On the opposite, UHF significantly increased oxidative stress indices including malondialdehyde level, nitric oxide level, and protein carbonyl content (P<0.001). UHF also significantly reduced the number of Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, epithelial height, and seminiferous tubular and luminal diameters (P<0.001). RA, as an effective antioxidant, reverses the above-mentioned harms and moderates the adverse effects of UHF on the testes of rats by significantly diminishing the oxidative stress indices and antioxidant enzyme rise and improving the histological parameters (P<0.001). Conclusion: RA can protect the testes of rats from UHF- induced toxicity by reducing oxidative stress. RA as a food supplement might be useful for protecting humans exposed to UHF environmental contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Busulfan is an anticancer drug known to cause serious damage to seminiferous tubules in the testes and deplete germ cells in human and animal models. The testicular artery is anastomosed with deferential and cremasteric arteries and is divided into capsular arteries, which give rise to the centripetal arteries and then recurrent arteries. The arterial blood in the testicular tissue is supplied by such a consequent system of arterial vessels, in order from the peripheral to the central area. As anticancer drugs are generally distributed throughout the whole body via the bloodstream and the running and distribution of arteries differ among the testicular areas, we hypothesized that the efficacy of busulfan differs in different testicular areas, particularly between the central and peripheral areas. In this study, busulfan was intraperitoneally injected at 40 mg/kg body weight into C57BL/6J male mice. After 28 days, in busulfan- treated mice, the diameters of seminiferous tubules were significantly higher in the central than in the peripheral area of the testes. The seminiferous tubular areas also significantly decreased in the peripheral areas compared with the central areas. The number of germ cells per seminiferous tubule was significantly higher in the central than in the peripheral area. Sertoli cell nuclei were detached into the lumen in the peripheral area. The number of Leydig cells was significantly lower in the peripheral areas. These data suggest that the effects of busulfan differ between the central and peripheral areas of the testis at 4 weeks after busulfan administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed that sodium selenite (SSe) could counteract the inflammatory signaling allied with radiation-induced testicular damage. Mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a single-dose γ–radiation (5 Gy) and treated with sodium selenite (SSe) daily for nine days. According to the findings, SSe significantly preserved spermatogenesis activity, reducing the levels of the p-STAT3 protein, NF-кB and IL-1, as well as the relative expression of the Nrf2 protein, antioxidant activity, and serum testosterone in irradiated (IRR) rats. In light of this, we can state that, through targeting the Nrf2/STAT3 pathway, SSe may be able to reduce oxidative damage in the testes of radiation-toxicity rats because of its antioxidant characteristics. Thus, the antioxidant properties of SSe offer a novel method for discovering medicines that can be used in radioprotector clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

STUDY QUESTION Do different boys with different types of cryptorchidism exhibit different anogenital distances (AGDs)? SUMMARY ANSWER Length of AGD seemed to differ in different groups of patients with cryptorchidism. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY AGD, which is used as an indicator of prenatal androgen action, tends to be shorter in boys with cryptorchidism compared to unaffected boys. Shorter AGDs have also been reported in boys with hypospadias, in men with poor semen quality, and in men with testicular cancer. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A prospective descriptive cohort study was performed using data from consecutively selected boys with cryptorchidism (n = 169) operated in a single center over a period of 3 years (September 2019 to October 2022). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS AGD was measured in 169 infant boys, at 3 to 26 months of age, during anesthesia with a vernier caliper measuring the distance from the anus to the base of the scrotum (AGDAS) and from the anus to the anterior base of the penis (AGDAP) in two body positions according to the methods by 'The Infant Development and the Environment Study' (TIDES) and 'Cambridge Baby Growth Study', resulting in four mean values per patient (TIDES AGDAS/AP and Cambridge AGDAS/AP). Normal values for AGD by age were set by our hospital Department of Growth and Reproduction based on a large cohort of healthy infant boys (n = 1940). Testicular biopsies were performed at orchidopexy as a clinical routine. The germ cell number (G/T) and type Ad spermatogonia number (AdS/T) per cross-sectional tubule of at least 100 and 250 tubules, respectively were measured and related to normal samples. Blood samples were obtained by venipuncture for measuring serum LH, FSH, and inhibin B. They were analyzed in our hospital Department of Growth and Reproduction where the normal reference was also established. Correlations between the four mean AGD measurements for each boy were evaluated by Spearman rank correlation analyses. The AGD measurement of every boy was transferred to the multiple of the median (MoM) of the normal AGD for age and named MoM AGD. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE There were 104 boysoperated for unilateral, and 47 boys operated for bilateral, undescended testes, whereas 18 boys had vanished testis including one boy with bilateral vanished testes. Only 6% of cases with vanished testes had a MoM AGD higher than the normal median compared to 32% with undescended testes (P  < 0.05). MoM AGD increased with the age at surgery for boys with vanished testis (Spearman r  = 0.44), but not for boys with undescended testes (Spearman r  = 0.14). Boys with bilateral cryptorchidism had longer AGDs and more often had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism than boys with unilateral cryptorchidism (P  < 0.005) and (P  < 0.000001). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Although being the largest published material of AGD measurements of infant boys with cryptorchidism, one limitation of this study covers the quite small number of patients in the different groups, which may decrease the statistical power. Another limitation involves the sparse normal reference material on G/T and AdS/T. Finally, there are currently no longitudinal studies evaluating AGD from birth to adulthood and evaluating childhood AGD in relation to fertility outcome. Our study is hypothesis generating and therefore the interpretation of the results should be regarded as exploratory rather than reaching definite conclusions. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The study findings are in agreement with literature as the total included group of boys with cryptorchidism exhibited shorter than normal AGDs. However, new insights were demonstrated. Boys with vanished testis had shorter AGDs compared to unaffected boys and to boys with undescended testes. This finding challenges the current concept of AGD being determined in 'the masculinization programming window' in Week 8 to 14 of gestation. Furthermore, boys with bilateral cryptorchidism had longer AGDs and more often had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism than boys with unilateral cryptorchidism, suggesting that the lack of fetal androgen in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is not that significant. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No external funding was used and no competing interests are declared. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER The trial was not registered in an ICMJE-recognized trial registry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper data on the number of follicles in testes and the number of ovarioles in ovaries of planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) are summarised and discussed. Fulgoromorpha include about 14,000 described species belonging to 21 families distributed throughout the world. The number of follicles is known for 186 species, 123 genera and 17 families, and the number of ovarioles is known for 52 species, 44 genera and 11 families. Almost 80% of the species studied belong to the families Dictyopharidae, Delphacidae, Issidae, Cixiidae and Achilidae. The number of follicles per testis and ovarioles per ovary varies within similar ranges, from 2 to 30 and from 3 to just over 30, respectively. The predominant number of follicles is 6, which is found in more than one third of the species and in almost all of the families studied. This number is considered as an ancestral trait for Fulgoromorpha. In each family, the ancestral number can vary both upwards or downwards, probably due to either polymerization or oligomerization. In the more basal families, a decreasing trend clearly predominates, whereas an increasing trend predominates in the more advanced families. As for the numbers of ovarioles, they tend to vary within families, with rare exceptions (e.g., Dictyopharidae), but that is probably due to the lack of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telocytes represent a relatively recently discovered population of interstitial cells with a unique morphological structure that distinguishes them from other neighboring cells. Through their long protrusions extending from the cell body, telocytes create microenvironments via tissue compartmentalization and create homo- and hetero-cellular junctions. These establish a three-dimensional network enabling the maintenance of interstitial compartment homeostasis through regulation of extracellular matrix organization and activity, structural support, paracrine and juxtracrine communication, immunomodulation, immune surveillance, cell survival, and apoptosis. The presence of telocytes has also been confirmed in testicular interstitial tissue of many species of animals. The objective of this review is to summarize recent findings on telocytes in the male gonad, on which conclusions have been deduced that indicate the involvement of telocytes in maintaining the cytoarchitecture of the testicular interstitial tissue, in the processes of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis, and photoperiod-mediated changes in the testes in seasonally reproductive animals. • Possible interactions of telocytes with other cells of the male gonad. • Maintaining the cytoarchitecture of interstitial tissue. • Importance of telocytes in steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. • Meaning telocytes in seasonal reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptorchidism (CO) or undescended testes is defined as the failure of one or both testes to be positioned inside the scrotum. Typically, cryptorchidism is detected at birth or shortly thereafter, and in humans, it is considered to be part of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), a complex pathology regarding the male reproductive system that apparently involves the interaction of both genetic and environmental harmful factors, mainly during embryonic development. Serotonin (5-HT) is an ancient molecule that participates in a broad range of body functions, and in recent years, its importance in reproduction has started to be elucidated. In male pathologies such as infertility, varicocele, erectile dysfunction, and primary carcinoid tumors, an increase in 5-HT concentration or its metabolites in the blood, semen, and urine has been directly related; nevertheless, the role of 5-HT in CO remains unknown. In the present work, our goal was to answer two important questions: (1) whether some serotonergic system components are present in adult male Oryctolagus cuniculus (chinchilla rabbit) and (2) if there are changes in their expression in an experimental model of CO. Using histological, molecular, and biochemical approaches, we found the presence of some serotonergic system components in the adult chinchilla rabbit, and we demonstrated that its expression is downregulated after CO was pharmacologically induced. Although we did not test the role of 5-HT in the etiology of CO, our results suggest that this indoleamine could be important for the regulation of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis processes in the chinchilla rabbit during adulthood. Finally, in parallel experimental series, we found downregulation of kynurenine concentration in COI rabbits when compared to control ones, suggesting that CO could be affecting the kynurenine pathway and probably testicular immune privilege which in turn could lead to infertility/sterility conditions in this disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells display potential as a renewable energy source because of their high-power conversion efficiency. However, there is limited understanding regarding the potential impact of perovskite on human health and the ecosystem. In this study, two sets of male Wistar albino rats received 35 injections of perovskite composite at a dosage of 0.372 mg/kg body weight. The animals underwent thorough examinations, encompassing morphometric, hematological, biochemical, histological, and behavioral analyses. Liver, kidney, and testis biopsies were processed and examined histologically. Additionally, two groups of mice (perovskite-treated and control mice, each with n = 10) underwent three behavioral tests: the Elevated Zero Maze test, Marble Burying test, and Light-Dark Box test. Perovskite-treated rats displayed a significant increase in levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, white blood cells, and platelets. However, total bilirubin levels decreased, with no significant alteration in albumin values. Furthermore, exposure to perovskite composite resulted in a slight decrease in lactate dehydrogenase and red blood cell count. Histopathological examination revealed hepatic hydropic degeneration, Kupffer cells hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and renal hydropic degeneration, while testicular tissues remained unaffected. Moreover, behavioral changes were observed in perovskite-treated mice, including depression, anxiety, and compulsive burying activity. These findings suggest that exposure to perovskite can lead to significant hematological and biochemical changes, as well as hepatorenal histopathological alterations and behavioral changes. Additionally, chronic exposure to perovskite materials may induce structural and functional alterations in vital organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin found in many agricultural products and can cause reproductive disorders, mainly affecting spermatogenesis in male animals. Rutin (RUT) is a natural flavonoid compound recognized for its significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and estrogenic properties. The present study aimed to determine the protective role of RUT against ZEN-induced reproductive toxicity in male mice. Twenty-four adult Kunming male mice were divided into four groups: control, RUT (500 mg/kg RUT), ZEN (10 mg/kg ZEN), ZEN + RUT (500 mg/kg RUT + 10 mg/kg ZEN), with six replicates per treatment. The results indicated that RUT mitigated ZEN-induced disruption in spermatogenic cell arrangement, decreased spermatozoa count, and increased sperm mortality in the testes. RUT significantly restored ZEN-induced reduction in T, FSH, LH, and E2 serum levels. Moreover, RUT mitigated ZEN-induced apoptosis by increasing the mRNA expression level of bcl-2, decreasing the mRNA expression level of kiss1-r, and decreasing the protein expression level of caspase 8 in reproductive tissues. These findings indicate the protective role of RUT against ZEN-induced reproductive toxicity in male mice by regulating gonadotropin and testosterone secretions to maintain normal spermatogenesis via the HPG axis, which may provide a new application direction for RUT as a therapeutic agent to mitigate ZEN-induced reproductive toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sofosbuvir treatment regimens for chronic HCV infection have recently been linked to extra hepatic side effects. This study aimed to show how sofosbuvir affected the adult male albino rat testis. Forty adult male albino rats were used. The rats were equally split into two main groups (I and II), then each group subdivided into two subgroups (A and B). Each rat in group I (control) received 0.5 ml of distilled water every day for four weeks. Each rat in group II (sofosbuvir-treated) received 0.5 ml of distilled water containing 7.2 mg of sofosbuvir every day for four weeks. After four weeks (subgroups IA and IIA) and eight weeks (subgroups IB and IIB) of treatment, the rats were sacrificed. Histological, biochemical, and morphometric studies on the testes were conducted. The data were analyzed. Examination of testes of sovaldi treated group revealed histopathological changes. Biochemical and morphometric analysis showed reduced levels of reduced glutathione and seminiferous tubule epithelial height respectively. Following a 4-week drug withdrawal period, the testes only partially recovered. We concluded that sofosbuvir induced deteriorating changes in the adult male albino rats' testes. These changes were proved by histological and biochemical studies. These changes were incompletely reversible after cession of treatment. Researches investigating the effect of adding drugs that have antioxidant properties during sofosbuvir therapy are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]