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Naringinase is an important enzyme for commercial purposes due to its dual activity as both α-l-rhamnosidase and β-d-glucosidase. The traditional method for screening microbes that produce naringinase involves growing them on naringin agar, but this method has limitations and result in false positive results. This is because the growth on the naringin agar plate could be due to the presence of other organisms that produce rhamnosidase or other glucosidases, or those that use agar as a carbon source, rather than actual naringinase producers. To address these limitations, a double screen plate assay was developed using synthetic substrates, to separately test for β-d-glucosidase and α-l-rhamnosidase activity. The presence of a yellow zone of p-nitrophenol indicates the action of these enzymes, and the intensity of the yellow colour zone indicates the potential for naringinase production. This new screening method is a significant improvement in identifying real naringinase producers and represents progress towards a more reliable screening assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractLiquid chromatography (LC) and its associated techniques are essential in the pharmaceutical industry for optimizing drug formulations, ensuring product quality, and meeting regulatory standards. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is widely used for rapid screening and chiral separations in early-stage development due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) remains the gold standard for routine analysis, offering high resolution and reproducibility for complex sample analysis and quantification of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) builds on HPLC, providing faster analysis, higher sensitivity, and greater efficiency, making it ideal for high-throughput testing. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) is increasingly used for separating thermally labile and polar compounds, offering advantages in solvent usage and analysis time. This review will discuss the evolution of these chromatographic techniques and their critical role in optimizing pharmaceutical processes, ensuring product quality, and facilitating regulatory compliance throughout the drug development lifecycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixty representative pelleted animal and poultry feed samples were collected from Assiut governorate farms for aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) analysis by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) in the EGAC-accredited central lab. of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, as well as for their aflatoxigenic fungi prevalence assessment. TLC results showed that 35% of the analyzed feed samples were positive for AFs. UPLC results showed that means ± SE of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and total AFs were 23.36±13.12, 2.88±1.07, 1.33±0.64, 0.52±0.25 and 28.08±13.98 μg kg-1 in animal feed and 34.88±25.18, 2.55±0.78, 1.80±1.51, 1.30±0.52 and 40.83±25.59 μg kg-1 in poultry feed, respectively. The prevalence of aflatoxins was 70% and 100% in animal feed and poultry feed samples, respectively. Aspergillus flavus isolates from the analyzed feed samples showed different degrees of aflatoxigenic ability on coconut agar medium, and the poultry feed samples were more contaminated with AFs and aflatoxigenic fungi than animal feed samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To establish the methods of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) identification, HPLC fingerprint and content determination (puerarin and verbascoside), and to provide reference for improving the quality control of Qizhu Capsules. Methods Rehmanniae Radix, Astragali Radix and Puerariae Lobatae Radix in Qizhu Capsules were identified by TLC. The fingerprint was established by HPLC. The quality evaluation of 15 batches of Qizhu Capsules was conducted by the combination of HPLC fingerprint and similarity software. The contents of puerarin and verbascoside in Qizhu Capsules were determined by HPLC. Results TLC has strong specificity and the spots were clear. A total of 15 common peaks in the fingerprint of Qizhu Capsules were calibrated, 11 of which were identified, including catalpol, cucurbitacin B, 3-hydroxypuerarin, atractylodin, atractylenolide I, puerarin, quercetin, 3-methoxypuerarin, mirificin, daidzein and luteolin. Each peak showed good separation. The similarity values of 15 batches of Qizhu Capsules were greater than 0.95. The linear relationship of puerarin and verbascoside was good (R²> 0.9992), the average recoveries were 99.31% and 96.89%, the average content were 13.07 mg.g-1 and 50.81 µg.g-1 respectively. Conclusion The established methods of TLC, HPLC fingerprint and content determination are stable and reliable. These methods can provide scientific basis for the quality control of Qizhu Capsules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins are primarily low molecular weight, polar organic compounds that are soluble in a variety of organic solvents and are generated by fungal secondary metabolism. Mycotoxins have a significant impact on both animal and human health. The purpose of this article is to highlight the use of different chromatographic separation techniques in the determination of mycotoxins in food and feed. The significant implications for human and animal health of the ingestion of these mycotoxins and the ensuing legislative requirements in many countries necessitated the development of analytical methods. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become the predominant separation technique in mycotoxin analysis, while thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography are still utilized. UV or fluorescence detectors have found widespread use in mycotoxin determination, even though HPLC has become the omnipresence method of choice. These systems either make use of the mycotoxin of interest's inherent UV absorption or fluorescence, or they derivatize it using techniques that have been developed to allow for suitably sensitive detection.

Sambucus sibirica, a deciduous shrub from the Adoxaceae family, is a traditional Kazakh medicine used in Xinjiang, China. Its branches, leaves, and fruits are used to treat fractures, rheumatoid arthritis, and nephritis. To advance research on S. sibirica, we conducted studies on its microscopic identification, chemical composition, and biological activity. The cross-sectional features of the branches, leaves, and fruits were observed under a microscope, revealing different types of ducts, cork cells, non-glandular hairs, oil droplets, stone cells, scale hairs, and star-shaped hairs in the S. sibirica powders. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterize the presence of specific chemical groups, revealing similarities and differences between different parts. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) confirmed that chlorogenic acid was present in the branches, leaves, and fruits, whereas rutin was more prominent in the leaves. The total flavonoid contents were determined by a photocolorimetric approach and resulted in values of 7419.80, 5193.10, and 3629.10 μg·g−1 (dry weight) for the leaves, branches, and fruits, respectively. Further qualitative and quantitative analyses via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) identified rutin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, isoquercetin, and astragalin, with contents ranging from 1.00 to 4535.60 μg·g−1 (dry weight). Antioxidant tests revealed that the branches, leaves, and fruits of S. sibirica presented antioxidant properties, with the leaves demonstrating the highest activity, followed by the branches and fruits. These results align with the results of the quantitative analysis. This study provides valuable insights into the microscopic features, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of S. sibirica, laying the foundation for its pharmacognosy research and quality standards and offering a reference for its future development and utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, a pharmaceutical substance of plant origin and a medicinal product based on Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. have been comprehensively standardized. The methods of identification by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and quantitative determination of ginsenoside biologically active substances (BAS) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the specified medicinal products have been unified. Standards for the ginsenoside contents in the substance and a medicinal product based on P. ginseng have been proposed for subsequent inclusion in the corresponding pharmacopoeial monographs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TLC is used globally, yet less attention has been paid to TLC (in enantioseparation) despite its advantages. The present paper describes/reviews successfully practiced direct approaches of 'chiral additive in achiral stationary phase' (as an application of in‐home thought out, prepared, tested, and modified chiral stationary phase), 'pre‐mixing of chiral reagent with the enantiomeric mixture' (an approach using both achiral phases during chromatographic separation) and 'chiral additive in mobile phase', and chiral ligand exchange for enantioseparation of DL‐amino acids, their derivatives, and some active pharmaceutical ingredients. It provided efficient enantioseparation, quantitative determination, and isolation of native forms via in‐situ formation of non‐covalent diastereomeric pair. The mechanism of enantioseparation in these approaches has been discussed along with the isolation and establishment of the structure of diastereomers. This may help chemists gain useful insights into fields outside their specialization and the experts get brief accounts of recent key developments, providing solutions for sustainable development of less expensive methods for control of enantiomeric purity and isolation of native enantiomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for identifying six estrogen preparations by thin-layer chromatography combined with Raman imaging microscopy (TLC-RIM) was established. An appropriate pretreatment method was adopted to extract and purify the six estrogen preparations. After that, each estrogen extraction solution was spotted on a thin-layer chromatography plate. Estriol (E3), estradiol (E2), estradiol valerate (EV), estradiol benzoate (EB), nilestriol (CEE), and ethinylestradiol (EE2) were separated by TLC, and their Rf value and localization were determined under a UV lamp at 254 nm, followed by the in situ enrichment of the drug component. Using a 532 nm laser as the light source, the Raman scattering spectrum of the component was directly collected by micro-Raman imaging. The Rf values after TLC separation of the six estrogens and their Raman spectra can, respectively, reflect differences in polarity and structure, and they are not affected by the excipients of preparation. The detection limits of the six estrogens are 0.636, 1.00, 0.687, 0.497, 0.649, and 0.626 mg/mL. Based on the intensity of the minimum characteristic peak, the stability results within 40 min showed that the RSD of each substance is 1.34, 2.06, 1.65, 3.99, 1.16, and 2.71%, respectively. This method has strong specificity, good stability, and high sensitivity, and it can provide a new reference for improving the identification standards of estrogen preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbs are the major sources that protect us from the attack of free radicals. The methanolic extract of polyherbal mixture comprising the leaves of Ocimumtenuiflorum, Mentha piperita, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Plectranthusamboinicus and Acalypha indica was taken for the study. The research was designed to evaluate phytonutrients, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of polyphenolic compounds extracted from the polyherbal mixture. The results of the investigation indicated a high phenol content of 10.452± 0.010 mg/g along with flavonoids 6.976± 0.014mg/g and tannins 9.08± 0.012mg/g which are also polyphenols as compared to saponins0.250± 0.006mg/g, glycosides 0.058± 0.009mg/g and alkaloids 0.051± 0.005 mg/g in the polyherbal extract. The polyherbal formulation showed maximum yield of polyphenolic compounds in maceration extract which was 476.63μg GAE/mL compared to that of soxhlet method of 403.95μg GAE/mL. The phenolic Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) profile of methanol:hexane exhibited 7 to 8 spots (3:1). The polyphenolic compounds exhibited higher antioxidant activity with EC50 values of 61.67±0.07 µg/mL and 33.95±0.10 µg/mL through ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and phosphomolybdenum analysis respectively and IC50 values of 73.34±0.12 µg/mL and 26.76±0.10 µg/mL through superoxide scavenging radical analysis and 2, 2 azino bis 3 ethylbenzothiazoline 6 sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging analysis respectively. Disk diffusion method revealed that they exhibited antimicrobial activities against oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Actnimyces viscosus and Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zones of 14.20±1.15 mm, 15.00±1.00 mm, 21.07±0.57 mm and 22.00±0.51 mm respectively. Finally, the research concluded that the polyherbal extract had antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, and that it could be a significant source of bioactive compounds with potential biological benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to confirm the utility of multivariate technique to predict antioxidant activity of selected Eryngium extracts based on chromatographic data. Five Eryngium species were analyzed using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) with silica gel to obtain their fingerprints. The highest relative content of quercitrin (marker) was observed for E. giganteum. The chemical similarity between extracts was evaluated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierachical Cluster Analysis (HCA), and the results confirm the similarity between the same three E. planum from various natural sites. The total phenolic content with Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and antioxidant activity with DPPH reagent by spectrophotometry were determined, and the highest content of phenolics (concentration of gallic acid, mg⋅mL−1) was obtained for E. campestre, E. amethystinum and E. planum T. The highest antioxidant activity (concentration of gallic acid and inhibition %) were obtained for E. planum T. and E. amethystinum, while the lowest was obtained for E. planum Dębówka. High value of correlation coefficient between TLC and spectrophotometric data using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS) confirms the usefulness of statistical method for the predicting the biological activity. In conclusion, the chromatographic and chemometric methods were suitable for prediction of antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS), or linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), are among the most common synthetic anionic surfactants and water pollutants, capable of causing both acute and chronic toxic effects on aquatic organisms. The selective determination of sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates as a distinct class of anionic surfactants in complex natural matrices is feasible by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC–MS) in the form of linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid methyl esters (LABSA ME). The behavior of LAS and LABSA ME was studied under ascending high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) using Kieselgel 60 F254 and Sorbfil plates to purify extracts and preconcentrate analytes. A mixture of n-hexane with methanol (23 : 1, v/v) is proposed as a mobile phase. Under these conditions, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates remain at the start line, while their derivatives (LABSA ME), obtained by methylation with trimethyl orthoformate in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid (yield η = 98%), form zones characterized by retention factors Rf of 0.62–0.71 on Kieselgel 60 F254 and Sorbfil plates, respectively. The repeatability of Rf values is characterized by a relative standard deviation of 6.1 and 5.9%, respectively (n = 16). The completeness of the extraction (95.0–100.0%) of analytes from the plates is noted using descending HPTLC with acetonitrile. The applicability of the HPTLC method for preconcentrating analytes and purifying extracts is demonstrated using real water samples. Using GC–MS with electron impact ionization, concentrations of sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates were found in water sampled from the southern basin of Lake Baikal at a depth of 400 m (0.24 ± 0.02 µg/L) and in water obtained from melting snow collected from the ice of the Krestovka River at its mouth near the settlement of Listvyanka (31.1 ± 1.0 µg/L). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University is the property of Journal of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Medicinal plants are utilized for treating many ailments, since ancient times due to their tremendous therapeutic properties. The plant derivatives are used as a raw material for the synthesis of drugs either as a natural or artificial synthetic drug. Costaceae family members are known to possess many medicinal properties few of them are mainly consumed to reduce the blood glucose level and treat many disorders. The sapogenin contained in the rhizome of three Costus species was extracted, identified, and characterized. Young rhizomes were harvested surface sterilized, hydrolyzed; extracted through a soxhlet apparatus and concentrated fractions were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening test for saponin, Thin Layer Chromatography, and the UHPLC-MS SRM analysis. The result showed that the maximum yield of the Diosgenin was obtained from the chloroform extract of Costus speciosus. The pharmaceutical analysis in all the three Costus species carried out with isolated saponin was compared with standard Diosgenin. The characterization of isolated diosgenin was done by UHPLC MS and SRM, based on the retention time of all three samples and the comparison with standard Diosgenin. Isolated Diosgenin was quantified through thin layer chromatography with n-hexane: ethyl acetate (7:3) as mobile phase at Rf value of 0.48. The amount of Isolated Diosgenin was estimated by comparing the peak area at a retention time Rt value of 8.5 in all the samples and compared with standard Diosgenin high amount of Diosgenin was found in Costus speciosus rhizome followed by Costus igneus and Costus pictus. The preliminary phytochemical screening and analytical methods involved during the present study were found satisfactory. Thus, the protocol can be used for the extraction of Diosgenin and further used in the synthesis of Drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids constitute a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites synthesised mainly by plants and possessing anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. Common buckwheat (F. esculentum Moench) is a dicotyledonous plant rich in different classes of flavonoids (e.g., rutin) and other phenolic compounds. Lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs), i.e., rhizobial Nod factors and important signalling molecules for the initiation of symbiosis with legumes, are very effective mitogens that stimulate cell division in plant meristems and the production of secondary metabolites. They can also act in this way in non-legume plants. It has been shown that rhizobial Nod factors noticeably improve plant growth. Rhizobial Nod factors influence the production of flavonoids in common buckwheat grown in greenhouse conditions. The amount of rutin and isoorientin in leaves and flowers has been shown to increase in a statistically significant way after application of Nod factors to buckwheat seeds. The presence of rhizobial Nod factors has no influence on the flavonoid content in stems and roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Gestão & Tecnologia is the property of Revista Gestao & Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background/Objective: Numerous studies have demonstrated the ethno-and pharmacological properties of various Artemisia species. However, this plant genus which grows abundantly and wildly in the 'Tébessa' Algerian region has not been investigated. This study focuses on the phytochemical characterization, biological activities evaluation with the antibacterial fraction identification of the aerial part aqueous extract (AE) and essential oil (EO) from Algerian Artemisia herba alba (Aha) growing wild in the 'Tebessa' region. Methods: Polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins were analyzed by spectrophotometer and the antimicrobial activity was determined by the gel diffusion followed by micro-dilution methods. The antioxidant effect was assayed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and ferric reducing power (FRAP) tests. The cytotoxic and anti-leishmaniasis activities were experienced on Raw 264.7 cell line and on L. infantum and L. major promastigotes respectively. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)/autobiography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques were used to isolate and identify the antibacterial compounds. EO profile was determined by GC-MS analysis. Results: The extracts (AE and EO) demonstrated antioxidant activity, with the AE exhibiting the most pronounced levels. Both extracts showed antimicrobial activity against all the strains tested however; the EO effect was more effective, especially against the E. feacalis strain with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.0625 mg/mL. The antibacterial fraction exerted by AE towards E. feacalis was identified. AE and EO extracts showed antileishmanial activity and no toxic effect however, volatile extract was the most effective. EO profile revealed 19 identified compounds, led by camphor (51.14%), followed by 1,8 Cineole (19.30%), camphene (6.90%) and chrysanthenone (5.68%). Conclusion: As a result, the both extracts promise a high potential applications in agri-food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic sectors. This study aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3, 12, and 15, emphasizing potential health benefits, the responsible use of natural resources, and biodiversity conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pale yellowish tint of usnic acid in a lichen thallus itself is a commonly used character in identification keys, particularly in the genus Cladonia. Furthermore, the presence of usnic acid is phylogenetically significant in numerous groups of lichens. While the distinctive colour of usnic acid is readily visible when present in high concentrations, it is commonly problematic to discern when in low to moderate concentrations. We explored the use of an anisaldehyde reagent for visualizing usnic acid. Using both usnic acid-containing Cladonia samples and pure usnic acid, this reaction quickly yields a bright magenta colour on HPTLC and TLC plates after heating and directly with crude acetone extracts on glass slides heated with a lighter. The same magenta product was observed whether or not the usnic acid was accompanied by barbatic, fumarprotocetraric, psoromic, squamatic or thamnolic acids, each of which alone did not produce any colour with anisaldehyde reagent. However, the merochlorophaeic acids in C. albonigra also produced a red reaction. Analysis by high resolution LC-MS of the reaction mixture between anisaldehyde and usnic acid revealed several ions at m/z 477.1586 ([M+H]+, C27H25O8) and 463.1385 ([M+H]+, C26H23O8), respectively, consistent with aldol condensation of usnic acid and p -anisaldehyde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional charge-trapping (CT) NAND flash memory has attracted extensive attention owing to its unique merits, including huge storage capacities, large memory densities, and low bit cost. The reliability property is becoming an important factor for NAND flash memory with multi-level-cell (MLC) modes like triple-level-cell (TLC) or quad-level-cell (QLC), which is seriously affected by the intervals between program (P) and erase (E) operations during P/E cycles. In this work, the impacts of the intervals between P&E cycling under different temperatures and P/E cycles were systematically characterized. The results are further analyzed in terms of program disturb (PD), read disturb (RD), and data retention (DR). It was found that fail bit counts (FBCs) during the high temperature (HT) PD process are much smaller than those of the room temperature (RT) PD process. Moreover, upshift error and downshift error dominate the HT PD and RT PD processes, respectively. To improve the memory reliability of 3D CT TLC NAND, different intervals between P&E operations should be adopted considering the operating temperatures. These results could provide potential insights to optimize the lifetime of NAND flash-based memory systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Mexican medicine commonly uses infusions of Ternstroemia spp. to treat insomnia, injuries, and infections. The antibacterial activities of Ternstroemia dentisepala and Ternstroemia lineata were evaluated for the first time against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that have implications for human health, including Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, the scavenging potential of the hydroalcoholic (HAEs) and total phenolic extracts (TPEs) from the leaves of both plants by a 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay (ABTS•+) was determined. Also, the total phenolic contents of the HAEs using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent were assayed. T. dentisepala HAE and TPE were active against all bacterial strains tested, with a minimum inhibitory concentration between 1.0 and 6.0 mg/mL, with the last one being the most active. However, the T. lineata extracts only demonstrated effectiveness against S. typhi and P. aeruginosa. The TPEs from T. dentisepala and T. lineata improved the activity by approximately 30% in all bacteria tested in comparison with the HAEs. The T. dentisepala HAE had a higher total phenolic content than the T. lineata extract, which was consistent with its ABTS•+-scavenging activity. The two HAEs had different chemical profiles, mostly because of the types and amounts of phenolic compounds they contained. These profiles were obtained using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic rhinitis is more common health problem of our society it may be considered as a modern life style disorder. India has a more populated country in whole world with the population of 1.40 Billions people and approximate 20-25% people age between 20 to 55 years are more effected from various type chronic rhinitis disorder. There are many factors are responsible such as environmental factors, genetic factors, occupational factors or nonallergic factors. Homoeopathic medicine are more effective in chronic rhinitis. Symptoms frequency are reduced or disappeared by the homoeopathic medicine and given the moderate / satisfactory response in patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic rhinitis is more common health problem of our modern society it is considered as a life style disorder. Rhinitis is defined as an inflammatory disease of nasal inner lining which is divided into two category allergic rhinitis condition (also called hay fever) and non-allergic rhinitis condition. Chronic rhinitis is characterized by the symptoms of nasal congestion, sneezing, rhinorrhoea, itching variable nasal airflow limitation and hypersecretion nasal discharge. There are many factors is responsible for increase secretion such as virus, allergies, cold weather, food and spices, hormonal change or pregnancy, structural changes such as deviated nasal septum, etc. Homeopathy is best treatment system to treat all type of allergies or non - allergic disorders. This treatment of system directly effect on root and cause in allergies happens to be a hyperactivity of the body immune system. This hyperactive body immune system goes into overdrive when it comes in contact with certain things. These things are harmless in themselves but the immune system tends to look at them as offenders and tries to react in a defensive manner. It tries to wash them off by producing excess discharge mucus. The homeopathic medicines repair the body immune system and the hyperactivity is easily corrected. Then the body reacts normally as well as same things that used to cause the allergies. Preferable Medicine is Arsenic Album which is one of the best Homeopathic medicines for Allergic Rhinitis or Hay Fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is concerned with the novel, accurate, and precise quantification of beclomethasone dipropionate and fusidic acid in combination (cream), which was performed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), and validation was performed based on International Council for Harmonization guidelines (Q2 R1). A series of HPTLC tests was conducted on pre-coated silica gel G60 F254 plates as the stationary phase and n-hexane:ethyl acetate:toluene:diethyl ether (4.5:5.5:1:0.2, v/v/v/v) as the mobile phase. Chamber saturation time was 30 min to attain the desired results. The Rf of beclomethasone dipropionate and fusidic acid was determined to be 0.52 and 0.36 respectively. The densitometric estimation was performed in reflectance mode at 238 nm. A linear relationship was seen in the range of 0.4–2.0 μg/band for beclomethasone dipropionate and 0.8–4.0 μg/band for fusidic acid with R2 of 0.9914 and 0.9927 for beclomethasone dipropionate and fusidic acid respectively. The limit of detection was found to be 0.2653 and 0.27040 for beclomethasone dipropionate and fusidic acid respectively, and the limit of quantification was found to be 0.42065 and 0.81940 for beclomethasone dipropionate and fusidic acid respectively. The percentage recovery was found to be within the range 98–102% for both beclomethasone dipropionate and fusidic acid. The method proposed was determined to be novel, error-free, robust, and reproducible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites harmful to humans and animals. Patulin (PAT) is a toxin found in different food products but especially in apples and their derivative products. The most common fungi producers of this compound are Aspergillus clavatus and Penicillium expansum. The production of patulin, as other mycotoxins, can be impacted by diverse phenomena such as water and nutrient availability, UV exposure, and the presence of antagonistic organisms. Consequently, gaining a comprehensive understanding of climate and environmental conditions is a crucial step in combating patulin contamination. In this study, moulds were isolated from 40 apple samples collected from seven locations across Hungary: Csenger, Damak, Pallag, Lövőpetri, Nagykálló, and Újfehértó. A total of 183 moulds were morphologically identified, with 67 isolates belonging to the Alternaria, 45 to the Aspergillus, and 13 to the Penicillium groups. The location possessed a higher influence than farming method on the distribution of mould genera. Despite the requirement of higher temperature, Aspergillus species dominated only for the region of Újfehértó with approximately 50% of the isolates belonging to the genus. Four of the seven locations assessed: Csenger, Debrecen-Pallag, Nyírtass and Nagykálló, were dominated by Alternaria species. All isolates belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium were tested for the presence of the isoepoxidone dehydrogenase (idh) gene, a key player in the patulin metabolic pathway. To guarantee patulin production, this ability was confirmed with TLC assays. The only Aspergillus strain that presented a positive result was the strain Aspergillus clavatus B9/6, originated from the apple cultivar Golden Reinders grown in Debrecen-Pallag by integrated farming. Of the Penicillium isolates only one strain, B10/6, presented a band of the right size (500-600 bp) for the idh gene. Further sequencing of the ITS gene showed that this strain should be classified as Talaromyces pinophilus. The TLC tests confirmed this microorganism as the only patulin producer under the studied conditions for its cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acalypha indicais an important medicinal plant and traditionally used as throat infections, wound healing, arthritis, ulcer and diabetes mellitus. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) the present study showed separation of two deep violet colour spots with RF values 0.31 and 0.72 which may represent the presence of alkaloids. Infra-Red (IR) spectral analysis of Acalypha indica showed C-H, -C=C-, N-H bend, C-C, C-H rock, O-H bend and C-C1 stretchings which may be attributed to the presence of functional groups like alcohol, alkenes, primary amines, alphatic amines and alkylhalides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins are primarily low molecular weight, polar organic compounds that are soluble in a variety of organic solvents and are generated by fungal secondary metabolism. Mycotoxins have a significant impact on both animal and human health. The purpose of this article is to highlight the use of different chromatographic separation techniques in the determination of mycotoxins in food and feed. The significant implications for human and animal health of the ingestion of these mycotoxins and the ensuing legislative requirements in many countries necessitated the development of analytical methods. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become the predominant separation technique in mycotoxin analysis, while thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography are still utilized. UV or fluorescence detectors have found widespread use in mycotoxin determination, even though HPLC has become the omnipresence method of choice. These systems either make use of the mycotoxin of interest's inherent UV absorption or fluorescence, or they derivatize it using techniques that have been developed to allow for suitably sensitive detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sponge-associated marine fungi are potential source for secondary metabolite compounds. The aim of this research was to investigate sponge-associated marine fungus as secondary metabolite producers against Escherichia coli. The fungus was isolated from Indonesian marine sponge Stylissa sp. and identified as Aspergillus hortai through a combination of morphological and molecular characteristics of ITS DNA and β-tubulin genes. The fungus was tested against E. coli using fungal broth and mycelial extracts. The optimized condition was achieved by fungal broth grown in corn meal broth at 6-days of shaking incubation. Fungal extract was produced using three liters of filtered fungal broth and extracted in ethyl acetate. The antibiotic activity of the extract is vulnerable to 45°C heat and basic or acidic conditions. Therefore, the extraction was done at pH 7 with evaporation at 40°C. The extract shows 7 major bands on TLC with 1 band shows activity against E. coli (Rf 0.81) on bioautogram. The band was observed as a yellow color and turned black in short-wave UV and did not show any fluorescence in long-wave UV. This research shows that sponge- associated marine fungi obtained from Indonesia has the potential as anti E. coli worth to be explored for searching new antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigates the biological activities of Rhododendron arboreum Sm from the eastern Himalayas, addressing a literature gap on its properties. It explores the plant's phytochemical, antioxidant, and medicinal characteristics. Significance: Evaluating methanolic extracts of R. arboreum offers valuable insights into its bioactive potential. Comprehensive GC-MS analysis identified a diverse array of compounds, highlighting the plant's chemical composition. Methods: Methanolic leaf and flower extracts underwent sequential extraction and phytochemical profiling using column chromatography, TLC, and GC-MS analysis. Spectral studies aided compound identification, and antioxidant activity was assessed via spectrophotometric assays. Results: Column chromatography separated methanol leaf and flower extracts into 17 and 24 distinct fractions, respectively. TLC analysis showed specific Rf values for leaf (0.58, 0.65, 0.75, 0.8, 0.86, 0.9) and flower samples (0.91, 0.38, 0.48, 0.51, 0.56, 0.6, 0.65, 0.75, 0.85, 0.96). GC-MS analysis revealed a variety of organic functional groups, including aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds, heterocyclic molecules, phenolic compounds, steroids, terpenoids, alcohols, esters, and other bioactive compounds. FTIR spectra identified functional groups such as hydroxyls, primary amines, alkanes, and alkynes. NMR data indicated a complex molecular composition with diverse proton environments. Leaf extracts demonstrated superior antioxidant activity compared to flower extracts in DPPH, ABTS, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and FRAP assays. Conclusion: The study identifies diverse phytochemicals in R.arboreum extracts and highlights their potential applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and functional foods, owing to the superior antioxidant activity of leaf extracts compared to flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps., also known as Quisqualis indica, belongs to the combretaceae family. Literature suggests the hardy nature and predominant presence of medically important phytometabolites within these plants. This study aimed to identify the phytochemical constituents of the Combretum indicum flower extracts. Flower extracts were prepared using Aqueous, ethanol, n-Hexane and petroleum ether as the solvents of choice. Qualitative phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of phytometabolites including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, quinines, steroids, saponins etc. Among these solvents ethanolic flower extract showed better results. The quantitative analysis of flower extract indicated the presence good quantity of flavonoids and phenols respectively. Anti-oxidant activity was tested using DPPH scavenging assay. Characterization of phytochemicals was done by using UV-Visible spectrophotometry, FTIR analysis and thin layer chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, phytochemical screening of different extracts of Wrightia tinctoria has been tested by using standard procedures. The findings showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, terpenoids and glucosides. Among the four solvents tested (aqueous, ethanol, N-hexane and ethyl acetate) ethanol extract of leaf showed the best result. The free radical scavenging activity of both the extract was measured by using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of Wrightia tinctoria leaf shows slightly different antioxidant activity. The remarkable activity showed by the plant is due to the synergic effect of active compounds present in it. Characterization of phytochemicals was done by using UV-Visible spectrophotometry, FTIR analysis and Thin layer chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a manmade chemical that is widely present in the environment and is mostly used as a wood preservative. Therefore, to conduct remediation studies, it is imperative to determine the most effective PCP analytical technique. PCP can be analyzed using a variety of analytical tools, including non-destructible methods like X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and electrochemical sensors (EC), destructible tools like gas chromatography (GC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), colorimetry, ultraviolet–visible and infrared spectroscopy (UV–vis/IR), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). the colorimetric approach is less recommended because of its low sensitivity and precision, whereas TLC offers superior recovery rates and precision but is expensive, takes longer, and is unable to resolve complicated combinations. Higher recovery rates, sensitivity, precision, and superior separation are all offered by HPLC; however, its effectiveness is impacted by time, money, and solvent compatibility. The most favored destructible approach is GC because it is efficient in terms of both cost and time and offers superior precision and separation. Although XRF is frequently used in the wood industry to test PCP in treated wood and treating solutions, scientific research has avoided using it because of its high cost and ability to identify chemicals based only on their elemental composition—in the case of PCP, it is chloride. Among all methods, EC is shown to be more dependable than the other methods listed because it is extremely specialized, less expensive, and offers a faster response. It is possible to make more changes to the current analytical techniques, such as enhancing extraction techniques, creating a universal HPLC column, developing more affordable and high-precision EC electrodes, and evaluating a larger variety of samples from different matrices. This review has shed light on the many analytical tools available for determining PCP and the knowledge gaps in the field of study.

Introduction. Despite the proven clinical efficacy of antifungal and anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention and treatment of seborrheic dermatitis, the search for new targets and the development of new substances with a beneficial effect on the scalp microflora, with a low risk of antimicrobial resistance and adverse effects, are relevant.Aim. Development of the antimicrobial multicomponent pharmaceutical substance of plant origin in stages: from a literature search for promising substances, analysis of their composition by GC-MS, in silico evaluation of the affinity of individual components to pathogenetic targets, selection of the optimal composition of a multicomponent substance based on the results of in vitro research of antimicrobial action and the making of a medical dosage form based on it – a medicinal shampoo for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis.Materials and methods. Objects of research: tea tree essential oil, 1,8-cineole, α-(-)-bisabolol and the multicomponent substance based on them. Methods: molecular docking (AutoDock version 4.2), prediction of pharmacological activity (Phyto4Health), TLC, GC-MS, study of antimicrobial activity in vitro.Results and discussion. Based on the results of a literature search, 3 promising substances were selected for the development of a multicomponent plant-based substance: tea tree essential oil, 1,8-cineole and α-(-)-bisabolol. Molecular docking predicted the targeted activity of the phytochemicals of tea tree essential oil, 1,8-cineole and α-(-)-bisabolol on the domains of ABC-transporters of microorganisms involved in the pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis and justified the possibility of use for therapy. The multicomponent substance has been developed based on tea tree essential oil, 1,8-cineole and α-(-)-bisabolol in a mass ratio of 1 : 1 : 1. The qualitative composition of the substance was assessed by TLC and GC-MS methods, and 15 terpenes were quantitatively identified in its composition with a predominance of terpinen-4-ol (16.98 %), 1,8-cineole (25.63 %) and α-(-)-bisabolol (27.67 %). The synergistic antimicrobial activity of the substance has been established against S. epidermidis, S. aureus, C. albicans and M. furfur in comparison with benzalkonium chloride, ketoconazole and climbazole. The composition of a new medical shampoo based on the investigated substance has been developed, which has a pronounced antifungal effect (more than 99.0 %) against M. furfur without visible suppression of normal microflora. For the novel substance of plant origin and medical shampoo, quality parameters were assessed in accordance with the Russian Pharmacopoeia of XIV edition.Conclusion. A substance of plant origin with synergistic and targeted antimicrobial activity has been developed. It has an interest for further study as a drug and API for new products for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis.

Abstract The coronavirus-2 has led to a global pandemic of COVID-19 with an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome leading to worldwide quarantine measures and a rise in death rates. The objective of this study is to propose a green, sensitive, and selective densitometric method to simultaneously quantify remdesivir (REM) in the presence of the co-administered drug linezolid (LNZ) and rivaroxaban (RIV) in spiked human plasma. TLC silica gel aluminum plates 60 F254 were used as the stationary phase, and the mobile phase was composed of dichloromethane (DCM): acetone (8.5:1.5, v/v) with densitometric detection at 254 nm. Well-resolved peaks have been observed with retardation factors (Rf) of 0.23, 0.53, and 0.72 for REM, LNZ, and RIV, respectively. A validation study was conducted according to ICH Q2 (R1) Guidelines. The method was rectilinear over the concentration ranges of 0.2–5.5 μg/band, 0.2–4.5 μg/band and 0.1–3.0 μg/band for REM, LNZ and RIV, respectively. The sensitivities of REM, LIN, and RIV were outstanding, with quantitation limits of 128.8, 50.5, and 55.8 ng/band, respectively. The approach has shown outstanding recoveries ranging from 98.3 to 101.2% when applied to pharmaceutical formulations and spiked human plasma. The method’s greenness was assessed using Analytical Eco-scale, GAPI, and AGREE metrics.

INTRODUCTION. The determination of impurities is a key requirement for the quality assessment of medicines because impurities can significantly impact the quality and therapeutic effectiveness. Pharmacopoeias are the most important scientific and methodological guidelines for manufacturers developing medicinal product specifications and regulators assessing these specifications as part of registration dossiers. Therefore, it is essential to harmonise national and international approaches to impurities.AIM. This study aimed to analyse and summarise pharmacopoeial requirements for and methodological approaches to the control, evaluation, and identification of organic impurities in medicines.DISCUSSION. The authors compared requirements for the control of organic impurities in small-molecule medicines set forth in national and international pharmacopoeias and guidelines of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Medicinal Products for Medical Use (ICH) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). This comparison highlighted the differences in current approaches that require further harmonisation of the existing regulatory documentation. Additionally, this study analysed the popularity, advantages, and disadvantages of different options for determining impurities in two-component combination products (i.e. identified and/or unidentified impurities in one or each of the active substances). The analysis demonstrated the need to control nitrosamines and genotoxic impurities and to use selective and highly sensitive chromatographic methods.CONCLUSIONS. When drafting pharmacopoeial monographs for medicinal products, experts should consider the general approach set forth in the EAEU pharmacopoeia and regulations and in the ICH Q3B guideline. This approach recommends that process-related impurities of active substances should not be controlled at the medicinal product level. Therefore, pharmacopoeial monographs for active substances should distinguish degradation products from process-related impurities. Impurities should be determined for each active substance to ensure the quality and safety of fixed combination medicinal products. Priorities for improving the methodological approach to the control of organic impurities include using reference standards for impurities and acknowledging the necessity of impurity quantification.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a manmade chemical that is widely present in the environment and is mostly used as a wood preservative. Therefore, to conduct remediation studies, it is imperative to determine the most effective PCP analytical technique. PCP can be analyzed using a variety of analytical tools, including non-destructible methods like X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and electrochemical sensors (EC), destructible tools like gas chromatography (GC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), colorimetry, ultraviolet–visible and infrared spectroscopy (UV–vis/IR), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). the colorimetric approach is less recommended because of its low sensitivity and precision, whereas TLC offers superior recovery rates and precision but is expensive, takes longer, and is unable to resolve complicated combinations. Higher recovery rates, sensitivity, precision, and superior separation are all offered by HPLC; however, its effectiveness is impacted by time, money, and solvent compatibility. The most favored destructible approach is GC because it is efficient in terms of both cost and time and offers superior precision and separation. Although XRF is frequently used in the wood industry to test PCP in treated wood and treating solutions, scientific research has avoided using it because of its high cost and ability to identify chemicals based only on their elemental composition—in the case of PCP, it is chloride. Among all methods, EC is shown to be more dependable than the other methods listed because it is extremely specialized, less expensive, and offers a faster response. It is possible to make more changes to the current analytical techniques, such as enhancing extraction techniques, creating a universal HPLC column, developing more affordable and high-precision EC electrodes, and evaluating a larger variety of samples from different matrices. This review has shed light on the many analytical tools available for determining PCP and the knowledge gaps in the field of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the brain, connectivity determines function. Neurons in the parabrachial nucleus (PB) relay diverse information to widespread brain regions, but the connections and functions of PB neurons that express Nps (neuropeptide S, NPS) remain mysterious. Here, we use Cre‐dependent anterograde tracing and whole‐brain analysis to map their output connections. While many other PB neurons project ascending axons through the central tegmental tract, NPS axons reach the forebrain via distinct periventricular and ventral pathways. Along the periventricular pathway, NPS axons target the tectal longitudinal column and periaqueductal gray, then continue rostrally to target the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Along the ventral pathway, NPS axons blanket much of the hypothalamus but avoid the ventromedial and mammillary nuclei. They also project prominently to the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, A13 cell group, and magnocellular subparafasciular nucleus. In the hindbrain, NPS axons have fewer descending projections, targeting primarily the superior salivatory nucleus, nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, and periolivary region. Combined with what is known already about NPS and its receptor, the output pattern of Nps‐expressing neurons in the PB region predicts roles in threat response and circadian behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Farmacja Polska is the property of Polish Pharmaceutical Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A sensitive and stable spray for thin layer chromatography of acyl-CoA and other thio-compounds has been evaluated. CoA, down to 1 nmol, is readily revealed and by pre- or post-treatment with hydroxylamine or tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine, thioesters or disulfides respectively can be stained as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work was to prove the enrichment of sunflower oil with active principles (polyphenolic acids, flavones, flavonoids) from plants, using the ultrasounds-assisted extraction (UAE) process. The analytical technique used for qualitative characterization of the UAE samples is thin layer chromatography (TLC), a relatively simple technique, which under certain separation and detection conditions highlights the bioactive components of the plants studied in our study. UV-VIS spectrophotometry was used to evaluate the level of flavonoids. The UAE samples in sunflower oil were also characterized by determining the alpha-tocopherol content through a gas-cromatographic method (GC-MS), and by evaluating the antioxidant activity through an indirect DPPH spectrophotometric method. The oily plants extracts were obtained to be used as raw material in the formulation of a dermato-cosmetic product, and thus the characterisation performed herein is very useful in supporting the effects of the above-mentioned products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes a robust chromatographic authentication methodology for herbaceous pollen, employing gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high‐performance thin liquid chromatography (HPTLC) protocols. The comprehensive profiling of organic compounds not only distinguishes between different botanical sources but also establishes a reliable framework for quality control and assessment of herbaceous pollen authenticity. Traces of quercetin were detectable using HPTLC in Chaenomeles japonica, and the composition of the mobile phase led to distinct phenolic acid tracks in the extracts of free phenolic compounds. In Lonicera nummulariifolia, prominent chlorogenic acid signal and traces of 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid were identified, along with the presence of vanillic, trans‐ferulic, p‐coumaric and p‐hydroxybenzoic and sinapic as phenolic acid standards. The HPLC chromatogram identified six peaks representing bioactive phenolic compounds such as gallic acid measuring 5.89 ± 0.56 mg g−1, hydroxybenzoic acid 2.39 ± 0.78 mg g−1 and caffeic acid 2.83 ± 0.11 mg g−1. The combined use of GC–MS, HPTLC and HPLC techniques provides a powerful and reliable means of authenticating the botanical origin of herbaceous pollen, offering valuable insights for quality control and ensuring the accuracy of botanical source identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]