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Cyclooxygenases (COX) play a pivotal role in inflammation and are responsible for the production of prostaglandins (PGs). Two types of COXs have been identified as key biological targets for drug design: Constitutive COX-1 and inducible COX-2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) target COX-1, while selective COX-2 inhibitors are designed for COX-2. These COX isoforms are involved in multiple physiological and pathological pathways throughout the body. Overproduction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays a role in COX-2's inflammatory activity. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha can contribute to cardiac fibrosis, heart failure, and various cancers by upregulating the COX-2/PGE2 axis. Therefore, suppressing COX activity has emerged as a potentially effective treatment for chronic inflammatory disorders and cancer. This review explores the mechanisms of TNF-α-induced COX-2/PGE2 expression, a significant pathophysiological feature of cancer development. Furthermore, we summarize chemical compounds with dual COX-2/TNF-α inhibitory actions, providing an overview of their structure-activity relationship. These insights may contribute to the development of new generations of dual-acting COX-2/TNF-α inhibitors with enhanced efficacy., Competing Interests: The authors reported no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2024, Tajdari et al.)

Objective: We investigated the impact of low-tempo, repetitive hand movements on vibrotactile sensitivity by employing various temporal and spatial patterns in the hand and wrist area., Background: The investigation of a human's ability to perceive vibrotactile stimuli during dynamic hand movements remains understudied, despite the prevalence of slow to mild hand motions in applications such as hand navigation or gesture control using haptic gloves in Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)., Method: We investigated vibrotactile sensitivity, analyzing the impact of various factors, including Motion (static and low-tempo repetitive hand movements), Temporal Patterns (Single or Double vibrations with varying onset times), Tactor Placements (hand and wrist), Spatial Patterns, and Biological Sex ., Results: Our study revealed that Motion significantly influences vibrotactile sensitivity in the hand and wrist areas, leading to reduced accuracy rates during dynamic conditions. Additionally, as the stimulus onset approached in Double vibrations, accuracy rates markedly decreased. Notably, Hand Placement resulted in significantly higher accuracy rates compared to the Wrist Placement ., Conclusion: Our findings underscore the impact of motion in reducing vibrotactile sensitivity on the back of the hand and around the wrist., Application: This research has wide-ranging practical applications, particularly in the field of VR/AR experiences, rehabilitation programs, and accessibility solutions through the use of haptic gloves. Insights from our study can be harnessed to enhance the efficacy of haptic gloves in conveying vibrotactile cues within these contexts., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.