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Annual irrigation maps and frequency data for the Rhine basin derived from hydrological modeling and land surface temperature. Data underlying the research of: Identifying irrigated areas using land surface temperature and hydrological modelling: Application to Rhine basin

During the July 2021 European floods approximately 8 million pieces of plastic dairy packaging were flushed from a severely damaged dairy processing facility located at the Vesdre river in Belgium. Some of these dairy packaging 'buttertubs' were ultimately flushed into the Meuse river and counted on riverbanks along the Dutch Meuse between July 2021 and July 2023. In addition to recording when and where they were found, some were collected for analysis on their development of mass over the two years between July 2021 - July 2023. The article attached to this dataset is called "Flood-induced buttertub spill reveals riverine plastic transport dynamics" and has the DOI 10.1186/s12302-024-00962-1. Dataset 1 contains the locations where buttertubs were found over the two years, with the location coordinates and sampled area of riverbank. Dataset 2 contains the mass analysis of the collected buttertubs before and after they were cleaned and dried. Dataset 3 contains pictures of the buttertubs analyzed for their mass prior to cleaning.

This resourse contains some processing, analysis, and plotting codes as well as some intermediate data for plotting the figures which is linked to the manuscript titled with Increasing Soil moisture-Temperature Coupling Increases Population Exposure to Future Heatwaves. The csv files contain the mean values of the four heatwave characteristics for both CTL and ExpA and both periods based on the two scenarios (SSP585 and SSP126) and those of population count for the two periods based on the two scenarios. Values for both present period (2000-2030) and future period (2040-2700) are included. Values for heatwave duration (HWD), heatwave magnitude (HWMt), heatwave amplitude (HWAt), and heatwave frequency (HWF) are included.

The new scientific decade (2023-2032) of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) aims at searching for sustainable solutions to undesired water conditions - may it be too little, too much or too polluted. Many of the current issues originate from global change, while solutions to problems must embrace local understanding and context. The decade will explore the current water crises by searching for actionable knowledge within three themes: global and local interactions, sustainable solutions and innovative cross-cutting methods. We capitalise on previous IAHS Scientific Decades shaping a trilogy; from Hydrological Predictions (PUB) to Change and Interdisciplinarity (Panta Rhei) to Solutions (HELPING). The vision is to solve fundamental water-related environmental and societal problems by engaging with other disciplines and local stakeholders. The decade endorses mutual learning and co-creation to progress towards UN sustainable development goals. Hence, HELPING is a vehicle for putting science in action, driven by scientists working on local hydrology in coordination with local, regional, and global processes.

Study regionUpper Ewaso Ng’iro catchment is located in Eastern Africa – a water-scarce region.Study focusStreamflow is in decline in the catchment despite the pattern of increasing amounts of rainfall in the East African region. This study explored historical human-water interplays to understand the coevolution of hydrological systems and societal development and to identify the dominant features contributing to water deficits and water-related conflicts in the lowland zone of the catchment. A socio-hydrological conceptual framework was used to mimic and explain the two-way coupling between human and hydrological systems.New hydrological insights for the regionThe results show that the dominant features that have likely contributed to changes in lowland streamflow and water-related conflicts include: population growth, land use/cover changes, and economic dynamics. The dry season flows have been extremely reduced with a 100% reduction observed in the month of February especially between 2010 and 2020 while the wet season flows have increased by about 10% and 15% in the upland and midland zones respectively. The decreasing trends in the streamflow against increasing amounts of rainfall emphasize the direct role humans have on catchment water availability. East Africa being a water-scarce region, there is a need to shift the focus from ‘the sustainable natural flows perspective’ to ‘the amount of water retained during wet seasons perspective’, improving land conservation activities to increase water infiltration during wet seasons, and the need to bring all stakeholders together for collective understanding.

As a reaction to ongoing environmental change, many local land restoration projects have emerged that aim to prevent or reverse land degradation, combat climate change through carbon sequestration or improve the local climate. However, the contribution of these projects to the greening of Africa at larger scales is still unknown due to the absence of a (public) complete database of land restoration projects, the lack of monitoring and the low survival rate of planted vegetation. Here, we use climate independent greening time series to detect local greening hotspots in Africa. We find that 2.1% of Africa, an area of roughly 400 000 km2, experiences local greening, especially in semi-arid environments. We show that various forms of sustainable land management (SLM) lead to significant local greening and demonstrate that some forms, e.g. active revegetation, are more effective than others, e.g. natural regeneration. This study, therefore, provides a first continental-scale insight in the greening potential of land restoration, which is needed for a thorough understanding of the effectiveness of SLM.

Scripts in the programming language R and accompanying datasets that are used for regression analysis in the study 'Evaporation from a large lowland reservoir – observed dynamics during a warm summer'. The analysis provides insight in which variables can explain open water evaporation of Lake IJssel, the Netherlands, measured at two locations for the years 2019 and 2020. There are 4 scripts for each location (i.e. Stavoren and Trintelhaven): for (1) the hourly and (2) daily temporal scale, and for analysis based on (3) our own observations (doi: 10.4121/16601675), and (4) routinely measured data by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI -https://www.knmi.nl/nederland-nu/klimatologie/uurgegevens (last access: 01-11-2021)) and the Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management (Rijkswaterstaat - https://waterinfo.rws.nl/#!/kaart/watertemperatuur/ (last access: 01-11-2021)). The datasets consist of evaporation data, and five possible explanatory variables: global radiation, wind speed, vertical vapour pressure gradient,vapour pressure deficit, and water temperature. The datasets of the routinely measured data consist of combined data that is sourced from KNMI (global radiation, wind speed, vapour pressure gradient, vapour pressure deficit) and Rijkswaterstaat (water temperature). For more information about the datasets that are based on our own observations, have a look at doi:10.4121/16601675 (related dataset).

Results of the study ' Shifts in regional water availability due to global tree restoration' (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00935-0). The data presents how global large-scale tree restoration could impact water fluxes. The data includes the evaporation (E) and streamflow (Q) under current land-cover and the change in precipitation (P), evaporation (E) and streamflow (Q) with global large-scale tree restoration. Data at 1/10 (0.1) degree spatial resolution.