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The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored protein cluster of differentiation 109 (CD109) is expressed on many human cell types and modulates the transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) signaling network. CD109 belongs to the alpha‐macroglobulin family of proteins, known for their protease‐triggered conformational changes. However, the effect of proteolysis on CD109 and its conformation are unknown. Here, we investigated the interactions of CD109 with proteases. We found that a diverse selection of proteases cleaved peptide bonds within the predicted bait region of CD109, inducing a conformational change that activated the thiol ester of CD109. We show CD109 was able to conjugate proteases with this thiol ester and decrease their activity toward protein substrates, demonstrating that CD109 is a protease inhibitor. We additionally found that CD109 has a unique mechanism whereby its GPI‐anchored macroglobulin 8 (MG8) domain dissociates during its conformational change, allowing proteases to release CD109 from the cell surface by a precise mechanism and not unspecific shedding. We conclude that proteolysis of the CD109 bait region affects both its structure and location, and that interactions between CD109 and proteases may be important to understanding its functions, for example, as a TGF‐β co‐receptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontopathogenic Tannerella forsythia uniquely secretes six peptidases of disparate catalytic classes and families that operate as virulence factors during infection of the gums, the KLIKK-peptidases. Their coding genes are immediately downstream of novel ORFs encoding the 98-132 residue potempins (Pot) A, B1, B2, C, D and E. These are outer-membrane-anchored lipoproteins that specifically and potently inhibit the respective downstream peptidase through stable complexes that protect the outer membrane of T. forsythia , as shown in vivo . Remarkably, PotA also contributes to bacterial fitness in vivo and specifically inhibits matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) 12, a major defence component of oral macrophages, thus featuring a novel and highly-specific physiological MMP inhibitor. Information from 11 structures and high-confidence homology models showed that the potempins are distinct β-barrels with either a five-stranded OB-fold (PotA, PotC and PotD) or an eight-stranded up-and-down fold (PotE, PotB1 and PotB2), which are novel for peptidase inhibitors. Particular loops insert like wedges into the active-site cleft of the genetically-linked peptidases to specifically block them either via a new "bilobal" or the classic "standard" mechanism of inhibition. These results discover a unique, tightly-regulated proteolytic armamentarium for virulence and competence, the KLIKK-peptidase/potempin system., Competing Interests: The authors declare no financial or non-financial conflicts of interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)