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Neophyllachora religiosa Literatus, Haituk & Cheew., sp. nov. Index Fungorum number: IF900393 Etymology:— The epithet “ religiosa ” refers to the epithet name of the host plant “ Ficus religiosa ”, from which the holotype was collected. Holotype:— MFLU 23-0258 Associated with living leaves of Ficus religiosa. Pseudostromata elongated, irregular, discrete, sparse, coalescent, glabrous, shiny, intraepidermal to subepidermal, epiphyllous, multilocular, occasionally amphigenous, often or rarely covering the leaf surface. Sexual morph: Ascomata 83–172 × 127–349 µm (x̄ = 127.5 × 238 µm, n = 20), perithecial, globose to subglobose, solitary or aggregated, ostiolate. Ostiole conspicuous. Peridium 21–30 µm thick, dark brown to black, lateral part wider than basal part, compactly arranged strongly melanized cells. Paraphyses 1–2 µm wide, filiform, numerous, persistent, septate, unbranched, longer than asci. Asci 59–140 × 14–25 µm (x̄ = 88 × 20 µm, n = 30), 8-spored, J-, unitunicate, persistent, cylindrical to fusiform, short-pedicellate, walls uniform in thickness but not specially thickened at the apex and without visible apical structures. Ascospores 8–12 × 5–9 µm (x̄ = 13 × 7 µm, n = 30), uniseriate to biseriate, overlapping, hyaline to olivaceous, globose to elliptical, 1-2 guttules, with a central concave depression, covered by a mucilaginous sheath, irregularly thickened sheath, 1–4.5 µm thickness, widely thickened at the lateral. Asexual morph: Spermacial or Conidial. Conidiomata bearing conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells holoblastic. Conidia 3.5–6 × 2–4 µm (x̄ = 4.75 × 3 µm, n = 30), ellipsoidal, hyaline, rarely septate. Spermatial locules ampulliform. Spermatiogenous cells produce spermatia. Spermatia 7–16 × 0.9–1.4 µm (x̄ = 11.5 × 1.15 µm, n = 30), botuliform or falciform, narrowly rounded at both ends, curved, aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Material examined— THAILAND, Chiang Mai Province, on living leaves of Ficus religiosa (Moraceae), (19 December 2022 (MFLU 23-0252), 18 November 2022 (MFLU 23-0253), 1 December 2022 (MFLU 23-0254), 22 October 2022 (MFLU 23-0255), 27 November 2022 (MFLU 23-0256), 3 September 2022 (MFLU 23-0257), 6 September 2022 (MFLU 23-0258)), Irish C. E. Literatus & Ratchadawan Cheewangkoon (MFLU 23-0258; Holotype, CRC-H196; Isotype) (Fig. 3, 4, 5). GenBank Accession Numbers for ITS — MFLU 23-0252; OQ821004, MFLU 23-0253; OQ821005, MFLU 23- 0254; OQ821006, MFLU 23-0255; OQ821007, MFLU 23-0256; OQ821008, MFLU 23-0257; OQ821009, MFLU 23-0258; OQ821010. Notes — The fungus formed solitary to gregarious black spots, mainly on the upper surface of the host. The new species shows a close phylogenetic association with N. fici, and both species are reported in the same host genus (Ficus) but in different localities (Thailand vs. Taiwan). Morphologically, N. religiosa differs from N. fici in the dimensions of asci (55–185 × 11–26 vs. 90–100 × 15–19 µm) and the thickness of the peridium (15–40 vs. 20–25 µm), and further differs in the ascospore characteristics. The new species possesses ascospores with guttules and are covered with thick gelatinous sheath, whereas N. fici lacks sheath in the ascospores. N. religiosa differs from the type N. myrciae in the dimension of pseudostromata (2–3 vs. 3–6 µm), thinner paraphyses (1.5–2.5 vs. 2.5–4.5 µm), shape of asci (fusoid vs. cylindrical to fusiform), shape of ascospores (lunate vs. globose to elliptical), presence of sheath in the ascospores, arrangement of ascospores (1-2 seriate vs. biseriate to multiseriate), color of ascospores (hyaline to olivaceous vs. hyaline), host (Ficus religiosa vs. Myrcia sp.) and the distribution (Thailand vs. Brazil) but shares similar characteristics in the size of ascomata, asci and coelomycetes asexual state. N. religiosa shares similar ascospores characteristics to N. cerradensis in elliptic-oblong shape ascospores with gelatinous sheath. However, N. religiosa differs in the size of ascospores (8–15 × 5–12 vs. 15–22 × 6–9 µm), thickened gelatinous sheath with hyaline to olivaceous color ascospores, while N. cerradensis has thin walled and hyaline ascospores (Table 1). Neophyllachora religiosa mainly differs from the extant species in the ascospores characteristics, which has a thick gelatinous sheath that is irregularly thickened, irregularly guttulate at the immature stage and large guttules present at maturity. The shape ranges from globose to elliptical, and a central concave depression present in the globose-shaped ascospores. In this study, all the newly generated sequences clustered together and formed a sister clade to N. fici with high bootstrap support (100%) (Fig. 2). The ITS region comprised 588 aligned characters, including gaps. The base pair comparison between N. fici and the newly obtained sequences shows more than 2% differences in the ITS region without the gap. The base pair comparison among the newly generated sequences revealed a minor difference in the ITS region. Thus, we assumed that the newly generated sequences obtained in this study are from the same species., Published as part of Literatus, Irish C. E., Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N., Withee, Patchareeya, Haituk, Sukanya, Tamakaew, Nisachon, Nguanhom, Jeerapa, Monkhung, Sararat, Thiyagaraja, Vinodhini & Cheewangkoon, Ratchadawan, 2023, Taxonomic and phylogenetic appraisal of a new holomorphic Neophyllachora species from Chiang Mai, Thailand, pp. 259-271 in Phytotaxa 600 (5) on pages 264-266, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.600.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8129400

Key to species of Neophyllachora 1. Parasitic on Ficus, Myrcia and Myrciaria species..............................................................................................................................2 1’. Parasitic on Psidium species, ascospores thin-walled, short-ellipsoidal covered with thin-walled gelatinous sheath............................................................................................................................................................................................................. N. subcircinans 2. Parasitic on Ficus, Myrcia species.....................................................................................................................................................3 2’. Parasitic on Myrciaria species, clavate-fusoid asci........................................................................................................ N. myrciariae 3. Parasitic on Myrcia species, fusoid asci, ascospores covered with gelatinous sheath.......................................................................4 3’. Parasitic on Myrcia species, lunate-reniform to half-moon shape ascospores with thick walled............................. N. truncatispora 4. Elliptic-Oblong ascospores with microguttulate cytoplasm......................................................................................... N. cerradensis 4’. Lunate ascospores with thin-walled................................................................................................................................... N. myrciae 5. Parasitic on Ficus, globose to ellipsoidal ascospores with gelatinous.............................................................................. N. religiosa 5’. Parasitic on Ficus, globose to subglobose ascospores without gelatinous sheath...................................................................... N. fici

Literatus, Irish C. E., Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N., Withee, Patchareeya, Haituk, Sukanya, Tamakaew, Nisachon, Nguanhom, Jeerapa, Monkhung, Sararat, Thiyagaraja, Vinodhini, Cheewangkoon, Ratchadawan (2023): Taxonomic and phylogenetic appraisal of a new holomorphic Neophyllachora species from Chiang Mai, Thailand. Phytotaxa 600 (5): 259-271, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.600.5.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.600.5.1

A total of approximately 104,000 fungal species can be expected in Yunnan. However, approximately 6000 fungal species have been reported from the province leaving much to be described. This study introduces a new species, Fitzroyomyces xishuangbannaensis sp. nov and a new collection of Fit. cyperacearum from Yunnan province, China. The taxa were characterized based on morphological characteristics and combined multi-gene phylogenetic analyses. Both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference posterior probabilities (PP) were conducted for combined LSU, ITS and mtSSU sequences data. The new Fitzroyomyces species formed a distinct clade among the extant species of Fitzroyomyces with high statistical supports in the phylogenetic analyses while our new isolate nested together with the corresponding strains of Fit. cyperacearum. A key to Fitzroyomyces species and a synopsis table of morphological characteristics for Fitzroyomyces are provided to support the taxonomic placement.

Sclerococcum simplex Hawksworth (1979:249) Index Fungorum no. IF323243; Facesoffungi no. FoF 10100 (Fig. 2) Description of the Chinese specimen: Lichenicolous on Pertusaria sp. Colonies forming discrete patches mainly on the ascomata and rarely on thallus of the host. Asexual morph: Sporodochia 95–185 µm diam., 85–155 µm high (x̄ = 140 × 120 μm, n = 10), stromatic, dark brown, subglobose to irregular, immersed to erumpent, aggregated into dense sporodochia. Vegetative hyphae 1.5–5 μm thick, hyaline to brown, septate, slightly constricted at the septa, irregularly branched, immersed in the host thallus. Conidiophore merismatic, not branched, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiogenous cells 2.5–3 μm thick, monoblastic, terminal, integrated, hyaline or pale brown, not very distinct. Conidia 3–7 × 2–5 µm, (x̄ = 5 × 3.5 μm, n = 20), produced in short basipetal chains, separating easily, acrogenous, ellipsoid or angular, light brown to dark brown, thick wall, mainly non-septate, rarely 2-celled, cells separating easily, the resulting part-conidia often more or less triangular, the lower cell often smaller, all parts becoming slightly darker in K. Sexual morph: unknown. Specimens examined. CHINA, Yunnan Province, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Shangri-La, (N 27 o 55’ 54.9”, E 099 o 34’ 39.0”, 4045m MSL), on corticolous host thallus of Pertusaria sp., 12 September 2018, V. Thiyagaraja (MFLU 21-0117)., Published as part of Thiyagaraja, Vinodhini, Ertz, Damien, Hyde, Kevin D., Karunarathna, Samantha C., To-Anun, Chaiwat & Cheewangkoon, Ratchadawan, 2022, Morphological and phylogenetic reassessment of Sclerococcum simplex from China, pp. 167-175 in Phytotaxa 559 (2) on page 170, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.559.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7021650, {"references":["Hawksworth, D. L. (1979) The lichenicolous Hyphomycetes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany Series 6: 183 - 300."]}

Fitzroyomyces xishuangbannaensis R.F. Xu & Tibpromma, sp. nov. ( Fig. 3) Index Fungorum Number: IF 559624; Facesoffungi Number: FOF 10811 Holotype: HKAS 122682 Etymology: The specific epithet “xishuangbannaensis” refers to Xishuangbanna, in Yunnan Province where the holotype was collected. Saprobic on dead branch of Hevea brasiliensis. Sexual morph: Apothecial 235–430 high μm, 200–520 diam μm (x̅ = 300 × 400 μm, n = 10), subglobose, unilocular, gregarious, immersed from the substrate, immersed at first and opening by entire pore at maturity. Hypothecium convex. Disc deeply cupulate, whitish to cream. Margins white. Hymenium hyaline, enclosed in a thick gelatinous matrix. Epithecium absent. Excipulum 20–55 μm composed of cells of textura intricata. Paraphyses 1–2 μm wide at the apex, numerous, filiform, septate, unbranched. Asci 160–180× 10–20 μm (x̅ = 173 × 13 μm, n = 11), 8-spored, unitunicate, long cylindrical, short sessile, rounded at the apex. Ascospores 90–180 × 2–4 μm (x̅ = 152 × 3 μm, n = 10), filiform, hyaline, multiseptate, up to 35-septa, finely guttulate when immature, not constricted at the septa and not easily break into different size. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Material examined: CHINA, Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, on a dead branch of Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg, 30 July 2021, Ruifang Xu, XSBNR–20, (HKAS 122682, holotype). Notes: The nucleotide base pair differences of ITS, LSU and mtSSU sequences are compared between our new species and members of Fitzroyomyces (Table 2). The new taxon was established based on the recommendations outlined by Jeewon & Hyde (2016). We also compared the morphology of our strain with Fit. cyperacearum, Fit. hyaloseptisporus, Fit. pandanicola and Fit. yunnanensis (Table. 3). The differences between Fit. xishuangbannaensis and Fit. cyperacearum are that the larger apothecia (235–430 × 200–520 μm vs. 201–260 × 210–310 μm), wider exciple (17–70 μm vs. 20–55 μm), narrower paraphyses (17–70 μm vs. 24–54 μm), longer asci (110–150 × 10–20 μm vs. 160– 180 × 10–20 μm), longer, and fusiform ascospore guttulate with more septation. Fitzroyomyces xishuangbannaensis differs from Fit. hyaloseptisporus in larger apothecia (235–430 × 200–520 μm vs. 140–200 × 150–200 μm), wider exciple (20–55 μm vs. 6–20 μm), smaller asci (160–180 × 10–20 μm vs. 165–200 × 10–25 μm) and ascospores (90– 180 × 2–4 μm vs. 150–200 × 3.5–6 μm), further, ascospores are fuliform with more septation in Fit. hyaloseptisporus whereas Fit. xishuangbannaensis possesses filiform, hyaline, multiseptate ascospores finely guttulate when immature (Wei et al. 2021). Fit. xishuangbannaensis and Fit. yunnanensis have the same geographical distribution in China (Lu et al. 2021) however, the two differ in several morphological characteristics such as Fit. yunnanensis has bigger apothecia, smaller asci, smaller ascospores and septation (Table 3). A key to species in Fitzroyomyces 1. Septation of ascospores less than 25..................................................................................................................... 2 1. Septation of ascospores more than 25.................................................................................................................. 3 2a. Guttulate fusiform ascospores, textura intricata to textura angularis exciple......................................................... Fit. yunnanensis 2b. Eguttulate filiform ascospores, textura intricate exciple...................................................................................... Fit. cyperacearum 3. Guttulate filiform ascospores............................................................................................................................................................. 4 3. Eguttulate filiform ascospores.................................................................................................................................. Fit. pandanicola 4a. Ascospores commonly presenting 1–3 prominent constrictions (ascospores easily break into different size of fragments........................................................................................................................................................................................... Fit. hyaloseptisporus 4b. Ascospores not constricted at the septa and not easily break into different size......................................... Fit. xishuangbannaensis, Published as part of Xu, Ruifang, Thiyagaraja, Vinodhini, Dai, Dong-Qin, Karunarathna, Samantha C. & Tibpromma, Saowaluck, 2022, Additions to Fitzroyomyces (Stictidaceae, Ascomycota) from Yunnan Province, China, pp. 253-266 in Phytotaxa 548 (2) on page 260, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.548.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/6597872, {"references":["Jeewon, R. & Hyde, K. D. (2016) Establishing species boundaries and new taxa among fungi: recommendations to resolve taxonomic ambiguities. Mycosphere 7: 1669 - 1677. https: // doi. org / 10.5943 / mycosphere / 7 / 11 / 4","Wei, D. P., Wanasinghe, D. N., Gentekaki, E., Thiyagaraja, V., Lumyong, S. & Hyde, K. D. (2021) Morphological and phylogenetic appraisal of novel and extant taxa of Stictidaceae from Northern Thailand. Journal of Fungi 7: 880. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / jof 7100880","Lu, L., Tibpromma, S., Karunaratthan, S. C., Thiyagaraja, V., Xu, J. C., Jayawardena, R. S., Lumyong, S. & Hyde, K. D. (2021) Taxonomic and phylogenic appraisal of one novel species and one new record of Stictidaceae from coffee in Yunnan Province, China. Phytotaxa 528: 111 - 124 https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 528.2.4"]}