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SUMMARYAmbient noise autocorrelations can be used to reconstruct the seismic reflection response of the Earth structure beneath single stations using continuous recordings without the need for either active sources or earthquakes. In the last decade, this technique has emerged as an inexpensive approach with the potential to provide similar information to that from the classical receiver function (RF) analysis. Previous studies have located and mapped discontinuities at different crustal depths with ambient noise autocorrelations by applying different processing techniques. An ambient noise autocorrelation function (ACF) provides the body-wave reflectivity of the local structure, assuming a homogeneous distribution of noise sources. However, an effective method design is required in order to determine a reliable reflection response. Here, we review the theory behind the ambient noise ACF method and design a workflow to obtain the P-wave reflectivity with a special focus on the Moho depth. In particular, we calculate a smooth function to fit and subtract the zero-lag component in the time domain, that is, the large-amplitude signal near 0 lag time in the ACF. The zero-lag component can interfere with the reflection component, so its removal allows us to increase the frequency band to use. We bandpass filter the ACFs between 1 and 6 s. We also derive and apply a phase shift correction in the ACFs due to the integration of a homogeneously distributed noise field dominated by distant sources from deep below, such as teleseismic sources. Both linear and nonlinear, phase-weighted stacks are used. Linear stacking is used to identify the main interfaces since it ensures the linearity of the processing steps; nevertheless, nonlinear, phase-weighted stacking help validate the coherent signals. We test and apply our method to continuous vertical recordings from three stations in Ireland and five stations in different cratons and obtain clear P-wave reflection from the Moho and other crustal and upper-mantle discontinuities in most cases. However, noise coming from local heterogeneities, non-homogeneous distribution of the ambient noise sources or instrumental noise is also expected. Therefore, additional, a priori information is desirable to help identify key phases in single ACFs. We compute synthetic ACFs using P-wave velocity (VP) models from controlled-source profiles in Ireland. The relatively complex ACF traces obtained at the stations in Ireland show a close data-synthetic match for the Moho and mid-crustal discontinuities. The ACF traces from the stations in different cratons are directly compared with receiver functions showing overall agreement and offering complementary information on the origin of the signal.

Buildings that have existed for centuries undergo structural changes over time due to variations in use. In addition, many structures are severely damaged for example by moisture intrusion. To determine the distribution of moisture in the structure, they are often examined pointwise by core sampling. In addition to invasive methods, non-destructive methods may be applied to obtain three-dimensional hints on the moisture distribution with structures of interest. The purpose of this paper is to show that non-destructive determination of moisture distribution is possible by using and combining geophysical measurement methods such as infrared thermography (IR), ultrasound (US) and ground penetrating radar (GPR). There are examples for the combination of these methods for non-destructive examination, but it is not yet commonly applied in the field of restoration and conservation of historic buildings. We present results of geophysical investigations of medieval wall paintings in the cloister of the cathedral in Schleswig (Federal State Schleswig-Holstein, Northern Germany) in the framework of a project funded by the German Federal Foundation for the Environment (Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt - DBU). In the cloister, large-scale alterations of the medieval red-line paintings occurred due to gypsum deposits and a shellac coating. In order to quantify the material properties of a vault section (yoke) in the cloister during the restoration ultrasound surface wave measurements, passive and active thermography and ground penetrating radar measurements were carried out. Repeating measurements at intervals of several months made it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the test treatments by different solvents to remove the shellac as well as the gypsum deposits. In addition, our results from the passive thermography measurements show that in one section a defect in the horizontal barrier could be responsible for moisture ingress and associated damage. The radargrams recorded in this area confirm that a significant change in reflection amplitudes is present in the areas of increased moisture.

In the recent decade, the amount of available seismological broadband data has increased steeply. Picking later arriving phases such as S-phases is difficult, and the number of manual picks available for these phases is low compared to first arriving P-Phases. Moreover, data sets of manual picks can also be problematic, since phase arrival picks are sensitive to the parameters of the filtering, which are often unknown, and also depend on the individual picking behavior of the analysts. However, accurate arrival times, especially for these phases, could be used to improve the accuracy of velocity models obtained from seismic tomography. This necessitates the adoption of automatic techniques for determining teleseismic phase arrival times consistently over a large data set.In this work, a robust automatic picking algorithm based on multi-component, multiple-sample forward autoregressive prediction is examined with regards to its accuracy and applicability to massive data sets. The phase is identified using the Akaike criterion and the onset time is found evaluating discontinuities in the instantaneous period of the signal. This signal analytic approach is tested using synthetic waveforms as well as real data in conjunction with manual picks obtained from the reviewed ISC-catalog.Picking errors are estimated by comparing the automatic picks with manual picks, automatic picks at the neighboring stations as well as statistical methods. The quality evaluations suggest potential of using these automatically determined phase arrival times for SH and SV travel time tomography.

High-resolution Rayleigh phase velocity maps can help to improve our understanding of the 3-D vs anisotropic structure of the lithosphere of central Europe and its relationship to surface tectonics and volcanism.Using seismic broad-band recordings for the time period from 1990 to 2020, 600,000 inter-station fundamental mode Rayleigh wave phase velocities have been automatically determined by performing strict quality checks. Only smooth and reliable phase velocity curves with path-wise averaging and a standard error of 0.5% were chosen. For periods between 8 s and 350 s azimuthally anisotropic phase velocity maps were calculated for Central Europe. The phase velocity maps at short periods of up to 30 seconds show an NW-SE fast propagation direction along the East European Craton. At periods longer than 60 s, the anisotropic fast propagation direction shows slight variations from NE-SW to ∼N-S. At 150 s map, a NE-SW fast direction is observed. This might indicate a layering of anisotropy. Along the Tornquist-Teisseyre Zone, the fast propagation direction at all periods is NW-SE, except along its northern part as it shows slight variations. This might be due to the sharp change from the Precambrian continental mantle lithosphere to the younger Phanerozoic Europe. At short periods, central Europe anisotropy is following the Variscan front which changes abruptly to SE-NW near the Elbe line, whereas at longer periods the fast direction follows the Rheic suture and Saxothuringian suture. For the inversion of local azimuthally anisotropic phase velocity curves, we apply a newly elaborated stochastic inversion algorithm, the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO). The result for extensive inversion and parameter tests of Rayleigh dispersion curves tests are shown. The lateral, as well as the vertical resolution of the resulting azimuthally anisotropic S-wave velocities and indications for layered anisotropy, are discussed.

For the understanding of the fate of the lithosphere when continents are colliding, it is necessary to image the structures of the lithosphere. In the case of the Alps, the structure of the Moho is very well known. This is, however, not yet the case for the lower boundary of the lithosphere, the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB). We are using S-to-P converted seismic waves to study the structures of the Moho and the LAB beneath the greater Alpine Area with data from the Alparray project and the European networks of permanent seismic stations. Besides a new European Moho map, we present more detailed information about negative velocity gradients (NVG) below the Moho which may be interpreted as LAB. We found the European mantle lithosphere is deepening from about 50°N below the Alps to the Apennines and Dinarides along the entire east-west extension of the Alps. This area has also an east dipping component towards the Pannonian Basin and the Bohemian Massif. In the East and West of this area the European mantle lithosphere is dipping towards the North. We also discuss possible source locations of the volcanoes of the European Cenozoic Rift System in the light of our data.

With the advent of plate tectonics in the last century, our understanding of the geological evolution of the Earth system improved essentially. The internal deformation and evolution of tectonic plates remain however poorly understood. This holds in particular for the Central Mediterranean: The formerly much larger Adriatic plate is recently consumed in tectonically active belts spanning at its western margin from Sicily, over the Apennines to the Alps and at its eastern margin from the Hellenides, Dinarides towards the Alps. High seismicity along these belts indicates ongoing lithospheric deformation. It has been shown that data acquired by dense, regional networks like AlpArray provide crucial information on seismically active faults as well as on the structure and deformation of the lithosphere. The Adriatic Plate and in particular its eastern margin have however not been covered by a homogeneous seismic network yet.Here we report on the status of AdriaArray – a seismic experiment to cover the Adriatic Plate and its actively deforming margins by a dense broad-band seismic network. Within the AdriaArray region, currently about 990 permanent broad-band stations are operated by more than 40 institutions. Data of 97% of these stations are currently available via EIDA. In addition to the existing stations, 414 temporary stations from 24 mobile pools are deployed in the region achieving a coverage with an average station distance of 50 – 55 km. The experiment is based on intense cooperation between local network operators, mobile pool operators, field teams, ORFEUS, and interested research groups. Altogether, more than 50 institutions are participating in the AdriaArray experiment. We will report on the time schedule, participating institutions, mobile station pools, maps of temporary station distribution with station coverage and main points of the agreed Memorandum of Collaboration. The AdriaArray experiment will lead to a significant improvement of our understanding of the geodynamic causes of plate deformation and associated geohazards.

The development of new automated techniques to measure earthquake-based interstation phase velocities allows for more detailed imaging of the South American Lithosphere. We calculated Rayleigh-wave phase velocities using the earthquake records from 1022 broadband seismic stations (South America, Antarctica and the Caribbean) operated between 1990 and 2020. A total of 1.069.259 earthquakes were selected with the following criteria: (1) events aligned within 10° of the 2-station great circle path; (2) a linearly increasing minimum magnitude between 4 and 6 Mw as a function of the epicentral distance; (3) maximum magnitude of 8 Mw; and (4) epicentral distances between 2.5° and 30°.We used surface wave fundamental mode dispersion curves calculated automatically using a new implementation of the 2-station cross-correlation method and a number of strict quality criteria, which include the selection of the phase velocity curves based on a 3D background model, curve smoothness and width of the considered frequency range. Following this process, we obtained 46.763 broad-band dispersion measurements between 4 and 315 s. Finally, the single-event dispersion curves were averaged for each interstation pair with associated error estimates and further quality control comparing results from both directions, evaluating smoothness and the standard deviation of the resulting dispersion curve.The dispersion curves were simultaneously inverted for isotropic and anisotropic (2ψ and 4ψ) phase-velocity maps parameterized on a triangular grid with a knot spacing of 30 km.The isotropic phase velocity maps at periods of 15 and 30 s indicate around 8% high-velocity perturbations in the regions of: (1) cratonic blocks of the South American platform (Brazilian Shield, São Francisco and Rio Apá cratons); and (2) the basement of the Pantanal basin (a 500 m thick sedimentary basin) possibly related to a high-velocity lower crust. For those periods, we also observed between -8 to -4% low-velocity perturbations associated with the Andean Mountain range root below the Altiplano Boliviano region (central Andes), the forelands of the Andes. The Paraná, Chaco and Parecis intracratonic basins also have lower velocities with relation to the neighboring cratonic areas.At periods of 60 and 100 s, we observed around 4% high-velocity perturbation associated with the deep roots of the oldest region of the Amazonian craton (eastern area of the Brazilian Shield) and the São Francisco craton. Azimuthal anisotropy is laterally and vertically variable within the South American lithosphere. At longer periods, fast directions are pointing to asthenospheric flow guided by LAB topography, for example below the Pantanal basin (central-west Brazil).For the next steps, we plan to jointly invert for a isotropic and anisotropic 3D model using earthquake and ambient noise dispersion curves with Rayleigh and Love waves.

The obduction of the Semail Ophiolite onto the Arabian continental margin during the convergence of the Arabian and Eurasian plates has left a significant impact on the lithospheric structure beneath the Oman Mountains. However, there remains a degree of uncertainty concerning the extent to which the inherited structures (pre-existing features of the lithosphere) contribute to the obduction of ophiolites. To gain a deeper understanding of the impact of the obduction process on the mantle structure beneath northern Oman, we analyze seismic anisotropy beneath this region using splitting analysis of teleseismic shear wave data collected from a dense network of 40 seismic stations that have been operational for approximately 3 years since 2013. Based on azimuthal distribution of the shear wave splitting (SWS) parameters, φ and δt, we are able to divide the study area into two subregions. The stations located to the west of the Semail gap exhibit relatively azimuthally invariant SWS parameters suggesting a single anisotropic layer. On the other hand, at most of the stations located in the central and eastern regions we observe a 90-degree periodicity versus back-azimuth, indicative of a depth-dependent anisotropic medium. In the western part, the fast axes are aligned with the strike of the collision between the continental and oceanic plates, where the oceanic lithosphere is believed to be obducted over the continental lithosphere. We also invert the azimuthal variation of the SWS parameters from the central and eastern stations for two layers of anisotropy. The fast axes of the upper layer exhibit a predominantly NW-SE trend, in good agreement with the anisotropy directions of the one-layer models obtained in the western region. The fast axes of the lower layer display a NE-SW trend, possibly representative of the large-scale mantle flow resulting from the present-day plate motion.

During the Cenozoic, the Circum-Mediterranean has experienced extensive and widespread igneous magmatism (i.e. intraplate, subduction-related and mixed-origin) that reflects the response of the upper mantle to the geodynamic evolution of this area. The exact origin of the volcanic activities and its relation to the underlying thin lithosphere especially in the continental regions have been long-lasting debated. We investigate the structure of the lithosphere and the sub-lithospheric mantle in the Circum-Mediterranean using regional high-resolution 3-D surface wave tomography and integrated geophysical-petrological thermochemical modelling of the temperature field and explore the relation to the occurrence intraplate and mixed-origin volcanic provinces (IMVPs).We define 9 shallow asthenospheric volumes (SAVs) across the Circum-Mediterranean upper mantle that form an almost interconnected belt of reduced shear wave velocities starting from the western Mediterranean to the Middle East and surrounding the Calabrian, Adriatic, Alpine slabs, however only interrupted by the eastern Mediterranean thick oceanic lithosphere. The SAVs are characterized by pronounced variations in shear-wave velocity not only laterally but also vertically between 70 and 300 km depths. Results from integrated geophysical-petrological thermochemical modelling show that the low velocities of the SAVs correspond to areas of thinned lithosphere (i.e., 1300 ºC at about 60-80 km depth) and anomalously warm asthenosphere (down to 300 km approximately) with respect to the average ambient mantle geotherm. A remarkable correlation between these areas and locations of IMVPs is observed with a mean lateral distance of < 100 km separating any SAV to the neighboring IMVP. The maximum separating distances are in order of ~ 350 km indicating a dense network of volcanic provinces above the shallow SAVs.The origin of the SAVs is related either to asthenospheric upwelling caused by slab rollback and decompressional melting during the formation of the back-arc basins (i.e., Agean-Anatolia, Pannonian, Moesian, Western Mediterranean) or to lithospheric thinning and rifting (Middle East and Rhone-Rheine areas). For the origin of the remaining SAVs (Adriatic, Central European, North Africa), other processes, i.e. thermal erosion feed by input from deep mantle sources, are suggested. According to the oldest ages of the IMVPs in the Circum-Mediterranean, the development of the SAVs started at least about ~ 60 - 70 Ma ago and accelerated in the Neogene.

The geology of eastern Arabia is dominated by a vast cover of mostly Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks and little was known about the architecture of the middle and lower crust. On the easternmost margin, obduction of the Semail Ophiolite during late Cretaceous times is the youngest first-order tectonic process that shapes the present-day geology across the Oman Mountains in northern Oman and the eastern United Arab Emirates. Within the obducted units, Neoproterozoic to Cretaceous autochthonous rocks of the Arabian shelf are exposed in two tectonic windows and provide a detailed view of the geodynamic evolution of the shallow Arabian continental crust during and after obduction. A new, unprecedented 3-D anisotropic shear-wave velocity (Vs) model reveals that - prior to obduction - the assembly of the eastern Arabian lithosphere in Neoproterozoic times and its modification during the Permian breakup of Pangea strongly control the present-day lithospheric architecture. Building upon previous geodynamic models that were restricted to the upper crust, reconstruction of the entire lithospheric evolution resolves some key unknowns in eastern Arabia’s geodynamics: The NNE-striking Semail Gap Fault (SGF) is primarily an upper crustal feature but another NE-striking deep crustal boundary zone west of the Jabal Akhdar Dome segments the Arabian continental crust in two structurally different units. While Permian Pangea rifting occurred on both eastern and northern margins of eastern Arabia, large-scale mafic intrusions occurred mostly east of the SGF. Eastward crustal thinning localizes at the eastern limit of obducted units, east of which the lower crust is strongly intruded and likely underplated. Late Cretaceous exhumation and overthrusting at the end of ophiolite obduction is the likely cause for crustal thickening below today‘s topography of the Oman Mountains. Lithospheric thickness is ~200-250 km in central Arabia but only ~100 km below the Oman Mountains. Thinning of the continental lithosphere is attributed to late Eocene times, which explains contemporaneous basanite intrusions into the continental crust and provides a plausible mechanism for observed crustal-scale extension and the broad, margin-wide emergence of the Oman Mountains. Thus, uplift of the mountain range might be unrelated to Arabia-Eurasia convergence.

Non-destructive geophysical methods were applied to detect moisture at the St. Petri Cathedral in Schleswig. One of them is thermography, which allows to distinguish between intact and defective medieval plaster. Additionally, thesuccess of a restoration can be determined by ultrasonic surface measurements.

We investigate mantle stripping giant impacts (GI) between super-Earths with masses between 1 M$_{\oplus}$ and 20 M$_{\oplus}$. We infer new scaling laws for the mass of the largest fragment and its iron mass fraction, as well as updated fitting coefficients for the critical specific impact energy for catastrophic disruption, $Q_{RD}^{*}$. With these scaling laws, we derive equations that relate the impact conditions, i.e., target mass, impact velocity and impactor-to-target mass ratio, to the mass and iron mass fraction of the largest fragment. This allows one to predict collision outcomes without performing a large suite of simulations. Using these equations we present the maximum and minimum planetary iron mass fraction as a result of collisional stripping of its mantle for a given range of impact conditions. We also infer the radius for a given mass and composition using interior structure models and compare our results to observations of metal-rich exoplanets. We find good agreement between the data and the simulated planets suggesting that GI could have played a key role in their formation. Furthermore, using our scaling laws we can further constrain the impact conditions that favour their masses and compositions. Finally, we present a flexible and easy-to-use tool that allows one to predict mass and composition of a planet after a GI for an arbitrary range of impact conditions which in turn allows to assess the role of GI in observed planetary systems., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Identification and sequence determination by mass spectrometry have become routine analyses for soluble proteins. Membrane proteins, however, remain challenging targets due to their hydrophobicity and poor annotation. In particular small membrane proteins often remain unnoticed as they are largely inaccessible to Bottom-Up proteomics. Recent advances in structural biology, though, have led to multiple membrane protein complex structures being determined at sufficiently high resolution to detect uncharacterized, small subunits. In this work we offer a guide for the mass spectrometric characterization of solvent extraction-based purifications of small membrane proteins isolated from protein complexes and cellular membranes. We first demonstrate our Top-Down MALDI-MS/MS approach on a Photosystem II preparation, analyzing target protein masses between 2.5 and 9 kDa with high accuracy and sensitivity. Then we apply our technique to purify and sequence the mycobacterial ATP synthase

In the context of digital transformation and the use of big data technologies, this study shows the potential and possible applications associated with using big data, depending on the respective logistics area. The evaluation of this potential follows a logistical target system, which has been expanded to include ethical and sustainable aspects in line with the challenges of the 21st century. Furthermore, the status quo of the degree of digitization is determined, problems in understanding the terminology are shown, and cognitive and technical prerequisites and recommendations for action concerning the use of big data technologies (e.g., cobots) are derived. The survey methodology was based on a quantitative research method in the form of a survey. The article aims to provide the building blocks for a holistic approach (economic, ecological, and social) for politics and companies and to derive recommendations for action in logistics. The challenge is to find an alternative to conventional research, which examines big data almost exclusively for growth targets and optimization potential. Ecological and social goals should also be included here as an unchangeably fixed point and a normative limit as a value compass for business decisions. To close this research gap, it is necessary to evaluate the potential of logistics in connection with big data solutions to derive specific applications, their applications, and recommendations for action. This article presents an excerpt of the results.

During the Cenozoic, the Circum-Mediterranean and its periphery have experienced extensive and widespread anorogenic igneous magmatism that reflects the response of the upper mantle to the geodynamic evolution of this area. The exact origin of the volcanic activities and its relation to the underlying thin lithosphere especially in the continental areas have been long-lasting debated. We investigate the structure of the Mediterranean lithosphere and the sub-lithospheric mantle by surface waves that are mainly sensitive to the 3-D S-wave velocity structure at those depths. A high-resolution tomographic study based on automated broad-band measurements of inter-station Rayleigh wave phase velocities down to about 300 km depth is presented. We identify shallow asthenospheric volumes, characterized by low S-wave velocities between about 70 km and 250 km depth, and distinguish between five major shallow asthenospheric volumes in the Circum-Mediterranean: the Middle East, the Anatolian-Aegean, the Pannonian, the Central European, and the Western Mediterranean Asthenosphere volumes. Remarkably, they form an almost continuous circular belt of asthenospheric areas interrupted only by the thick Permo-Carboniferous oceanic lithosphere in the eastern Mediterranean.Integrated thermochemical modelling using surface wave phase velocities, topography, and heat flow as constraints indicates a remarkable variability of the lithospheric thickness across the area. Thick lithosphere is found in the Paris Basin, the East European Craton, and the eastern Mediterranean whereas thin lithosphere is found in areas of pronounced negative shear-wave anomalies at depth between 70 km and 200 km. Cenozoic intraplate volcanic fields are located in areas with thin lithosphere underlain by shallow asthenosphere. Thus, anorogenic intraplate volcanism in the Circum-Mediterranean appears to be associated with thin and hot lithospheric regions and low S-wave sublithospheric velocities. The distribution and properties of the shallow asthenosphere volumes in the region are discussed and related to the spatial-temporal occurrence of intraplate as well as subduction related volcanism in the western Mediterranean, central Europe, the Pannonian Basin, the Anatolian region and the Middle East.

With the advent of plate tectonics in the last century, our understanding of the geological evolution of the Earth system improved essentially. The internal deformation and evolution of tectonic plates remain however poorly understood. This holds in particular for the Central Mediterranean: The formerly much larger Adriatic plate is recently consumed in tectonically active belts spanning at its western margin from Sicily, over the Apennines to the Alps and at its eastern margin from the Hellenides, Dinarides towards the Alps. High seismicity along these belts indicates ongoing lithospheric deformation. It has been shown that data acquired by dense, regional networks like AlpArray provide crucial information on seismically active faults as well as on the structure and deformation of the lithosphere. The Adriatic Plate and in particular its eastern margin have however not been covered by a homogeneous seismic network yet.Here we report on the status and preparation of AdriaArray – a seismic experiment to cover the Adriatic Plate and its actively deforming margins by a dense broad-band seismic network. Within the AdriaArray region, currently about 950 permanent broad-band stations are operated by more than 40 institutions. Data of 90% of these stations are currently available via EIDA. In addition to the existing stations, 385 temporary stations from 18 mobile pools are to be deployed in the region to achieve a coverage with an average station distance of about 50 – 55 km. The experiment will be based on intense cooperation between network operators, ORFEUS, and interested research groups. Altogether, more than 50 institutions will participate in the AdriaArray experiment. We will introduce the time schedule, participating institutions, mobile station pools, maps of suggested temporary station distribution with station coverage and main points of the agreed Memorandum of Collaboration. The AdriaArray experiment will lead to a significant improvement of our understanding of the geodynamic causes of plate deformation and associated geohazards.

At present time, the formerly much larger Adriatic Microplate is still actively being subducted beneath the Apennines and the Dinarides-Hellenides zone with continental collision and related processes occurring under the Alps and the Dinarides. These tectonic processes along with the large-scale component of the northward moving African Plate resulted in a complex 3D stress field. In the light of the complex tectonic processes accompanying the movement of the Adriatic Plate, we aim to investigate the three-dimensional stress field in that area by stress inversion using focal mechanism data from the available CMT and RCMT earthquake catalogues. The focal mechanisms are inverted to better understand the stress regime in that region and how the stress pattern is depending on the current tectonic setting. A staggered grid algorithm was used for binning the focal mechanisms before the inversion.The calculated 3D stress field indicates that the direction of the large-scale convergence of Africa and Eurasia is similar to the dominating direction of the maximum horizontal stress axis in the western central Mediterranean, with the exception of the Apennines, where the subduction of the Adriatic Plate beneath the northern Apennines is the primary source of stress. On the eastern margin of the Adriatic Plate the lack of deeper seismicity and a back arc basin, as well as the orogen normal orientation of the maximum horizontal stress axis in the Dinarides is pointing towards a continental subduction zone with an aseismic delaminating slab of lower lithosphere without a significant slab pull component.Changes of the stress pattern within the Adriatic Plate may result from intraplate deformation, which points towards a fragmentation of Adria along the Mid Adriatic Ridge into two subplates, Adria Sensu Strictu in the north and Apulia in the south. While Adria Sensu Strictu is moving independently from Africa, Apulia is depending on the larger plates movement.The inversion of the focal mechanisms from the Hellenic Subduction Zone yields results about the rotation of the stress field with depth, as the maximum horizontal stress rotates from trench normal at shallow depths to trench parallel deeper down.

In the recent decade, the amount of available seismological broadband data has increased steeply. Picking later arriving phases such as S-phases is difficult, and there are few manual picks available for these phases. Data sets of manual picks can also be problematic, since phase arrival picks are sensitive to the parameters of the filtering, which are often unknown, and the individual picking behavior of the analysts. However, accurate arrival times, especially for these phases, could be used to improve the accuracy of velocity models obtained from seismic tomography. This necessitates the adoption of automatic techniques for determining teleseismic phase arrival times consistently over a large data set. In this work, a robust automatic picking algorithm based on autoregressive, multi-component, multiple-sample forward prediction is examined with regards to its accuracy. The phase is identified using the Akaike criterion and the onset time is found by evaluating discontinuities in the instantenous period of the signal. This signal analytic approach is tested using synthetic waveforms as well as real data in conjunction with manual picks obtained from the reviewed ISC-catalog. Picking errors are estimated by comparing the automatic picks with manual picks, automatic picks at the neighboring stations as well as statistical meth- ods. The quality evaluations suggest potential of using these automatically determined phase arrival times for a travel time tomography.

Surface waves propagating from earthquakes, active sources or within the ambient noise wavefield are widely used to image Earth structure at various scales, from centimetres to hundreds of kilometres. The accuracy of surface-wave, phase-velocity measurements is essential for the accuracy of the Earth models they constrain. Here, we identify a finite-frequency phase shift in the phase travel time that causes systematic errors in time-domain, phase-velocity measurements. The phase shift arises from the approximation of monochromatic surface waves with narrow-band filtered surface waves. We derive an explicit formula of the finite-frequency phase shift and present a numerical method for its evaluation and for the correction of the measurements. Applications to high-frequency and long-period examples show that the phase shift is typically around π/60-π/16 for the common settings of ambient-noise imaging studies, which translates to 0.2-0.8% phase-velocity measurement errors. The finite-frequency phase shift depends on the (1) second derivative of the wavenumber with respect to frequency; (2) width of the narrow-band filter; (3) epicentral or interstation distance; (4) centre frequency of the filter. In conversion to phase velocity, the last two factors cancel out. Frequency-domain methods for phase-velocity measurements have the advantage of not producing the finite-frequency phase shift. Both time- and frequency-domain measurements, however, can be impacted by a break-down of the far-field approximation (near-field phase shift), which our calculations also show. Our method offers an effective means of improving the accuracy of the widely used time-domain, phase-velocity measurements via the evaluation of and corrections for the finite-frequency phase shift.

We use teleseismic data from all available broadband stations, permanent and mobile, in the entire area. Our processing method applies distance moveout correction, amplitude normalization, sign equalization and summation of traces with piercing points in 1° latitude times 1° longitude cells. The traces are stacked along the picked SV onset times. We obtain very clear signals from the Moho, less strong signals from velocity reductions below the Moho and again clear signals from the 410 km discontinuity. We also see locally velocity reductions just above the 410 km discontinuity. We show a number of profiles through the study area and hope to show maps of all seismic discontinuities. We compare our results with earlier observation.

The maximum achievable resolution of a tomographic model varies spatially and depends on the data sampling and errors in the data. The significant and continual measurement-error decreases in seismology and data-redundancy increases have reduced the impact of random errors on tomographic models. Systematic errors, however, are resistant to data redundancy and their effect on the model is difficult to predict; often this results in models dominated by noise if the target resolution is too high. Here, we develop a method for finding the optimal resolving length at every point, implementing it for surface-wave tomography. As in the Backus-Gilbert method, every solution at a point results from an entire-system inversion, and the model error is reduced by increasing the model-parameter averaging. The key advantage of our method consists in its direct, empirical evaluation of the posterior model error at a point.We first measure interstation phase velocities at simultaneously recording station pairs and compute phase-velocity maps at densely, logarithmically spaced periods. Numerous versions of the maps with varying smoothness are then computed, ranging from very rough to very smooth. Phase-velocity curves extracted from the maps at every point can be inverted for shear-velocity (VS) profiles. As we show, errors in these phase-velocity curves increase nearly monotonically with the map roughness. We evaluate the error by isolating the roughness of the phase-velocity curve that cannot be explained by any Earth structure and determine the optimal resolving length at a point such that the error of the local phase-velocity curve is below a threshold.A 3-D VS model is then computed by the inversion of the composite phase-velocity maps with an optimal resolution at every point. Importantly, the optimal resolving length does not scale with the density of the data coverage: some of the best-sampled locations display relatively low lateral resolution, due to systematic errors in the data.We apply this method to image the lithosphere and underlying mantle beneath Ireland and Britain. Our very large data produces a total of 11238 inter-station dispersion curves, spanning a very broad total period range (4–500 s), yielding unprecedented data coverage of the area and providing state-of-the-art regional resolution from the crust to the deep asthenosphere. Our tomography reveals pronounced, previously unknown variations in the lithospheric thickness beneath Ireland and Britain, with implications for their Caledonian assembly and for the mechanisms of the British Tertiary Igneous Province magmatism.

The global spread of multidrug-resistant

Objective To detect nucleolar channel systems (NCSs) in cells in endometrial aspirations obtained immediately before embryo transfer during blastocyst hormone replacement therapy-frozen embryo transfer (HRT-FET) cycles without affecting implantation. Design Prospective case series. Setting University-affiliated fertility clinic. Patient(s) Five patients who underwent an HRT-FET cycle consented to lower uterine segment aspiration using an open-tip embryo transfer catheter during a routine mock transfer performed immediately before embryo transfer. Intervention(s) Exfoliated cells in the aspirated endometrial secretions were analyzed for the presence of NCSs using indirect immunofluorescence and, in one case, electron microscopy for unambiguous identification. Main Outcome Measure(s) On the basis of a previous study, positive NCS status was defined as the presence of NCSs in at least 3 endometrial epithelial cells (EECs). The effect of endometrial aspiration on implantation and pregnancy outcomes was assessed. Result(s) Biochemical pregnancy, as evidenced by positive β-human chorionic gonadotropin, was seen in 5 of 5 patients, and clinical pregnancy was seen in 2 of 5 patients. NCSs were detected in exfoliated EECs of uterine secretions in 4 of 5 patient samples and could not be unequivocally identified in 1 of 5 patient samples, which was designated as indeterminate. Conclusion(s) This is the first report of NCS detection in HRT-FET cycles in the absence of follicular development and ovulation. NCS status can be determined in exfoliated EECs of uterine secretions obtained at the time of embryo transfer while maintaining implantation. Our study furthers the goal of establishing whether individualized point of care testing of NCS status in HRT-FET cycles can determine optimal endometrial receptivity and improve pregnancy outcomes.

Analizo las propuestas del Proyecto 1619, conectado con la Critical Race Theory (CRT). Demuestro que sus postulados son pseudocientíficos, más parecidos al esoterismo que a cualquier metodología racional o científica. Motivaré un punto de vista objetivo, que no quiere ver el mundo a través de lentes ideológicos. Argumento que la propuesta del Proyecto 1619 es falaz, ya que viéndolo con métodos de filosofía de la ciencia, demostraré que no es posible falsificarla.

RNA modifications are crucial for the proper function of the RNAs. The sites of pseudouridines are often specified by dual hairpin guide RNAs, with one or both hairpins identifying a target uridine. In this issue of Genes & Development, Jády and colleagues (pp. 70–83) identify a novel mechanism by which a single guide RNA hairpin can specify two uridines adjacent to each other or separated by 1 nt; i.e., one for two or guide RNA acrobatics.

The German Seismological Broadband Array (Deutsches Seismologisches Breitband Array [DSEBRA]) comprises 100 mobile seismological stations and can be deployed as a stand-alone network or in conjunction with other stations to build an even larger array. The first mission of DSEBRA was in the framework of the European AlpArray initiative. The aim of the project is to understand the deep structure, mantle dynamics, plate tectonics, its linkage to surface processes, and seismic hazard of the Alps–Apennines–Carpathians–Dinarides orogenic system. DSEBRA, purchased in the framework of the German Priority Program Mountain Building Processes in 4D, contributed to one-third of the temporary AlpArray seismic network (AASN). The stations are currently deployed in the Alpine foreland of Germany and Austria, in the high Alps of Austria and Italy, and in the Pannonian basins of Hungary. The stations are equipped with state-of-the-art technology, thus allowing to acquire high-quality broadband data in real time. In this article, we present the current station deployment within the AASN, describing the equipment and its handling. Furthermore, we discuss the data quality and perform noise analyses. In conclusion, DSEBRA stations provide excellent data and are very well suited for deployment in national or international seismological experiments.

High-pressure metal hydride (MH) research evolved into a thriving field within condensed matter physics following the realization of metallic compounds showing phonon mediated near room-temperature superconductivity. However, severe limitations in determining the chemical formula of the reaction products, especially with regards to their hydrogen content, impedes a deep understanding of the synthesized phases and can lead to significantly erroneous conclusions. Here, we present a way to directly access the hydrogen content of MH solids synthesized at high pressures in (laser-heated) diamond anvil cells using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We show that this method can be used to investigate MH compounds with a wide range of hydrogen content, from MH x with x = 0.15 (CuH0.15) to x ≲ 6.4 (H6±0.4S5).

The complex tectonic setting of the central-western Mediterranean has interested geoscientists for decades, but its geodynamic evolution remains a matter of debate. We rely on 807 seismometers from southern Europe and northern Africa to measure Rayleigh and Love phase velocities in the period range ∼5–200 s, based on teleseismic earthquakes and seismic ambient noise. By nonlinear joint inversion of the phase-velocity maps, we obtain a 3-D shear-wave velocity (VS) model of the study area. At shallow depths, our model correlates with surface geology and reveals the presence of a sedimentary cover in the Liguro-Provençal basin, as opposed to the Tyrrhenian basin where this is either very thin or absent. At ∼5-km depth, high velocities below the Magnaghi, Vavilov, and Marsili seamounts point to an exhumed, scarcely serpentinized mantle. These are replaced by lower velocities at larger depths, likely connected to the presence of partial melt. At 50–60-km depth, a very heterogeneous structure characterizes the Tyrrhenian basin, with low velocities pointing to the presence of fluids due to the lateral mantle inflow from the Ionian slab edges, and higher velocities associated with a relatively dry upper mantle. Such heterogeneity disappears at depths ≳75 km, replaced by more uniform velocities which are ∼2% lower than those found in the Liguro-Provençal basin. We infer that, at the same depths, the Tyrrhenian basin is characterized by a larger concentration of fluids and possibly higher temperatures.

The global spread of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections urgently calls for the identification of novel drug targets. We solved the electron cryo-microscopy structure of the F 1 F o –adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) synthase from A. baumannii in three distinct conformational states. The nucleotide-converting F 1 subcomplex reveals a specific self-inhibition mechanism, which supports a unidirectional ratchet mechanism to avoid wasteful ATP consumption. In the membrane-embedded F o complex, the structure shows unique structural adaptations along both the entry and exit pathways of the proton-conducting a-subunit. These features, absent in mitochondrial ATP synthases, represent attractive targets for the development of next-generation therapeutics that can act directly at the culmination of bioenergetics in this clinically relevant pathogen.

One of the most basic tasks of every cell is the synthesis of ribosomes, yet the process is so complex that we are only beginning to comprehend it. In human cells, the final product contains four RNAs and 79 proteins forming a large ribonucleoprotein, the ribosome. About twice as many factors are involved in assembly of these protein synthesizing machines. Additionally, some 200 small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs) function in the modification of pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) at a similar number of ribonucleotides. Modification is essential for proper function and biogenesis of ribosomes (Decatur and Fournier 2002; Sloan et al. 2016). While abrogation of individual modifications has little to no measurable effects, removal of a combination of modifications or of all causes severe to lethal effects. Modifications mostly cluster around the functional centers of the ribosome and some modifications are important for ribosome assembly. The subject of this perspective is to raise awareness to how modification at so many sites can be achieved while the pre-rRNA is being processed, folded and re-folded, and assembled with ribosomal proteins to yield the pre-ribosomal subunits in the nucleolus (Baßler and Hurt 2019). This is not a comprehensive review but a simplification of complex issues providing access to the general reader.