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This study employed novel extraction methods with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) to extract bioactive compounds and proteins from Bacopa monnieri leaves. The conditional influence of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and enzymatic-assisted extraction (EAE) on the recovery efficiency of phenolics, proteins, flavonoids, and terpenoids was evaluated. The conditions of UAE were 50 mL/g LSR, 600W of ultrasonic power, and 30% water content with 40°C for 1 min to obtain the highest bioactive compounds and protein contents. The conditions of MAE were 40 mL/g LSR, 400W of microwave power with 30% water content for 3 min to reach the highest contents of biological compounds. The conditions of EAE were 30 mL/g of LSR, 20 U/g of enzyme concentration with L-Gly-Na molar ratio at 2:4:1, and 40% water content for 60 min to acquire the highest bioactive compound contents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is employed to analyze the surface of Bacopa monnieri leaves before and after extraction. Comparing seven extraction methods was conducted to find the most favorable ones. The result showed that the UMEAE method was the most effective way to exploit the compounds. The study suggested that UMEAE effectively extracts phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and protein from DBMP.

Large-scale crowd phenomena are complex to model because the behaviour of pedestrians needs to be described at both strategic, tactical, and operational levels and is impacted by the density of the crowd. Microscopic models manage to mimic the dynamics at low densities, whereas mesoscopic models achieve better performances in dense situations. This paper proposes and evaluates a novel agent-based model to enable agents to dynamically change their operational model based on local density. The ability to combine microscopic and mesoscopic models for multi-scale simulation is studied through a use case of pedestrians at the Festival of Lights, Lyon, France. Pedestrian outflow data are extracted from video recordings of exiting crowds at the festival. The hybrid model is calibrated and validated using a genetic algorithm that optimises the match between simulated and observed outflow data. Additionally, a local sensitivity analysis is then conducted to identify the most sensitive parameters in the model. Finally, the performance of the hybrid model is compared to different models in terms of density map and computation time. The results demonstrate that the hybrid model has the capacity to effectively simulate pedestrians across varied density scenarios while optimising computational performance compared to other models.

The Tien Giang province is located in the tropical climate zone of the Mekong delta. In this study, the diversity of zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates were investigated in the estuarine coastal waters of the Tien Giang province of southern Vietnam. 10 sites were observed over six time periods from 2019 (March, May, September, and November) and 2020 (March and May). The taxonomic richness, abundance, and diversity index were applied to this biodiversity assessment of the zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates. The results of the assessment showed that 30 species of zooplankton and 18 species of benthic macroinvertebrates were found in the study area. The density of zooplankton at each site ranged from 6 to 93 individuals/sample, while the density of benthic macroinvertebrates at each site fluctuated from 3 to 12 individuals/sample. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index of zooplankton fluctuated from 1.02 to 1.58 and that of the benthic macroinvertebrates ranged between 0.91 and 1.33. Besides, statistical analysis showed that the species richness of the zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates positively correlated with their density (r=0.2283-0.6423). This study contributes to the diversity information of zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates, which can be used to position the sustainable management of natural resources and evaluate the natural feed sources for aquaculture in this estuarine area.

A new diterpenoid, phyllane C (1), along with three known compounds, ovoideal E (2), spruceanol (3), and fluacinoid B (4) were isolated from the leaves of Phyllanthus acidus growing in Thailand. The structures were determined by analysis of their MS and NMR data as well as by comparison with literature values. DFT-NMR chemical shift calculations and subsequent DP4/DP4+ probability methods were applied to define the relative configuration of 1. Compound 3 showed a weak cytotoxicity against K562 cell line (IC50 41.9 ± 2.31 µg/mL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]