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Background: This systematic review aims to evaluate and compare differences in clinical outcomes for adult patients diagnosed with ISSPE who were managed with anticoagulation vs clinical surveillance. Methods: PubMed, Embase, ProQuest, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were searched to identify studies evaluating the use of anticoagulation and/or clinical surveillance in patients diagnosed with ISSPE. The search included studies published up to August 3, 2023. Outcomes of interest included 90-day recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), major bleeding, and all-cause mortality rates. Results: Ten studies were included with a total of 1224 patients. Of these patients, 791 were treated with anticoagulation and 433 underwent surveillance. Studies found no difference in recurrent VTE rates, with the majority of studies reporting no recurrence. Of the studies that reported VTE recurrence, rates were.5% to 1.4% for the anticoagulation groups and 3.1% to 3.2% for the surveillance groups. Major bleeding rates were also similar. In anticoagulated patients, major bleeding rates ranged from 1% to 10%. In clinical surveillance patients, the majority found no rate of major bleeding, with 2 studies reporting rates of.8% to 3.2%. Mortality rates ranged widely with no significant differences reported. Conclusion: Clinical surveillance appears to be a safe and effective alternative to anticoagulation in patients with ISSPE. Ninety-day rates of recurrent VTE, major bleeding, and mortality were comparable between groups. These findings highlight the need for updated practice management guidelines to improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]