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Acknowledgments We thank the participants of the FPF meetings and the Snowmass working groups for discussions that have contributed both directly and indirectly to this study. We gratefully acknowledge the invaluable support of the CERN Physics Beyond Colliders study group and the work of CERN technical teams related to civil engineering studies (SCE-DOD), safety discussions (HSE-OHS, HSE-RP, EP-DI-SO), integration (EN-ACE), and discussions on services (EN-CV, EN-EL, EN-AA) and simulations (SY-STI). L. A. Anchordoqui is supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant PHY-2112527. A. Ariga is supported by JSPS, Japan KAKENHI Grant JP20K23373 and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant 101002690). T. Ariga acknowledges support from JSPS, Japan KAKENHI Grant JP19H01909. B. Batell is supported by U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Grant DE–SC0007914 and by PITT PACC, USA. The work of J. Bramante is supported by NSERC, Canada. F. G. Celiberto acknowledges support from the INFN/NINPHA project, USA and thanks the Università degli Studi di Pavia, Italy for the warm hospitality. G. Chachamis is supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal) under project CERN/FIS-PAR/0024/2019 and contract ‘‘Investigador auxiliar FCT - individual Call, Portugal CEECIND/03216/2017 and acknowledges funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant 824093). P. B. Denton is supported by DOE, USA Grant DE-SC0012704. Y. Du was supported by National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Grants 12022514 and 11875003. The work of J. L. Feng is supported in part by NSF, USA Grants PHY- 1915005 and PHY-2111427, Simons Investigator Award, USA #376204, Simons Foundation, USA Grant 623683, and Heising-Simons Foundation, USA Grants 2019-1179 and 2020-1840. The work of M. Fieg, T. B. Smith, and Y.-D. Tsai is supported in part by NSF Grant PHY-1915005. M. Fucilla, M. M. A. Mohammed, and A. Papa acknowledge support from the INFN/QFT@COLLIDERS, Italy project. The work of M. V. Garzelli was supported in part by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany. V. P. Goncalves was partially financed by the Brazilian funding agencies CNPq, FAPERGS, and INCT-FNA (process number 464898/2014-5). M. Guzzi is supported in part by NSF, USA Grants PHY- 1820818 and PHY-2112025. J. C. Helo acknowledges support from ANID FONDECYT-Chile Grant 1201673 and from ANID Millennium Science Initiative Program ICN2019 044. K. Jodłowski is supported by the National Science Centre, Poland, Grant 2015/18/A/ST2/00748. Ahmed Ismail and R. Mammen Abraham are supported by DOE, USA Grant DE-SC0016013. Ameen Ismail is supported by NSERC, Canada (reference number 557763) and by NSF, USA Grant PHY-2014071. Y. S. Jeong is supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT: Ministry of Science and ICT) (2021R1A2C1009296). The work of F. Kling is supported by DOE, USA Grant DE-AC02-76SF00515 and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under Germany’s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2121 Quantum Universe – 390833306. P. Nadolsky is supported by DOE, USA Grant DE-SC0010129. H. Otono acknowledges support from JSPS, Japan KAKENHI Grant JP20H01919. V. Pandey is supported by DOE, USA Grant DE-SC-0009824. M. H. Reno is supported in part by DOE, USA Grant DE-SC-0010113. The work of A. Ritz is supported by NSERC, Canada, Canada. The work of D. Sengupta is supported by NSF, USA Grant PHY-1915147. T. Sjöstrand is supported by Swedish Research Council Grant 2016-05996. D. Soldin acknowledges support from the NSF, USA Grant PHY-1913607. S. Trojanowski is supported by the grant ‘‘AstroCeNT: Particle Astrophysics Science and Technology Centre’’ carried out within the International Research Agendas programme of the Foundation for Polish Science financed by the European Union under the European Regional Development Fund, and by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education through its scholarship for young and outstanding scientists (decision 1190/E-78/STYP/14/2019). K. Xie is supported by DOE, USA Grant DE-FG02-95ER40896, NSF, USA Grant PHY- 1820760, and in part by PITT PACC. Parts of this work have been supported by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC, USA under Contract DE-AC02-07CH11359 with the DOE., The Forward Physics Facility (FPF) is a proposal to create a cavern with the space and infrastructure to support a suite of far-forward experiments at the Large Hadron Collider during the High Luminosity era. Located along the beam collision axis and shielded from the interaction point by at least 100 m of concrete and rock, the FPF will house experiments that will detect particles outside the acceptance of the existing large LHC experiments and will observe rare and exotic processes in an extremely low-background environment. In this work, we summarize the current status of plans for the FPF, including recent progress in civil engineering in identifying promising sites for the FPF and the experiments currently envisioned to realize the FPF's physics potential. We then review the many Standard Model and new physics topics that will be advanced by the FPF, including searches for long-lived particles, probes of dark matter and dark sectors, high-statistics studies of TeV neutrinos of all three flavors, aspects of perturbative and non-perturbative QCD, and high-energy astroparticle physics., ANID FONDECYT-Chile 1201673, Fermi Research Alliance DE-AC02-07CH11359, HSE-OHS, HSE-RP, NINPHA, PITT PACC, SY-STI, National Science Foundation PHY-2112527, U.S. Department of Energy DE–SC0007914, Simons Foundation 376204, 623683, Fuel Cell Technologies Program 824093, DE-SC0012704, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, First Peoples Fund, Heising-Simons Foundation 2019-1179, 2020-1840, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, European Commission, European Research Council, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 390833306, DE-SC-0009824, DE-SC-0010113, DE-SC0010129, JP20H01919, PHY-1915147, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science JP20K23373, National Natural Science Foundation of China 11875003, 12022514, PHY-1915005, PHY-2111427, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia CERN/FIS-PAR/0024/2019, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning 2021R1A2C1009296, DE-AC02-76SF00515, National Research Foundation of Korea, Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Narodowe Centrum Nauki 2015/18/A/ST2/00748, 557763, DE-SC0016013, PHY-2014071, Vetenskapsrådet 2016-05996, PHY-1913607, Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki 1190/E-78/STYP/14/2019, DE-FG02-95ER40896, PHY-1820760, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Horizon 2020 101002690, JP19H01909, European Regional Development Fund, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia: Física Nuclear e Aplicações 464898/2014-5, PHY-1820818, PHY-2112025, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo ICN2019 044

Thermal stress is expected to compromise the persistence of tropical corals throughout their biogeographic ranges, making many reefs inhospitable to corals by the end of the century. We integrated models of local predictions of thermal stress throughout the coming century, coral larval dispersal, and the persistence of a coral’s metapopulation(s) in the Caribbean to investigate broad trends in metapopulation fragmentation and decline. As coral reef patches become inhospitable throughout the next century, the metapopulation of Orbicella annularis is predicted to fragment, with sub-networks centered around highly connected patches and thermal refuges. Some of these are predicted to include the reefs of Colombia, Panama, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Southern and Northern Cuba, Haiti, and the Bahamas. Unknown coral population demographic parameters, such as lifetime egg production and stock-recruitment rates, limit the model’s predictions; however, a sensitivity analysis demonstrates that broadscale patterns of fragmentation and metapopulation collapse before the end of the century are consistent across a range of potential parameterizations. Despite dire predictions, the model highlights the potential value in protecting and restoring coral populations at strategic locations that are highly connected and/or influential to persistence. Coordinated conservation activities that support local resilience at low coral cover have the potential to stave off metapopulation collapse for decades, buying valuable time. Thermal refuges are linchpins of metapopulation persistence during moderate thermal stress, and targeted conservation or restoration that supports connectivity between these refuges by enhancing local population growth or sexual propagation may be critically important to species conservation on coral reefs.

Climate change is radically altering coral reef ecosystems, mainly through increasingly frequent and severe bleaching events. Yet, some reefs have exhibited higher thermal tolerance after bleaching severely the first time. To understand changes in thermal tolerance in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP), we compiled four decades of temperature, coral cover, coral bleaching, and mortality data, including three mass bleaching events during the 1982 to 1983, 1997 to 1998 and 2015 to 2016 El Niño heatwaves. Higher heat resistance in later bleaching events was detected in the dominant framework-building genus, Pocillopora, while other coral taxa exhibited similar susceptibility across events. Genetic analyses of Pocillopora spp . colonies and their algal symbionts (2014 to 2016) revealed that one of two Pocillopora lineages present in the region ( Pocillopora “ type 1”) increased its association with thermotolerant algal symbionts ( Durusdinium glynnii ) during the 2015 to 2016 heat stress event. This lineage experienced lower bleaching and mortality compared with Pocillopora “type 3”, which did not acquire D. glynnii . Under projected thermal stress, ETP reefs may be able to preserve high coral cover through the 2060s or later, mainly composed of Pocillopora colonies that associate with D. glynnii . However, although the low-diversity, high-cover reefs of the ETP could illustrate a potential functional state for some future reefs, this state may only be temporary unless global greenhouse gas emissions and resultant global warming are curtailed.

Limited dispersal of individuals between generations results in isolation by distance, in which individuals further apart in space tend to be less related. Classic models of isolation by distance assume that dispersal distances are drawn from a thin-tailed distribution and predict that the proportion of the genome that is identical by descent between a pair of individuals should decrease exponentially with the spatial separation between them. However, in many natural populations, individuals occasionally disperse over very long distances. In this work, we use mathematical analysis and coalescent simulations to study the effect of long-range (power-law) dispersal on patterns of isolation by distance. We find that it leads to power-law decay of identity-by-descent at large distances with the same exponent as dispersal. We also find that broad power-law dispersal produces another, shallow power-law decay of identity-by-descent at short distances. These results suggest that the distribution of long-range dispersal events could be estimated from sequencing large population samples taken from a wide range of spatial scales.

Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) is a widespread and deadly disease that affects nearly half of Caribbean coral species. To understand the microbial community response to this disease, we performed a disease transmission experiment on US Virgin Island (USVI) corals, exposing six species of coral with varying susceptibility to SCTLD. The microbial community of the surface mucus and tissue layers were examined separately using a small subunit ribosomal RNA gene-based sequencing approach, and data were analyzed to identify microbial community shifts following disease acquisition, potential causative pathogens, as well as compare microbiota composition to field-based corals from the USVI and Florida outbreaks. While all species displayed similar microbiome composition with disease acquisition, microbiome similarity patterns differed by both species and mucus or tissue microhabitat. Further, disease exposed but not lesioned corals harbored a mucus microbial community similar to those showing disease signs, suggesting that mucus may serve as an early warning detection for the onset of SCTLD. Like other SCTLD studies in Florida, Rhodobacteraceae, Arcobacteraceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, Fusibacter, Marinifilaceae, and Vibrionaceae dominated diseased corals. This study demonstrates the differential response of the mucus and tissue microorganisms to SCTLD and suggests that mucus microorganisms may be diagnostic for early disease exposure.