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International audience; Hyperspectral imagery classification is a challenging task due to the large number of spectral bands, and low number of labeled samples. To overcome these issues, we propose a novel approach for hyperspectral image classification based on feature selection and semi-supervised hypergraph convolutional network working with small number of labeled samples. Firstly, we propose a new unsupervised feature selection method based on an information theoretic criterion. Relevant spectral features are automatically selected while preserving the physical properties of hyperspectral data. Secondly, we construct a spectro-spatial hypergraph in order to represent the complex relationships between pixels. Finally, we propose a semi-supervised hypergraph convolutional network which integrates local vertex features and hypergraph topology in the convolutional layers. The aim of this step is to preserve the spectro-spatial features and to cope with the high correlation between hypernodes during classification. The main advantage of the proposed approach is to allow the automatic selection of relevant spectral bands while preserving the spatial and spectral features. In addition, by accounting for the relationship between pixels leads to improved classification results even when the number of labeled samples is low. Experiments are conducted on two real hyperspectral images show that the proposed approach reaches competitive good performances, and achieves better classification performances compared to state-of-the-art methods.

FNEGE 4, HCERES C; International audience; Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is an emerging technology that has been applied in several sectors of the economy such as industry, healthcare and finance. Today, it represents an opportunity for actors in the insurance sector who are considering how to evaluate the benefits of this technology in the medium term, taking into account their specific context. In this article, we will first present a summary of academic work on the contributions of RPA for companies and the stakes of its implementation. The case of Allianz France’s Flow Department is then presented, showing how this organization approaches the issue of assessing the potential benefits of RPA solutions for improving documentary management. We will present the theoretical contributions of the case as well as our experience feedback on its animation. Finally, we will discuss other issues that could also be addressed with this case.; La Robotic Process Automation (RPA) est une technologie émergente utilisée dans plusieurs secteurs de l’économie tels que l’industrie, la santé et la finance. Elle représente aujourd’hui une opportunité pour les acteurs du secteur de l’assurance qui s’interrogent sur la manière d’évaluer les bénéfices de cette technologie à moyen terme en tenant compte de leur contexte spécifique. Dans cet article, nous présentons en premier lieu une synthèse des travaux académiques sur les apports de la RPA pour les entreprises et les enjeux de sa mise en place. Le cas de la Direction des Flux d’Allianz France est ensuite présenté, en montrant la manière dont cette organisation aborde la question de l’évaluation des bénéfices potentiels des solutions de RPA pour l’amélioration de la gestion documentaire. Nous exposons les apports théoriques du cas ainsi que notre retour d’expérience sur son animation. Enfin, nous évoquons d’autres questions qui pourraient aussi être traitées avec ce cas.

International audience; Deep learning architectures, albeit successful in most computer vision tasks, were designed for data with an underlying Euclidean structure, which is not usually fulfilled since pre-processed data may lie on a non-linear space. In this paper, we propose a geometric deep learning approach using rigid and non-rigid transformations, named KShapenet, for 2D and 3D landmark-based human motion analysis. Landmark configuration sequences are first modeled as trajectories on Kendall's shape space and then mapped to a linear tangent space. The resulting structured data are then input to a deep learning architecture, which includes a layer that optimizes over rigid and non-rigid transformations of landmark configurations, followed by a CNN-LSTM network. We apply KShapenet to 3D human landmark sequences for action and gait recognition, and 2D facial landmark sequences for expression recognition, and demonstrate the competitiveness of the proposed approach with respect to state-of-the-art.

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Efficient sampling from a high-dimensional Gaussian distribution is an old but high-stake issue. Vanilla Cholesky samplers imply a computational cost and memory requirements which can rapidly become prohibitive in high dimension. To tackle these issues, multiple methods have been proposed from different communities ranging from iterative numerical linear algebra to Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approaches. Surprisingly, no complete review and comparison of these methods have been conducted. This paper aims at reviewing all these approaches by pointing out their differences, close relations, benefits and limitations. In addition to this state of the art, this paper proposes a unifying Gaussian simulation framework by deriving a stochastic counterpart of the celebrated proximal point algorithm in optimization. This framework offers a novel and unifying revisit of most of the existing MCMC approaches while extending them. Guidelines to choose the appropriate Gaussian simulation method for a given sampling problem in high dimension are proposed and illustrated with numerical examples., 53 pages, 11 figures

Compliant mechanisms (CMs), as a novel type of mechanical systems, utilize the elastic deformation of the builtin elementary flexible members to transfer motion, force and energy. Due to their inherent advantages, CMs have been widely used in various mechanical applications. However, in the current literature, researchers still suffer from the lack of efficient tools and a comprehensive analysis framework for designing CMs. To more systematically and efficiently analyze CMs for application-oriented purposes, this thesis aims to propose a comprehensive methodology of designing, modeling, optimizing and controlling CMs. Detailed derivations have been presented on the aforementioned perspectives, followed by both numerical and experimental validation.; Les mécanismes compliants (CM), en tant que nouveau type de systèmes mécaniques, utilisent la déformation élastique des éléments flexibles intégrés pour transférer le mouvement, la force et l'énergie. En raison de leurs avantages inhérents, les CM sont largement utilisés dans diverses applications mécaniques. Cependant, dans la littérature actuelle, les chercheurs souffrent toujours du manque d'outils efficaces et d'un cadre d'analyse complet pour la conception des CM. Afin d'analyser de manière plus systématique et efficace les CM, cette thèse vise à proposer une méthodologie complète de conception, de modélisation, d'optimisation et de contrôle des CM. Des dérivations détaillées ont été présentées sur les perspectives mentionnées ci-dessus, suivies de validations numériques et expérimentales.

International audience; A photon structure is advanced based on the experimental evidence and the vector potential quantization at a single photon level. It is shown that the photon is neither a point particle nor an infinite wave but behaves rather like a local "wave-corpuscle" extended over a wavelength, occupying a minimum quantization volume and guided by a non-local vector potential real wave function. The quantized vector potential oscillates over a wavelength with circular left or right polarization giving birth to orthogonal magnetic and electric fields whose amplitudes are proportional to the square of the frequency. The energy $\hbar$$\omega$ and momentum $\hbar$$\bar{k}$ are carried by the local wavecorpuscle guided by the non-local vector potential wave function suitably normalized.

International audience; The obsession with how the brain and behavior are related is a challenge for cognitive neuroscience research, for which functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has significantly improved our understanding of brain functions and dysfunctions. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-modal spatial cerebral graph based on an attention mechanism called MSCGATE that combines both fMRI modalities: task-, and rest-fMRI based on spatial and cerebral features to preserve the rich complex structure between brain voxels. Moreover, it attempts to project the structural-functional brain connections into a new multi-modal latent representation space, which will subsequently be inputted to our trace regression predictive model to output each subject’s behavioral score. Experiments on the InterTVA dataset reveal that our proposed approach outperforms other graph representation learning-based models, in terms of effectiveness and performance.

International audience; In this technology report we present how to design functionalprototypes of smart home systems, based on Augmented Reality(AR) and Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI). A prototype was designedand integrated into a home automation platform, aiming to illustrate the potential of combining EEG-based interaction with Augmented Reality interfaces for operating home appliances. Our proposed solution enables users to interact with different types of appliances from ”on-off”-based objects like lamps, to multiple command objects like televisions. This technology report presents the different steps of the design and implementation of the system, and proposes general guidelines regarding the future development of such solutions. These guidelines start with the description of the functional and technical specifications that should be met, before the introduction of a generic and modular software architecture that can be maintained and adapted for different types of BCI, AR displays and connected objects. Overall this technology report paves the way to the development of a new generation of smart home systems, exploiting brain activity and Augmented Reality for direct interaction with multiple home appliances.

International audience; The use of low-level spatial information, in addition to the rich spectral information of Hyperspectral Image (HSI) with the potential of deep learning-based methods, has provided high performance in improving the HSI classification. With this regard, Gabor Filtering has been successfully applied for HSI pixels analysis due to its ability in extracting representative spatial features. Therefore, a novel methodology based on Gabor filtering and multi-view Convolutional Neural Networks (multi-view CNNs) was proposed in this paper. Firstly, Gabor texture features at different scales and orientations performed on the first three principal components of HSI were extracted. Then, spectral and spatial features are introduced separately through spectral, and spatial CNN, respectively. Afterward, their learned feature maps are combined and fed into our spectral-spatial CNN (SSCNN) to learn a fused multi-view representation. Experiments applied on two real HSI datasets, including Indian Pines, and Salinas yield competitive classification performances compared to other state-of-the-art deep learning methods.

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International audience; Deprecations are a common way to indicate that a given feature or API will not be available in subsequent versions of a library or framework. While raising deprecation warnings lets developers of libraries evolve their APIs, the developers of client applications often have to manually rewrite their applications to adapt to the deprecation (removal, new APIs.. .). Some may use static analysis tools to support the rewriting. However, dynamically-typed languages or the use of reflective features often produce incorrect rewrite candidates. This is a costly activity that can lead to bug introductions. In this article, we present a method deprecation approach and a tool called DEPREWRITER that can automatically rewrite the callers of deprecated methods during program execution. Clients of a deprecated API execute their program and associated tests, and DEPREWRITER dynamically rewrites the source code of methods that called a deprecated API to use the new API. The implementation of DEPREWRITER is based on dynamic program transformation: when a deprecated method is executed, a program transformation engine rewrites and recompiles the caller's code before continuing the execution. The approach presented in this article has been developed by the Pharo consortium. Since 2016, DEPREWRITER is used in production in multiple distributions of the Pharo programming language: Pharo 6, 7, 8, and 9 alpha. This article presents and validates this approach. The validation is done in two steps: first with an analysis of deprecations available in Pharo 8 and second with an open survey of software developers about DEPREWRITER. We studied 367 Pharo 8 deprecations, among which we analyzed the 218 rewriting deprecations that use transformation rules. We identified the validity conditions and reported defects to the community. We also proposed 33 transformation rules to be added to the non-rewriting deprecations. Both contributions were accepted into Pharo 9 alpha. We classified the rules and identified possible points of improvement. In addition, we performed a user survey and collected information from 46 software developers: some of them used existing DEPREWRITER' rules and executed them on their code, others used DEPREWRITER to create rewriting deprecations, and finally, some were not aware of DEPREWRITER. 28 of 46 developers (60%) reported that the rewriting deprecations helped them, while 10 stated the inverse and 8 were uncertain. After discussing the current implementation, we sketch possible implementations for other languages than Pharo, showing that the approach is general enough to be applied to other languages.

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Background The aim of this study was to review, systematically, evidence concerning the link between the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and the rates and severity of non-contact injuries and exercise-induced muscle damage in athletes and individuals enrolled in exercise training programs. Methods A computerized literature search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus, from inception until November 2020. All included studies compared the epidemiological characteristics of non-contact injury between the different genotypes of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism. Results Our search identified 492 records. After the screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts, 13 studies examining the association between the ACTN3 genotypes and the rate and severity of non-contact injury were included in the analysis. These studies were performed in 6 different countries (Spain, Japan, Brazil, China, Republic of Korea, and Italy) and involved a total participant pool of 1093 participants. Of the studies, 2 studies involved only women, 5 studies involved only men, and 6 studies involved both men and women. All the studies included were classified as high-quality studies (≥6 points in the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale score). Overall, evidence suggests there is an association between the ACTN3 R577X genotype and non-contact injury in 12 investigations. Six studies observed a significant association between ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and exercise induced muscle damage: two with non-contact ankle injury, three with non-contact muscle injury, and one with overall non-contact injury. Conclusion The present findings support the premise that possessing the ACTN3 XX genotype may predispose athletes to a higher probability of some non-contact injuries, such as muscle injury, ankle sprains, and higher levels of exercise-induced muscle damage.

International audience; Endometriosis is a painful gynecological disorder that affects many women. Constant treatments and contraception changes affect women looking for solutions to treat and limit the problems caused by endometriosis. The current narrative review discusses the effects of physical activity on the management, pain, and quality of life in patients with endometriosis. Findings suggest that body awareness practices such as Hatha yoga, the Jacobson method, and progressive muscle relaxation reduce pain and stress and improve the quality of life associated with endometriosis. It also highlights the current knowledge gap on available evidence and future research. Moreover, care must be taken when considering patients’ physical abilities and goals and avoiding intense physical activities. The forms of endometriosis and its symptoms vary from one woman to another, so it is important to perform studies with various nonmedicinal or surgical techniques. It is important to continue randomized controlled trials to obtain more data on the benefits of physical activity in women with endometriosis and also to identify what types of activities could be beneficial to combat pain symptoms and improve the daily lives of women with endometriosis.

Purpose: During Ramadan month, Muslims often continue training to maintain their muscle performance. However, trainers should stress the importance of the time of day chosen for practicing resistance training (RT) during Ramadan fasting to avoid health and performance alteration. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of the timing of RT during Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) on muscle strength and hypertrophy in healthy male adults. Methods: Forty men were randomly allocated to 2 matched groups: 20 practicing whole-body RT in the late afternoon in a fasted state and 20 training in the late evening in a fed state (FED). Both groups performed 4 days per week of whole-body RT (∼75%–85% 1-repetition maximum, 12 repetitions/3–4 sets) during RIF. Anthropometric measurements and 1-repetition-maximum test for the squats, deadlift, and bench press were measured. A cross-sectional area of the quadriceps and biceps brachii was examined using ultrasound scans. All measurements were taken at 4 time points: 24 hours before the start of Ramadan, on the 15th day of Ramadan, on the 29th day of Ramadan, and 21 days after Ramadan. Results: Post hoc tests indicated significant preimprovement to postimprovement in FED at the 29th day of Ramadan for the 1-repetition-maximum test for the squats (P = .02; effect size = 0.21) and deadlift (P = .03; effect size = 0.24) when compared to 24 hours before the start of Ramadan. No significant changes were observed in the fasted-state group or for cross-sectional area for both groups. Conclusions: Practicing RT during RIF appears not to have adverse effects on muscle hypertrophy and strength no matter whether it is practiced in FED or fasted state. However, RT had greater effects on muscle strength when applied in FED. Our findings suggest that training sessions should be scheduled after breaking the fast during Ramadan.

Objectives: To analyze biochemical markers, wellness status, and physical fitness in elite soccer players in relation to changes in training and match exposure during a congested period of match play. Methods: Fourteen elite soccer players were evaluated 3 times (T1, T2, and T3) over 12 weeks (T1–T2: 6-wk regular period of match play and T2–T3: 6-wk congested period of match play). Players performed vertical jump tests, repeated shuttle sprint ability test, and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test at T1, T2, and T3. Plasma C-reactive protein, creatinine, and creatine kinase were analyzed at T1, T2, and T3. Wellness status was measured daily using the Hopper questionnaire (delayed onset of muscle soreness, stress, fatigue, and sleep quality). Training session rating of perceived exertion was also recorded on a daily basis. Results: A significant increase was found in stress, fatigue, delayed onset of muscle soreness scores, and Hopper index during the congested period (between T2 and T3) compared with the regular period (between T1 and T2) (.001 P r Conclusions: An intensive period of congested match play significantly compromised elite soccer players’ physical fitness and wellness status. Elite soccer players’ wellness status reflects declines in physical fitness during this period while biochemical changes do not.

International audience; Les communautés bactériennes associées aux racines dePanicum turgide, exposés à des conditions arides, ont été investis-associée à une combinaison d'approches culturelles et métataxonomiques. Technologie traditionnelle basée sur la culture-ont été utilisées et 32 ​​isolats de racines irradiées ont été identifiés comme appartenant àActinobactéries, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes et Proteobacteria embranchements. Quatre souches actinobactériennes ont étéRésistant aux rayonnements ionisants (IR) :Microbactériesp. PT8 (4,8 kGy (kGy)),Microcoquesp.PT11 (4,4 kGy),Kocuria rhizophilaPT10 (2,9 kGy) etPromicromonospora paniciPT9T(2,6 kGy), basésur le Ddixdose nécessaire pour une réduction de 90 % des unités formant colonies (UFC). Concernant l'enquêtedes communautés microbiennesin situ, analyses métataxonomiques de la diversité des microorganismes résistants aux IRassociée aux racines irradiées a révélé une dominance marquée des Actinobactéries (46,6%) etProtéobactéries (31,5%) par rapport aux Bacteroidetes (4,6%) et Firmicutes (3,2%). Irradiation gamma nonn'ont fait que modifier la structure des communautés bactériennes, mais ont également affecté leurs propriétés fonctionnelles.Des analyses comparatives des profils métaboliques ont indiqué l'induction de plusieurs voies liées à l'adaptation.au stress oxydatif dans les racines irradiées, comme la réparation de l'ADN, la synthèse de métabolites secondaires, la réactionenzymes atténuant les espèces oxygénées (ROS),etc. P. turgidumest emblématique des plantes adaptées au désert.Jusqu'à présent, aucun autre travail n'a porté sur le profil microbien des racines irradiées de cexérophyte.

Background It is well-documented that listening to music has the potential to improve physical performance during intense physical exercise. Less information is available on the timing of music application. This study aimed to investigate the effects of listening to preferred music during the warm up of a subsequent test or during the test on performance of repeated sprint sets (RSS) in adult males. Methods In a randomized cross-over design, 19 healthy males (age, 22.1 ± 1.2 years; body mass, 72.7 ± 9.3 kg; height, 1.79 ± 0.06 m; BMI, 22.6 ± 2.2 kg m−2) performed a test including 2 sets of 5*20-m repeated-sprints under one of three conditions: listening to preferred music during the test; listening to preferred music during the warm-up; or not listening to music. The assessed parameters comprised RSS performance indices, blood lactate, heart rate, the pacing strategy profile, rating of perceived exertion, and a feeling scale. Results For performance indices during set 1 of the RSS test, we found a significant decrease in total sum sequence, fast time index and fatigue index in the listening to preferred music condition compared to the no music condition (total sum sequence: p = 0.006, d = 0.93; fast time index: p = 0.003, d = 0.67; fatigue index: p Conclusion Findings from this study revealed that RSS performances were better (FT and FI indices) in the PMDT compared with the PMWU condition. Moreover, in set 1 of the RSS test, better RSS indices were found in the PMDT compared to NM condition.

This study was performed to determine the impact of sex and sport-discipline on physical fitness and bone markers in young sub-elite track and field athletes. One hundred and forty-four track and field sub-elite athletes (78 males aged 17.8 ± 1.6 years; 66 females aged 17.2 ± 1.9 years) volunteered to participate in this study and were categorized according to their disciplines in endurance (EG: n=67) or power athletes (PG: n=77). A significant main effect of sex was observed for C-telopeptide type I collagen (CTx) (F=11.37; p

International audience; Background Well programmed strength and conditioning training is an indispensable part of the long-term training process for athletes in individual and team sports to improve performance and prevent injuries. Yet, there is a limited number of studies available that examine the effects of resistance training (RT) on muscular fitness and physiological adaptations in elite female athletes. Objectives This systematic review aimed to summarize recent evidence on the long-term effects of RT or combinations of RT with other strength-dominated exercise types on muscular fitness, muscle morphology, and body composition in female elite athletes. Materials and Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in nine electronic databases ( Academic Search Elite, CINAHL, ERIC, Open Access Theses and Dissertations, Open Dissertations, PsycINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus) from inception until March 2022. Key search terms from the MeSH database such as RT and strength training were included and combined using the operators "AND," "OR," and "NOT". The search syntax initially identified 181 records. After screening for titles, abstracts, and full texts, 33 studies remained that examined the long-term effects of RT or combinations of RT with other strength-dominated exercise types on muscular fitness, muscle morphology, and body composition in female elite athletes. Results Twenty- four studies used single-mode RT or plyometric training and nine studies investigated the effects of combined training programs such as resistance with plyometric or agility training, resistance and speed training, and resistance and power training. The training duration lasted at least 4 weeks, but most studies used similar to 12 weeks. Studies were generally classified as 'high-quality' with a mean PEDro score of 6.8 (median 7). Irrespective of the type or combination of RT with other strength-dominated exercise regimens (type of exercise, exercise duration, or intensity), 24 out of 33 studies reported increases in muscle power (e.g., maximal and mean power; effect size [ES]: 0.23 < Cohen's d < 1.83, small to large), strength (e.g., one-repetition-maximum [1RM]; ES: 0.15 < d < 6.80, small to very large), speed (e.g., sprint times; ES: 0.01 < d < 1.26, small to large), and jump performance (e.g., countermovement/squat jump; ES: 0.02 < d < 1.04, small to large). The nine studies that examined the effects of combined training showed significant increases on maximal strength (ES: 0.08 < d < 2.41, small to very large), muscle power (ES: 0.08 < d < 2.41, small to very large), jump and sprint performance (ES: 0.08 < d < 2.41, small to very large). Four out of six studies observed no changes in body mass or percentage of body fat after resistance or plyometric training or combined training (ES: 0.026 < d < 0.492, small to medium). Five out of six studies observed significant changes in muscle morphology (e.g., muscle thickness, muscle fiber cross-sectional area; ES: 0.23 < d < 3.21, small to very large). However, one study did not find any changes in muscle morphology (i.e., muscle thickness, pennation angle; ES: 0.1 < d < 0.19, small). Conclusion Findings from this systematic review suggest that RT or combined RT with other strength-dominated exercise types leads to significant increases in measures of muscle power, strength, speed, and jump performance in elite female athletes. However, the optimal dosage of programming parameters such as training intensity and duration necessary to induce large effects in measures of muscular fitness and their physiological adaptations remain to be resolved in female elite athletes.

International audience; Backround and objectives: In comparison to their European counterparts, there are scarce data regarding skill performance in young elite female North African soccer players. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of a season-long training regime on anthropometric and physical performance characteristics, agility, and soccer skills in Tunisian youth elite female players. Materials and methods: Forty-eight females (24 soccer players SG; 24 non-playing controls, CG) were evaluated at the start of a preparatory period (T1) in September, and 10 months later in June (T2), the end period of the competitive season. Anthropometrics (body mass, body composition), soccer-specific cardiorespiratory endurance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1; YYIRT1), muscle power (countermovement jump [CMJ]; squat-jump [SJ]; 5-Jump-Test [5JT]), agility (T-test with and without ball), soccer skill (Loughborough Soccer Passing Test, LSPT) and sprint speed (30 m sprint with 5 and 10 m splits) were measured. Results: The SG experienced significant performance improvements in all tests across the period of the competitive season, demonstrating better improvements in height (P < 0.0001, ES = 1.69), weight (P < 0.0001, ES = 0.92) and BF (P < 0.0001, ES = 1.63). Better CMJ (P < 0.0001, ES = 1.63), SJ (P < 0.0001, ES = 1.33), and 5JT performances than the CG (P < 0.004, ES = 0.39). Similarly, the SG performed better in the sprint, agility, and LSPT tests and covered longer distances in YYIRTL1 (P < 0.0001) compared to the CG. Conclusion: Soccer season training contributed to significant variations in anthropometric characteristics, physical fitness, and soccer skills in Tunisian elite female youth soccer players compared to control group that are beyond those which could be expected through biological maturation alone.

International audience; Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are being extensively deployed in numerous Livestock Management applications such as cattle disease diagnosis, counting and behavioral monitoring from videos and images captured by drones.The paper focuses on one increasingly important family of applications, UAV-assisted cattle monitoring applications where the objective is to remotely acquire some health state information from IoT nodes attached to the herding cattle. Such livestock data acquisition applications have many challenges. One of these challenges, which is the focus of this paper, is the problem that the target cattle position may not be known precisely, and might be defined with a large area. To address this issue, we design a formulation of this UAV-cattle search path problem as a mathematical optimization problem and show how it can be derived from other well-known formulation and related literature. A Mixed-Integer linear Programming (MILP) formulation is introduced to minimize the expected search time while covering all the search area to efficiently locate the animal. This formulation exploits a cattle position probability distribution map. The results show that the suggested approach yields excellent results using the existing MILP solvers.

International audience; Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and blockchain Technologies are relevant systems that have a significant performance in numerous sectors. In particular, applying these emerging technologies will affect positively the agricultural ecosystem. In this paper, we investigate the opportunities offered by UAVs and blockchain (BC) in the agricultural sector. We review recent research efforts in the subject with a synthesis illustrated by a classification table. Finally, open challenges and future directions for IoT-based agriculture applications are discussed.

This study aimed to examine the effects of two high-intensity interval training programs (HIIT) on maximal aerobic velocity (MAV), hematological variations and muscle damage markers in young healthy adults. Twenty-nine male physical education students, aged 20.3 ± 3.3 years, volunteered to participate in this study, and were randomly assigned to a control group (CG, n = 9) or two intervention groups (group 1 or 2). Intervention group 1 (n = 10) exercised at 100% of their MAV (EG100) while group 2 (n = 10) exercised at 110% MAV (EG110). Before and after the eight week training program, blood samples were drawn at rest, before, and after an intermittent exercise. Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), C reactive protein (CRP), creatine kinase (CK) concentrations and hematological parameters (white blood cells [WBC], monocytes [MO], lymphocytes [LY], neutrophil [NE]) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. Post-hoc tests showed that MAV was significantly higher in EG110 compared to EG100 after HIIT (p p2 = 0.05), whilst ALAT, ASAT, and CPR were significantly lower (p p2 110 compared to EG100. Moreover, post-hoc tests indicated that LY decreased significantly (p p2 = 0.21) only for EG110. Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations for both EG100 and EG110 between MAV and ALAT (r = 0.66, p = 0.044 and r = 0.64, p = 0.041 respectively), CK (r = 0.67, p = 0.031 and r = 0.86, p = 0.030, respectively), LDH (r = 0.74, p = 0.014, and r = 0.071, p = 0.021, respectively). In addition, there was a significant positive correlation for both, EG100 and EG110 between MAV and LY (r = 0.79, p p p 110. Findings from this study revealed that HIIT at 110% MAV was more efficient to improve MAV and reduce muscle damage. In addition, we observed significant associations between performance improvements (MAV) and markers of muscle damage.

The challenges of Reproducibility and Replicability (R & R) in computer science experiments have become a focus of attention in the last decade, as efforts to adhere to good research practices have increased. However, experiments using Deep Learning (DL) remain difficult to reproduce due to the complexity of the techniques used. Challenges such as estimating poverty indicators (e.g. wealth index levels) from remote sensing imagery, requiring the use of huge volumes of data across different geographic locations, would be impossible without the use of DL technology. To test the reproducibility of DL experiments, we report a review of the reproducibility of three DL experiments which analyse visual indicators from satellite and street imagery. For each experiment, we identify the challenges found in the datasets, methods and workflows used. As a result of this assessment we propose a checklist incorporating relevant FAIR principles to screen an experiment for its reproducibility. Based on the lessons learned from this study, we recommend a set of actions aimed to improve the reproducibility of such experiments and reduce the likelihood of wasted effort. We believe that the target audience is broad, from researchers seeking to reproduce an experiment, authors reporting an experiment, or reviewers seeking to assess the work of others. Key Points We discuss the reproducibility challenges faced in research by Deep Learning approaches using Big Data We provide advice for pre-screening papers (before experiments) to avoid poorly invested effort We present a recipe with a set of mitigation strategies to address common errors users (researchers, authors, reviewers) may encounter Plain Language Summary This paper aims to help researchers understand the challenges of reproducing Deep Learning publications, mitigate reproducibility gaps, and make their own work more reproducible. We build on the work of others and add recommendations organized by (i) the quality of the dataset (and associated metadata), (ii) the Deep Learning methodology, (iii) the implementation methodology, and the infrastructure used. To our knowledge, this is the firstinitiative of its kind to address the problem of reproducibility in remote sensing imagery and Deep Learning problems for real-world tasks. We hope this paper lowers the barrier to entry for the Deep Learning community to improve research. Following the lifecycle mantra: reproduce!, then replicate! With the goal of improving reproducibility!

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Multidrug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae has become a major concern worldwide that is increasingly observed in human, animals, and also cockroaches. In our study, we found that cockroaches may play an important role as a potential vector of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the hospital environment and collective catering.

Preview available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/natural-language-engineering/firstview; International audience; Arabic presents many challenges for automatic processing. Although several research studies have addressed some issues, electronic resources for processing Arabic remain relatively rare or not widely available. In this paper, we propose a Tree-adjoining grammar with a syntax-semantic interface. It is applied to the modern standard Arabic, but it can be easily adapted to other languages. This grammar named ArabTAG V2.0 (Arabic Tree Adjoining Grammar) is semi-automatically generated by means of an abstract representation called meta-grammar. To ensure its development, ArabTAG V2.0 benefits from a grammar testing environment that uses a corpus of phenomena. Further experiments were performed to check the coverage of this grammar as well as the syntax-semantic analysis. The results showed that ArabTAG V2.0 can cover the majority of syntactical structures and different linguistic phenomena with a precision rate of 88.76%. Moreover, we were able to semantically analyze sentences and build their semantic representations with a precision rate of about 95.63%.

Formaldehyde has been widely observed in the icy mantle of interstellar grains. H2CO may be formed from successive hydrogenations of CO and may further contribute to the chemical complexity of the Interstellar medium (ISM) participating to heterogeneous reactions with colliding gas phase atoms. Within this context, Eley-Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate constants of H2 formation on a formaldehyde doped amorphous water ice grain model of the ISM, were computed over a wide temperature range [15–2000 K]. We used classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to build the model of the H2CO doped ice surface. Then we studied theoretically by means of hybrid QM/MM ab initio and molecular mechanics methodology (ONIOM) H atoms abstraction from formaldehyde molecules and the H2 formation. Specifically, we investigate the reactivity of the gas phase H atom toward one formaldehyde molecule lying at one of the slab surfaces. The reaction path and the energetics are predicted, the mechanism is found to be exothermic by 14.89 kcal/mol and the barrier is 6.75 kcal/mol at the QM level CBS/DLPNO-CCSD(T)//ONIOM/aug-cc-pVTZ. We employ two approaches that take into account tunnelling and non-classical reflection effects by means of the Zero Curvature Tunnelling (ZCT), and the Small Curvature Tunnelling (SCT) which all provided comparable results to predict the kinetics of the reaction path. The rate constants show important quantum tunnelling effects at low temperatures when compared to rates obtained from the purely classical transition-state theory (TST) and from the canonical variational transition state theory (CVT). Corner cutting effects are highlighted in the SCT calculations by 4 to 5 orders of magnitude with respect to ZCT rate constants at low temperatures.

BackgroundOsteoporosis causes bone fragility, increasing the risk of fractures. Evidence suggests a strong correlation between obesity and fracture risk. Physical training is known to enhance bone resistance and protect from fracture; however, its osteogenic effect in the presence of obesity remains unknown.ObjectiveWe sought to evaluate the influence of exercise training on bone health indices in individuals with obesity.MethodsThis systematic literature search was conducted using common electronic databases from inception - December 2019. The following key terms (and synonyms searched for by the MeSH database) were included and combined using the operators “AND,” “OR,” “NOT”: [(“body mass index” OR obesity OR obese OR overweight OR fat mass) AND (“bone mineral density” OR “bone mineral content” OR “peak bone mass” OR “mechanical loading” OR “Osteoporosis” OR “bone geometry” OR “bone resistance”) AND (“exercise training” OR “physical training” OR “strength training,” OR “resistance training” OR “aerobic training” OR “combined training”)].ResultsAfter screening, 10 studies (889 initial records) were included in the final analysis (8 different countries, 263 participants). Two studies investigated males, six females, and two, both sexes. The training duration was at least eight weeks with 2–3 sessions/week. Physical training displayed a significant trivial impact on the whole body (WB) BMD (0.13 SMD; 95% CI [0.00, 0.26], p = 0.046). Subgroup analyses indicated a significant small increase in the WB BMD (0.27 SMD; 95% CI [0.00, 0.53], p = 0.048) in the endurance training group, a non-significant trivial increase in the WB BMD (0.11 SMD; 95% CI [−0.06, 0.29], p = 0.203) in the resistance group, and a non-significant trivial increase in the WB BMD (0.03 SMD; 95% CI [−0.26, 0.32], p = 0.86) in the combined training group. In addition, a significant small decrease was found in the weight of trained subjects (−0.24 SMD; 95% CI [−0.42, −0.05], p = 0.011).ConclusionPhysical training has little to no effect on the WB BMD in subjects with overweight/obesity. Currently, insufficient evidence to advocate for any specific type of exercise for enhancing bone health exists for overweight/obese individuals. Investigations examining the impact of varying types of physical exercise on WB BMD of obese individuals are needed.

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal vector-borne disease that affects both humans and animals. In the Mediterranean Basin, the primary reservoir hosts of Leishmania spp. are mainly rodents and canids. Lipidomic approaches have allowed scientists to establish Leishmania spp. lipid profiles for the identification of cell stage specific biomarkers, drug mechanisms of action, and host immune response. Using an in silico approach of global network interaction between genes involved in fatty acid (FA) synthesis followed by the GC-MS approach, we were able to characterize the fatty acid profiles of L. major derived from human and rodent hosts. Our results revealed that the lipid profile of L. major showed similarities and differences with those already reported for other Leishmania species. Phospholipids are the predominant lipid class. FA composition of rodent parasites was characterized by a lower abundance of the precursor C18:2(n-6). One of the rodent clones, which also expressed the lowest lipid abundance in PL and TAG, was the least sensitive clone to the miltefosine drug and has the lowest infection efficiency. Our findings suggest that the lipid composition variation may explain the response of the parasite toward treatment and their ability to infect their host.

Purpose Earnings management (EM) plays a vital role in risk management. This paper aims to investigate the impact of real earning management (REM) on credit risk. Design/methodology/approach This paper measures the credit risk by the expected default frequency of Kealhofer, McQuown and Vasicek model. This paper uses data from 2011 to 2020 of Pakistani manufacturing listed firms. This paper applies the fixed effect to analyze the results and generalized methods of moments to handle the heterogeneity issue. Findings This paper finds that the impact of REM on corporate credit risk is positive and significant and that of sales manipulation is negative and significant. This paper also reports similar outcomes of the robustness test using dynamic panel regression. Originality/value The findings of this study may help managers to modify the EM strategy to minimize corporate credit risk. Furthermore, the findings of this study are important for investors to enhance their understanding of firms’ accounting information, REM activities and cash flow patterns. It further suggests the manager should consider credit risk as an important factor while practicing REM.

International audience; Despite the highly secure content sharing and the optimized forwarding mechanism, the content delivery in a Named Data Network (NDN) still suffers from numerous vulnerabilities that can be exploited to reduce the efficiency of such architecture. Malicious attacks in NDN have become more sophisticated and the foremost challenge is to identify unknown and obfuscated malware, as the malware authors use different evasion techniques for information concealing to prevent detection by an Intrusion Detection System (IDS). For the most part, NDN faces immense negative impacts from attacks such as Cache Pollution Attacks (CPA), Cache Privacy Attacks, Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Interest Flooding Attacks (IFA), that target different security components, including availability, integrity, and confidentiality. This poses a critical challenge to the design of IDS in NDN. This paper provides the latest taxonomy, together with a review of the significant research works on IDSs up to the present time, and a classification of the proposed systems according to the taxonomy. It provides a structured and comprehensive overview of the existing IDSs so that a researcher can create an even better mechanism for the previously mentioned attacks. This paper discusses the limits of the techniques applied to design IDSs with recent findings that can be further exploited in order to optimize those detection and mitigation mechanisms.

Previous studies have not considered the potential influence of maturity status on the relationship between mental imagery and change of direction (CoD) speed in youth soccer. Accordingly, this cross-sectional study examined the association between mental imagery and CoD performance in young elite soccer players of different maturity status. Forty young male soccer players, aged 10-17 years, were assigned into two groups according to their predicted age at peak height velocity (PHV) (Pre-PHV; n = 20 and Post-PHV; n = 20). Participants were evaluated on soccer-specific tests of CoD with (CoDBall-15m) and without (CoD-15m) the ball. Participants completed the movement imagery questionnaire (MIQ) with the three- dimensional structure, internal visual imagery (IVI), external visual imagery (EVI), as well as kinesthetic imagery (KI). The Post-PHV players achieved significantly better results than Pre-PHV in EVI (ES = 1.58, large; p < 0.001), CoD-15m (ES = 2.09, very large; p < 0.001) and CoDBall-15m (ES = 1.60, large; p < 0.001). Correlations were significantly different between maturity groups, where, for the pre-PHV group, a negative very large correlation was observed between CoDBall-15m and KI (r = ���0.73, p = 0.001). For the post-PHV group, large negative correlations were observed between CoD-15m and IVI (r = ���0.55, p = 0.011), EVI (r = ���062, p = 0.003), and KI (r = ���0.52, p = 0.020). A large negative correlation of CoDBall-15m with EVI (r = ���0.55, p = 0.012) and very large correlation with KI (r = ���0.79, p = 0.001) were also observed. This study provides evidence of the theoretical and practical use for the CoD tasks stimulus with imagery. We recommend that sport psychology specialists, coaches, and athletes integrated imagery for CoD tasks in pre-pubertal soccer players to further improve CoD related performance., Zweitver��ffentlichungen der Universit��t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe; 754

The purpose of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability, and convergent and discriminative validity of a new taekwondo-specific change-of-direction (COD) speed test with striking techniques (TST) in elite taekwondo athletes. Twenty (10 males and 10 females) elite (athletes who compete at national level) and top-elite (athletes who compete at national and international level) taekwondo athletes with an average training background of 8.9 ± 1.3 years of systematic taekwondo training participated in this study. During the two-week test-retest period, various generic performance tests measuring COD speed, balance, speed, and jump performance were carried out during the first week and as a retest during the second week. Three TST trials were conducted with each athlete and the best trial was used for further analyses. The relevant performance measure derived from the TST was the time with striking penalty (TST-TSP). TST-TSP performances amounted to 10.57 ± 1.08 s for males and 11.74 ± 1.34 s for females. The reliability analysis of the TST performance was conducted after logarithmic transformation, in order to address the problem of heteroscedasticity. In both groups, the TST demonstrated a high relative test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients and 90% compatibility limits were 0.80 and 0.47 to 0.93, respectively). For absolute reliability, the TST’s typical error of measurement (TEM), 90% compatibility limits, and magnitudes were 4.6%, 3.4 to 7.7, for males, and 5.4%, 3.9 to 9.0, for females. The homogeneous sample of taekwondo athletes meant that the TST’s TEM exceeded the usual smallest important change (SIC) with 0.2 effect size in the two groups. The new test showed mostly very large correlations with linear sprint speed (r = 0.71 to 0.85) and dynamic balance (r = −0.71 and −0.74), large correlations with COD speed (r = 0.57 to 0.60) and vertical jump performance (r = −0.50 to −0.65), and moderate correlations with horizontal jump performance (r = −0.34 to −0.45) and static balance (r = −0.39 to −0.44). Top-elite athletes showed better TST performances than elite counterparts. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that the TST effectively discriminated between top-elite and elite taekwondo athletes. In conclusion, the TST is a valid, and sensitive test to evaluate the COD speed with taekwondo specific skills, and reliable when considering ICC and TEM. Although the usefulness of the TST is questioned to detect small performance changes in the present population, the TST can detect moderate changes in taekwondo-specific COD speed., Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe; 789

International audience; BACKGROUND: Young swimmers are rarely involved in training control, leading to inadequate volume and prescription of training intensities. This study aimed to examine the effect of prescribing and monitoring training intensities around critical velocity (CV) on 400 m frontcrawl performance during an 8-weeks period. METHODS: Twenty young male swimmers (13.4±1.0 years) were randomly assigned into two groups. The experimental group (EG) used training monitoring based on intensities around CV (95, 100, 105 and 110% of CV), while for the control group (CG) different heart-rate (HR) zones (EN1+, EN2, EN2+ and EN3) were used as an intensity criterion. The training volume was the same for both EG and CG. A maximal 400 m front-crawl test was performed before and after the 8-week period to determine CV intensities and to assess alternations in performance. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and HR values were also evaluated. RESULTS: Significant main effects of time were observed for T400, CV, HR and RPE. A significant group x time interaction was found for T400 (p=0.035, effect size=1.07, moderate). Results revealed significant pre-to-post improvements for both EG (from 328.46±26.25 to 305.88±20.09) and CG (from 329.07±25.24 to 314.75±19.87). A significant group x time interaction was also found for CV (p=0.005, effect size=1.51, large). Results revealed significant pre-to-post improvements for both EG (from 1.126±0.08 to 1.207±0.07) and CG (from 1.124±0.08 to 1.173±0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Both training methods induced significant improvements in 400 m front-crawl performance with a greater degree for the training prescription and monitoring using CV intensities.

International audience; The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of listening to preferred music during a warm up or exercise, on performance during a 6-min all-out exercise test (6-MT) in young adult males. Twenty-five healthy males volunteered to participate in this study. Following a within subject design, participants performed three test conditions (MDT: music during the test; MDW: music during the warm-up; WM: without music) in random order. Outcomes included mean running speed over the 6-min test (MRS6), total distance covered (TDC), heart rate responses (HRpeak, HRmean), blood lactate (3-min after the test), and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE); additionally, feeling scale scores were recorded. Listening to preferred music during running resulted in significant TDC (Delta up arrow 10%, p=0.006, ES=0.80) and MRS6 (Delta up arrow 14%, p=0.012, ES=1.02) improvement during the 6-MT, improvement was also noted for the warm-up with music condition (TDC:Delta up arrow 8%, p=0.028, ES=0.63; MRS6:Delta up arrow 8%, p=0.032, ES=0.61). A similar reverse "J-shaped" pacing profile was detected during the three conditions. Blood lactate was lower in the MDT condition by 8% (p=0.01, ES=1.10), but not the MDW condition, compared to MW. In addition, no statistically significant differences were found between the test sessions for the HR, RPE, and feeling scale scores. In conclusion, listening to music during exercise testing would be more beneficial for optimal TDC and MRS6 performances compared to MDW and WM.

The prevalence of obesity in the pediatric population has become a major public health issue. Indeed, the dramatic increase of this epidemic causes multiple and harmful consequences, Physical activity, particularly physical exercise, remains to be the cornerstone of interventions against childhood obesity. Given the conflicting findings with reference to the relevant literature addressing the effects of exercise on adiposity and physical fitness outcomes in obese children and adolescents, the effect of duration-matched concurrent training (CT) [50% resistance (RT) and 50% high-intensity-interval-training (HIIT)] on body composition and physical fitness in obese youth remains to be elucidated. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 9-weeks of CT compared to RT or HIIT alone, on body composition and selected physical fitness components in healthy sedentary obese youth. Out of 73 participants, only 37; [14 males and 23 females; age 13.4 ± 0.9 years; body-mass-index (BMI): 31.2 ± 4.8 kg·m-2] were eligible and randomized into three groups: HIIT (n = 12): 3-4 sets×12 runs at 80–110% peak velocity, with 10-s passive recovery between bouts; RT (n = 12): 6 exercises; 3–4 sets × 10 repetition maximum (RM) and CT (n = 13): 50% serial completion of RT and HIIT. CT promoted significant greater gains compared to HIIT and RT on body composition (p < 0.01, d = large), 6-min-walking test distance (6 MWT-distance) and on 6 MWT-VO2max (p < 0.03, d = large). In addition, CT showed substantially greater improvements than HIIT in the medicine ball throw test (20.2 vs. 13.6%, p < 0.04, d = large). On the other hand, RT exhibited significantly greater gains in relative hand grip strength (p < 0.03, d = large) and CMJ (p < 0.01, d = large) than HIIT and CT. CT promoted greater benefits for fat, body mass loss and cardiorespiratory fitness than HIIT or RT modalities. This study provides important information for practitioners and therapists on the application of effective exercise regimes with obese youth to induce significant and beneficial body composition changes. The applied CT program and the respective programming parameters in terms of exercise intensity and volume can be used by practitioners as an effective exercise treatment to fight the pandemic overweight and obesity in youth., Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe; 791

International audience; Mosquito-borne diseases have a significant impact on humans and animals and this impact is exacerbated by environmental changes. However, in Tunisia, surveillance of the West Nile virus (WNV) is based solely on the surveillance of human neuroinvasive infections and no study has reported mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs), nor has there been any thorough serological investigation of anti-MBV antibodies in horses. This study therefore sought to investigate the presence of MBVs in Tunisia. Among tested mosquito pools, infections by WNV, Usutu virus (USUV), and Sindbis virus (SINV) were identified in Cx. perexiguus. The serosurvey showed that 146 of 369 surveyed horses were positive for flavivirus antibodies using the cELISA test. The microsphere immunoassay (MIA) showed that 74 of 104 flavivirus cELISA-positive horses were positive for WNV, 8 were positive for USUV, 7 were positive for undetermined flaviviruses, and 2 were positive for tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Virus neutralization tests and MIA results correlated well. This study is the first to report the detection of WNV, USUV and SINV in Cx. perexiguus in Tunisia. Besides, it has shown that there is a significant circulation of WNV and USUV among horses, which is likely to cause future sporadic outbreaks. An integrated arbovirus surveillance system that includes entomological surveillance as an early alert system is of major epidemiological importance.

Background: We assessed the effects of gender, in association with a four-week small-sided games (SSGs) training program, during Ramadan intermitting fasting (RIF) on changes in psychometric and physiological markers in professional male and female basketball players. Methods: Twenty-four professional basketball players from the first Tunisian (Tunisia) division participated in this study. The players were dichotomized by sex (males [GM = 12]; females [GF = 12]). Both groups completed a 4 weeks SSGs training program with 3 sessions per week. Psychometric (e.g., quality of sleep, fatigue, stress, and delayed onset of muscle soreness [DOMS]) and physiological parameters (e.g., heart rate frequency, blood lactate) were measured during the first week (baseline) and at the end of RIF (post-test). Results: Post hoc tests showed a significant increase in stress levels in both groups (GM [��� 81.11%; p < 0.001, d = 0.33, small]; GF [��� 36,53%; p = 0.001, d = 0.25, small]). Concerning physiological parameters, ANCOVA revealed significantly lower heart rates in favor of GM at post-test (1.70%, d = 0.38, small, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Our results showed that SSGs training at the end of the RIF negatively impacted psychometric parameters of male and female basketball players. It can be concluded that there are sex-mediated effects of training during RIF in basketball players, and this should be considered by researchers and practitioners when programing training during RIF., Zweitver��ffentlichungen der Universit��t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe; 735

The aphid Myzus persicae is a destructive agricultural pest that displays an exceptional ability to develop resistance to both natural and synthetic insecticides. To investigate the evolution of resistance in this species we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly and living panel of >110 fully sequenced globally sampled clonal lines. Our analyses reveal a remarkable diversity of resistance mutations segregating in global populations of M. persicae. We show that the emergence and spread of these mechanisms is influenced by host–plant associations, uncovering the widespread co‐option of a host-plant adaptation that also offers resistance against synthetic insecticides. We identify both the repeated evolution of independent resistance mutations at the same locus, and multiple instances of the evolution of novel resistance mechanisms against key insecticides. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the genomic responses of global insect populations to strong selective forces, and hold practical relevance for the control of pests and parasites., Singh, Bass and colleagues generate new genomic resources for the aphid crop pest, Myzus persicae, comprising a chromosome-scale genome assembly and resequenced genomes of >100 globally sampled clonal lines. Using this dataset, they uncover both mechanisms underpinning the evolution of insecticide resistance and ecological factors that influence its emergence and spread.