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Arterial carbon dioxide ([Formula: see text]) and posture influence the middle (MCAv) and posterior (PCAv) cerebral artery blood velocities, but there is paucity of data about their interaction and need for an integrated model of their effects, including dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA). In 22 participants (11 males, age 30.2 ± 14.3 yr), blood pressure (BP, Finometer), dominant MCAv and nondominant PCAv (transcranial Doppler ultrasound), end-tidal CO 2 (EtCO 2 , capnography), and heart rate (HR, ECG) were recorded continuously. Two recordings (R) were taken when the participant was supine (R1, R2), two taken when the participant was sitting (R3, R4), and two taken when the participant was standing (R5, R6). R1, R3, and R5 consisted of 3 min of 5% CO 2 through a mask and R2, R4, and R6 consisted of 3 min of paced hyperventilation. The effects of [Formula: see text] were expressed with a logistic curve model (LCM) for each parameter. dCA was expressed by the autoregulation index (ARI), derived by transfer function analysis. Standing shifted LCM to the left for MCAv ( P < 0.001), PCAv ( P < 0.001), BP ( P = 0.03), and ARI ( P = 0.001); downward for MCAv and PCAv (both P < 0.001), and upward for HR ( P < 0.001). For BP, LCM was shifted downward by sitting and standing ( P = 0.024). For ARI, the hypercapnic range of LCM was shifted upward during standing ( P < 0.001). A more complete mapping of the combined effects of posture and arterial CO 2 on the cerebral circulation and peripheral variables can be obtained with the LCM over a broad physiological range of EtCO 2 values. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Data from supine, sitting, and standing postures were measured. Modeling the data with logistic curves to express the effects of CO 2 reactivity on middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv), posterior cerebral artery blood velocity (PCAv), heart rate, blood pressure (BP), and the autoregulation index (ARI), provided a more comprehensive approach to study the interaction of arterial CO 2 with posture than in previous studies. Above all, shifts of the logistic curve model with changes in posture have shown interactions with [Formula: see text] that have not been previously demonstrated.

Objective: Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) are prevalent symptoms that can have a negative impact on quality of life. VMS have also been linked to cardiovascular disease risk, yet the mechanisms underlying these associations have not been elucidated. Some initial works link VMS to adverse adipokine profiles or cytokines produced by adipose tissue. However, results are not entirely consistent and are based entirely on self-report VMS, which is influenced by a range of memory and reporting biases. The aim of this work was to test whether physiologically assessed VMS are associated with lower adiponectin, the most abundant adipokine in the body, controlling for confounding factors. We also consider whether adiponectin explains previously documented relationships between VMS and carotid atherosclerosis., Methods: A total of 300 peri- and postmenopausal nonsmoking women aged 40 to 60 years enrolled in the MsHeart study comprised the analytic sample. Women were free of hormone therapy or other medications impacting VMS, insulin-dependent diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Participants underwent ambulatory physiologic VMS monitoring, physical measures, a carotid ultrasound, and fasting phlebotomy., Results: More frequent physiologically assessed VMS were associated with lower adiponectin ( B [SE] = -0.081 [0.028], P = 0.004; or 0.081 lower μg/mL in adiponectin for each additional VMS over 24 hours), controlling for age, race/ethnicity, education, insulin resistance, and waist circumference. Associations were not explained by endogenous estradiol. Adiponectin did not explain associations between VMS and carotid atherosclerosis., Conclusions: Physiologic VMS were associated with lower adiponectin after considering potential confounders. The role of adipokines in VMS and in links between VMS and health warrants further attention., Competing Interests: Financial disclosures/conflicts of interest: Thurston is a consultant for Bayer, Astellas, and Happify Health, and past consultant for Pfizer, P&G, Vira Health, and Virtue Health. Chang has nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2022 by The North American Menopause Society.)