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Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease related to gluten consumption. To date, the only effective therapy that can reverse symptoms and prevent complications is the gluten-free diet (GFD), which is challenging to maintain and has potential health risks. Identifying foods that can help diversify the GFD and that best match the nutritional needs of people with CD may improve the health and quality of life of celiac patients. This review, conducted through a non-systematic search of the available literature, aims to gather the most recent research on nutritional issues in CD and GFD. Moreover, it highlights how sorghum characteristics could provide health benefits to CD patients that counteract the nutritional problems due to CD and the nutritional consequences of GFD acceptance. Sorghum contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds, such as flavones and tannins, that have shown anti-inflammatory activity in preclinical studies. They can also regulate blood sugar levels and lower cholesterol to reduce the effects of common chronic diseases such as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Because it is gluten-free, its use in making foods for celiac patients is increasing, especially in the United States. In conclusion, sorghum is a fascinating grain with nutritional properties and health benefits for supplementing GFD. However, only one study confirms the short-term safety of sorghum inclusion in the GFD, and further long-term studies with a large sample are needed.

This article addresses a serious of hypothesis concerning the octagonal space indicated in Guarino Guarini’s drawings of the Church of the Santissima Annunziata in Messina in his “Architettura Civile”. The façade of the church was completed around 1660 by Guarino Guarini and presented a «prodigiously high» bell tower at the corner, which collapsed during the 1693 earthquake and was later rebuilt shorter. The entire church was destroyed during the 1908 earthquake. Guarini’s drawings published in his treatise suggest that there must have been an octagonal chapel with columns at the corners under the tower; perhaps the baptistery of the church. Alternatively, the octagon can be identified as the plan of the tower even if this is not shown in elevation. A comparison between the surviving material and previous knowledge of Guarini’s work suggests that at the time of his departure from Messina in 1662, the tower had not been built yet. However, a perspective section drawing of his next project, the church of Sainte-Anne-la-Royale, shows a bell tower similar to the one designed for Messina. It is therefore possible to assume that the development of the Annunziata bell tower had several overlapping bell cells with a spiral conical roof like the one in Paris.