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Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy in hematologic malignancies has made great progress, but there are still some problems. First, T cells from tumor patients show an exhaustion phenotype; thus, the persistence and function of the CAR-Ts are poor, and achieving a satisfactory curative effect is difficult. Second, some patients initially respond well but quickly develop antigen-negative tumor recurrence. Thirdly, CAR-T treatment is not effective in some patients and is accompanied by severe side effects, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity. The solution to these problems is to reduce the toxicity and enhance the efficacy of CAR-T therapy. In this paper, we describe various strategies for reducing the toxicity and enhancing the efficacy of CAR-T therapy in hematological malignancies. In the first section, strategies for modifying CAR-Ts using gene-editing technologies or combining them with other anti-tumor drugs to enhance the efficacy of CAR-T therapy are introduced. The second section describes some methods in which the design and construction of CAR-Ts differ from the conventional process. The aim of these methods is to enhance the anti-tumor activity of CAR-Ts and prevent tumor recurrence. The third section describes modifying the CAR structure or installing safety switches to radically reduce CAR-T toxicity or regulating inflammatory cytokines to control the symptoms of CAR-T-associated toxicity. Together, the knowledge summarized herein will aid in designing better-suited and safer CAR-T treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photoisomerization‐induced cytotoxicity in photopharmacology provides a unique pathway for phototherapy because it is independent of endogenous oxygen. In this study, we developed a biosafe photoisomerizable zinc(II) complex (Zn1), which releases its trans ligand (trans‐L1) after being irradiated with blue light. This causes the complex to undergo photoisomerization and produce the toxic cis product (cis‐L1) and generate singlet oxygen (1O2). The resulting series of events caused impressive phototoxicity in hypoxic A431 skin cancer cells, as well as in a tumor model in vivo. Interestingly, Zn1 was able to inhibit tumor microtubule polymerization, while still showing good biocompatibility and biosafety in vivo. This photoisomerizable zinc(II) complex provides a novel strategy for addressing the oxygen‐dependent limitation of traditional photodynamic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photoisomerization‐induced cytotoxicity in photopharmacology provides a unique pathway for phototherapy because it is independent of endogenous oxygen. In this study, we developed a biosafe photoisomerizable zinc(II) complex (Zn1), which releases its trans ligand (trans‐L1) after being irradiated with blue light. This causes the complex to undergo photoisomerization and produce the toxic cis product (cis‐L1) and generate singlet oxygen (1O2). The resulting series of events caused impressive phototoxicity in hypoxic A431 skin cancer cells, as well as in a tumor model in vivo. Interestingly, Zn1 was able to inhibit tumor microtubule polymerization, while still showing good biocompatibility and biosafety in vivo. This photoisomerizable zinc(II) complex provides a novel strategy for addressing the oxygen‐dependent limitation of traditional photodynamic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of self‐healing polymers from commodity olefins is of great interest and importance but has remained a challenge to date. We report here for the first time the synthesis of self‐healing polymers by catalyst‐controlled polymerization of a simple commodity diene, isoprene. We found that polyisoprenes having an appropriate mixture (ca. 70/30) of 3,4‐ and cis‐1,4‐microstructures synthesized by using a half‐sandwich scandium catalyst could act as excellent self‐healing elastomers without any external intervention. The unprecedented self‐healability could be ascribed to nanoscale heterogeneities formed by microphase separation of the relatively hard 3,4‐segments from a flexible cis‐1,4‐segment matrix. The hydrogenated polyisoprenes (without C=C bonds) with the analogous microstructures also exhibited excellent mechanical and self‐healing properties, further demonstrating that even simple polyolefins can be made self‐healable if the microstructures are appropriately regulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of self‐healing polymers from commodity olefins is of great interest and importance but has remained a challenge to date. We report here for the first time the synthesis of self‐healing polymers by catalyst‐controlled polymerization of a simple commodity diene, isoprene. We found that polyisoprenes having an appropriate mixture (ca. 70/30) of 3,4‐ and cis‐1,4‐microstructures synthesized by using a half‐sandwich scandium catalyst could act as excellent self‐healing elastomers without any external intervention. The unprecedented self‐healability could be ascribed to nanoscale heterogeneities formed by microphase separation of the relatively hard 3,4‐segments from a flexible cis‐1,4‐segment matrix. The hydrogenated polyisoprenes (without C=C bonds) with the analogous microstructures also exhibited excellent mechanical and self‐healing properties, further demonstrating that even simple polyolefins can be made self‐healable if the microstructures are appropriately regulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terpolymerization of a non‐polar olefin (such as ethylene) and two different polar functional olefins in a controlled fashion is of great interest and importance but has hardly been explored to date. We report for the first time the terpolymerization of ethylene (E) and two different methoxyaryl‐substituted propylenes (AR1P=hexylanisyl propylene; AR2P=methoxynaphthyl propylene or methoxypyrenyl propylene) by a half‐sandwich scandium catalyst. The terpolymerization took place in a sequence‐controlled fashion, affording unique multi‐block copolymers composed of two different ethylene‐alt‐methoxyarylpropylene sequences E‐alt‐AR1P (soft segments) and E‐alt‐AR2P (hard segments) and relatively short ethylene–ethylene (EE) blocks (crystalline segments). The terpolymers exhibited excellent elasticity and unprecedented self‐healing as a result of microphase separation of nanodomains of the crystalline EE segments and the hard amorphous E‐alt‐AR2P segments from a very flexible E‐alt‐AR1P matrix, demonstrating unique synergy of the three different components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terpolymerization of a non‐polar olefin (such as ethylene) and two different polar functional olefins in a controlled fashion is of great interest and importance but has hardly been explored to date. We report for the first time the terpolymerization of ethylene (E) and two different methoxyaryl‐substituted propylenes (AR1P=hexylanisyl propylene; AR2P=methoxynaphthyl propylene or methoxypyrenyl propylene) by a half‐sandwich scandium catalyst. The terpolymerization took place in a sequence‐controlled fashion, affording unique multi‐block copolymers composed of two different ethylene‐alt‐methoxyarylpropylene sequences E‐alt‐AR1P (soft segments) and E‐alt‐AR2P (hard segments) and relatively short ethylene–ethylene (EE) blocks (crystalline segments). The terpolymers exhibited excellent elasticity and unprecedented self‐healing as a result of microphase separation of nanodomains of the crystalline EE segments and the hard amorphous E‐alt‐AR2P segments from a very flexible E‐alt‐AR1P matrix, demonstrating unique synergy of the three different components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (R‐PCECs) have received increasing focus for their good capability of converting and storing energy. However, the widely used cobalt‐based air electrodes are less thermomechanically compatible with the electrolyte and lack stability, which largely limits the development of R‐PCECs. Herein, a cobalt‐free perovskite with a nominal composition of PrBa0.8Ca0.2Fe1.8Ce0.2O6δ (PBCFC) is reported, which is in–situ engineered to a (Ba, Ce) deficient‐PBCFC phase, a BaCeO3, and a CeO2 phase under typical operating conditions, delivering a low area–specific resistance of 0.10 Ωcm2 at 700 oC. The generated BaCeO3 and CeO2 particles increase the conduction/transfer of protons and oxygen ions, thus providing extra active sites for the oxygen reactions. When utilized as an air electrode on a single cell, it achieves encouraging performance at 700 °C: a peak power density of 1.78 Wcm−2 and a current density of 5.00 Acm−2 at 1.3 V in the dual mode of the fuel cell (FC) and electrolysis (EL) mode with reasonable Faradaic efficiencies. In addition, the cells exhibit favorable operational durability of 65 h (FC mode), 95 h (EL mode), and promising cycling stability of 200 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Binary mixtures of [EDMIM][BF 4 ] with methanol, acetonitrile and acetone were studied. • Densities, viscosities and volumetric properties have been obtained and discussed. • The Pitzer model and the Erying dynamic equation were used to fit the properties. • The interaction mechanism was analyzed at the molecular level by the COSMO-RS model. Densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [EDMIM][BF 4 ] with methanol, acetonitrile and acetone at 293.15 to 333.15 K were studied in this work. Volumetric properties including the apparent molar volume, the excess molar volume, the partial molar volume and the excess partial molar volume were calculated from the density data. The empirical linear formula was used to correlate the densities of the binary systems, and the apparent molar volumes and the viscosity were fitted with the Pitzer model and the Erying dynamic equation, respectively. Finally, the COSMO-RS model was adopted to analyze the interaction mechanism at the molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]