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Background: Scholarly activity (SA) has been interpreted inconsistently between allopathic and osteopathic emergency medicine programs, but the acceptable methods to achieve this requirement must be re-evaluated, particularly in the light of the merger of allopathic and osteopathic programs to form the Single Accreditation System. This paper describes the results of inquiry from a series of meetings of the Research, Scholarly Activity, and Innovation section of the American College of Emergency Physicians., Objective: This study aimed to describe differences between allopathic and osteopathic emergency medicine programs and their SA requirements. The authors set out to scrutinize different forms of SA on the basis of the venerated models of Boyer and Glassick., Methods: The authors conducted a systematic qualitative review of the SA models in academic literature using the criteria of Boyer and Glassick. The authors then compared the allopathic and osteopathic emergency medicine SA requirements and made recommendations about how to evaluate proposed SAs and rated various forms of SA on the basis of the Boyer and Glassick models., Evidence Review: Allopathic programs have required "scholarly activity," which includes many types of activities, while osteopathic programs have traditionally required "research." Traditionally, allopathic programs have provided more structural support and faculty involvement in resident SA than have osteopathic programs., Conclusion: Objective criteria, such as those of Boyer and Glassick, should be used to determine if a given activity is truly scholarly. A residency which determines that a proposed activity meets these objective criteria is less likely to be cited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), and more likely to fulfill the SA requirements. The authors propose the Individual Scholarly Activity Plan as a method to set agreed-upon goals and track resident and faculty progress towards completion and facilitate career advancement among both residents and faculty., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Noncoding DNA is central to our understanding of human gene regulation and complex diseases 1,2 , and measuring the evolutionary sequence constraint can establish the functional relevance of putative regulatory elements in the human genome 3-9 . Identifying the genomic elements that have become constrained specifically in primates has been hampered by the faster evolution of noncoding DNA compared to protein-coding DNA 10 , the relatively short timescales separating primate species 11 , and the previously limited availability of whole-genome sequences 12 . Here we construct a whole-genome alignment of 239 species, representing nearly half of all extant species in the primate order. Using this resource, we identified human regulatory elements that are under selective constraint across primates and other mammals at a 5% false discovery rate. We detected 111,318 DNase I hypersensitivity sites and 267,410 transcription factor binding sites that are constrained specifically in primates but not across other placental mammals and validate their cis-regulatory effects on gene expression. These regulatory elements are enriched for human genetic variants that affect gene expression and complex traits and diseases. Our results highlight the important role of recent evolution in regulatory sequence elements differentiating primates, including humans, from other placental mammals., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The rich diversity of morphology and behavior displayed across primate species provides an informative context in which to study the impact of genomic diversity on fundamental biological processes. Analysis of that diversity provides insight into long-standing questions in evolutionary and conservation biology and is urgent given severe threats these species are facing. Here, we present high-coverage whole-genome data from 233 primate species representing 86% of genera and all 16 families. This dataset was used, together with fossil calibration, to create a nuclear DNA phylogeny and to reassess evolutionary divergence times among primate clades. We found within-species genetic diversity across families and geographic regions to be associated with climate and sociality, but not with extinction risk. Furthermore, mutation rates differ across species, potentially influenced by effective population sizes. Lastly, we identified extensive recurrence of missense mutations previously thought to be human specific. This study will open a wide range of research avenues for future primate genomic research.

Personalized genome sequencing has revealed millions of genetic differences between individuals, but our understanding of their clinical relevance remains largely incomplete. To systematically decipher the effects of human genetic variants, we obtained whole-genome sequencing data for 809 individuals from 233 primate species and identified 4.3 million common protein-altering variants with orthologs in humans. We show that these variants can be inferred to have nondeleterious effects in humans based on their presence at high allele frequencies in other primate populations. We use this resource to classify 6% of all possible human protein-altering variants as likely benign and impute the pathogenicity of the remaining 94% of variants with deep learning, achieving state-of-the-art accuracy for diagnosing pathogenic variants in patients with genetic diseases.

Neuronal network computation and computation by avalanche supporting networks are of interest to the fields of physics, computer science (computation theory as well as statistical or machine learning) and neuroscience. Here we show that computation of complex Boolean functions arises spontaneously in threshold networks as a function of connectivity and antagonism (inhibition), computed by logic automata (motifs) in the form of computational cascades. We explain the emergent inverse relationship between the computational complexity of the motifs and their rank-ordering by function probabilities due to motifs, and its relationship to symmetry in function space. We also show that the optimal fraction of inhibition observed here supports results in computational neuroscience, relating to optimal information processing., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

A 6-year-old adult male rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) developed a vasocutaneous fistula following an anatomic inguinal hernia repair years earlier. The vasocutaneous fistula was surgically repaired, the vas deferens was ligated, and the wound was closed in layers with non-overlapping suture lines with no further adverse sequalae of events., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Medical Primatology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)