8 results on '"Willis, Josh K."'
Search Results
2. Consistent Seasonal Hydrography From Moorings at Northwest Greenland Glacier Fronts.
- Author
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Zahn, Marie J., Laidre, Kristin L., Simon, Malene, Stafford, Kathleen M., Wood, Michael, Willis, Josh K., Phillips, Elizabeth M., and Fenty, Ian
- Subjects
VERTICAL mixing (Earth sciences) ,ICE sheet thawing ,SEASONAL temperature variations ,SEA ice ,ICE sheets ,MELTWATER ,GLACIERS - Abstract
Greenland's marine‐terminating glaciers connect the ice sheet to the ocean and provide a critical boundary where heat, freshwater, and nutrient exchanges take place. Buoyant freshwater runoff from inland ice sheet melt is discharged at the base of marine‐terminating glaciers, forming vigorous upwelling plumes. It is understood that subglacial plumes modify waters near glacier fronts and increase submarine glacier melt by entraining warm ambient waters at depth. However, ocean observations along Greenland's coastal margins remain biased toward summer months which limits accurate estimation of ocean forcing on glacier retreat and acceleration. Here, we fill a key observational gap in northwest Greenland by describing seasonal hydrographic variation at glacier fronts in Melville Bay using in situ observations from moorings deployed year‐round, CTDs, and profiling floats. We evaluated local and remote forcing using remote sensing and reanalysis data products alongside a high‐resolution ocean model. Analysis of the year‐round hydrographic data revealed consistent above‐sill seasonality in temperature and salinity. The warmest, saltiest waters occurred in spring (April–May) and primed glaciers for enhanced submarine melt in summer when meltwater plumes entrain deep waters. Waters were coldest and freshest in early winter (November–December) after summer melt from sea ice, glacier ice, and icebergs provided cold freshwater along the shelf. Ocean variability was greatest in the summer and fall, coincident with increased freshwater runoff and large wind events before winter sea ice formation. Results increase our mechanistic understanding of Greenland ice‐ocean interactions and enable improvements in ocean model parameterization. Plain Language Summary: Many of Greenland's glaciers terminate in the ocean and form an important boundary between coastal waters and the ice sheet. During summer months, meltwater from the ice sheet flows out below glaciers that terminate in the ocean. The less‐dense meltwater rises to the surface as a plume, increasing near‐glacier ocean mixing and submarine glacier melt. Understanding processes at the glacier‐ocean interface, including how plumes modify nearshore waters, requires sustained observations near glacier termini. However, ocean measurements are largely taken during the summer and do not necessarily represent the total variability observed in the system. Here, we fill an important knowledge gap by presenting year‐round measurements of temperature and salinity near glacier fronts in Northwest Greenland. We found the warmest, saltiest waters in the spring and coldest, freshest waters in early winter at all sites. Warm waters in the spring prime deep glaciers for submarine melt during summer. Increased winds in the fall initiated vertical mixing in nearshore waters before winter sea ice created a surface barrier, stabilizing the water column. Results advance our understanding of the ocean's role in the acceleration and retreat of Greenland's glaciers, which is important for estimating large‐scale ocean circulation and Greenland's ice sheet mass loss. Key Points: Moored hydrographic observations at glacier fronts in NW Greenland revealed consistent above‐sill seasonality in temperature and salinityOcean temperatures reached a maximum in spring, priming deep glaciers for submarine melt during summerRemote forcing supplied the renewal of warm, salty water in the spring and local forcing controlled increased variability in the summer/fall [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. Reshaping Earth: How the TOPEX and Jason satellites revolutionized oceanography and redefined climate science
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Vaze, Parag, primary, Fournier, Severine, additional, and Willis, Josh K., additional
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- 2023
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4. Global Oceans, BAMS State of the Climate in 2021, Chapter 3
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Johnson, Gregory C., Lumpkin, Rick, Boyer, Tim, Bringas, Francis, Cetinić, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Dong, Shenfu, Feely, Richard A., Fox-Kemper, Baylor, Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, Franz, Bryan A., Fu, Yao, Gao, Meng, Garg, Jay, Gilson, John, Goni, Gustavo, Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hewitt, Helene T., Hobbs, William R., Hu, Zeng-Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Johns, William E., Katsunari, Sato, Kennedy, John J., Kersalé, Marion, Killick, Rachel E., Leuliette, Eric, Locarnini, Ricardo, Lozier, M. Susan, Lyman, John M., Merrifield, Mark A., Mishonov, Alexey, Mitchum, Gary T., Moat, Ben I., Nerem, R. Steven, Notz, Dirk, Perez, Renellys C., Purkey, Sarah G., Rayner, Darren, Reagan, James, Schmid, Claudia, Siegel, David A., Smeed, David A., Stackhouse, Paul W., Sweet, William, Thompson, Philip R., Volkov, Denis L., Wanninkhof, Rik, Weller, Robert A., Wen, Caihong, Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Willis, Josh K., Yu, Lisan, and Zhang, Huai-Min
- Abstract
Patterns of variability in ocean properties are often closely related to large-scale climate pattern indices, and 2021 is no exception. The year 2021 started and ended with La Niña conditions, charmingly dubbed a “double-dip” La Niña. Hence, stronger-than-normal easterly trade winds in the tropical south Pacific drove westward surface current anomalies in the equatorial Pacific; reduced sea surface temperature (SST) and upper ocean heat content in the eastern tropical Pacific; increased sea level, upper ocean heat content, and salinity in the western tropical Pacific; resulted in a rim of anomalously high chlorophyll-a (Chla) on the poleward and westward edges of the anomalously cold SST wedge in the eastern equatorial Pacific; and increased precipitation over the Maritime Continent. The Pacific decadal oscillation remained strongly in a negative phase in 2021, with negative SST and upper ocean heat content anomalies around the eastern and equatorial edges of the North Pacific and positive anomalies in the center associated with low Chla anomalies. The South Pacific exhibited similar patterns. Fresh anomalies in the northeastern Pacific shifted towards the west coast of North America. The Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) was weakly negative in 2021, with small positive SST anomalies in the east and nearly-average anomalies in the west. Nonetheless, upper ocean heat content was anomalously high in the west and lower in the east, with anomalously high freshwater flux and low sea surface salinities (SSS) in the east, and the opposite pattern in the west, as might be expected during a negative phase of that climate index. In the Atlantic, the only substantial cold anomaly in SST and upper ocean heat content persisted east of Greenland in 2021, where SSS was also low, all despite the weak winds and strong surface heat flux anomalies into the ocean expected during a negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. These anomalies held throughout much of 2021. An Atlantic and Benguela Niño were both evident, with above-average SST anomalies in the eastern equatorial Atlantic and the west coast of southern Africa. Over much of the rest of the Atlantic, SSTs, upper ocean heat content, and sea level anomalies were above average. Anthropogenic climate change involves long-term trends, as this year’s chapter sidebars emphasize. The sidebars relate some of the latest IPCC ocean-related assessments (including carbon, the section on which is taking a hiatus from our report this year). This chapter estimates that SST increased at a rate of 0.16–0.19°C decade−1 from 2000 to 2021, 0–2000-m ocean heat content warmed by 0.57–0.73 W m−2 (applied over Earth’s surface area) from 1993 to 2021, and global mean sea level increased at a rate of 3.4 ± 0.4 mm yr−1 from 1993 to 2021. Global mean SST, which is more subject to interannual variations than ocean heat content and sea level, with values typically reduced during La Niña, was ~0.1°C lower in 2021 than in 2020. However, from 2020 to 2021, annual average ocean heat content from 0 to 2000 dbar increased at a rate of ~0.95 W m−2, and global sea level increased by ~4.9 mm. Both were the highest on record in 2021, and with year-on-year increases substantially exceeding their trend rates of recent decades.
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- 2022
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5. Global Oceans
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Johnson, Gregory C., primary, Lumpkin, Rick, additional, Boyer, Tim, additional, Bringas, Francis, additional, Cetinić, Ivona, additional, Chambers, Don P., additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Dong, Shenfu, additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Fox-Kemper, Baylor, additional, Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, additional, Franz, Bryan A., additional, Fu, Yao, additional, Gao, Meng, additional, Garg, Jay, additional, Gilson, John, additional, Goni, Gustavo, additional, Hamlington, Benjamin D., additional, Hewitt, Helene T., additional, Hobbs, William R., additional, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, additional, Johns, William E., additional, Katsunari, Sato, additional, Kennedy, John J., additional, Kersalé, Marion, additional, Killick, Rachel E., additional, Leuliette, Eric, additional, Locarnini, Ricardo, additional, Lozier, M. Susan, additional, Lyman, John M., additional, Merrifield, Mark A., additional, Mishonov, Alexey, additional, Mitchum, Gary T., additional, Moat, Ben I., additional, Nerem, R. Steven, additional, Notz, Dirk, additional, Perez, Renellys C., additional, Purkey, Sarah G., additional, Rayner, Darren, additional, Reagan, James, additional, Schmid, Claudia, additional, Siegel, David A., additional, Smeed, David A., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Sweet, William, additional, Thompson, Philip R., additional, Volkov, Denis L., additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Weller, Robert A., additional, Wen, Caihong, additional, Westberry, Toby K., additional, Widlansky, Matthew J., additional, Willis, Josh K., additional, Yu, Lisan, additional, and Zhang, Huai-Min, additional
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- 2022
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6. Quantifying Spread in Spatiotemporal Changes of Upper-Ocean Heat Content Estimates: An Internationally Coordinated Comparison
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Savita, Abhishek, Domingues, Catia M., Boyer, Tim, Gouretski, Viktor, Ishii, Masayoshi, Johnson, Gregory C., Lyman, John M., Willis, Josh K., Marsland, Simon J., Hobbs, William, Church, John A., Monselesan, Didier P., Dobrohotoff, Peter, Cowley, Rebecca, Wijffels, Susan E., Savita, Abhishek, Domingues, Catia M., Boyer, Tim, Gouretski, Viktor, Ishii, Masayoshi, Johnson, Gregory C., Lyman, John M., Willis, Josh K., Marsland, Simon J., Hobbs, William, Church, John A., Monselesan, Didier P., Dobrohotoff, Peter, Cowley, Rebecca, and Wijffels, Susan E.
- Abstract
The Earth system is accumulating energy due to human-induced activities. More than 90% of this energy has been stored in the ocean as heat since 1970, with similar to 60% of that in the upper 700 m. Differences in upper-ocean heat content anomaly (OHCA) estimates, however, exist. Here, we use a dataset protocol for 1970-2008-with six instrumental bias adjustments applied to expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data, and mapped by six research groups-to evaluate the spatiotemporal spread in upper OHCA estimates arising from two choices: 1) those arising from instrumental bias adjustments and 2) those arising from mathematical (i.e., mapping) techniques to interpolate and extrapolate data in space and time. We also examined the effect of a common ocean mask, which reveals that exclusion of shallow seas can reduce global OHCA estimates up to 13%. Spread due to mapping method is largest in the Indian Ocean and in the eddy-rich and frontal regions of all basins. Spread due to XBT bias adjustment is largest in the Pacific Ocean within 30 degrees N-30 degrees S. In both mapping and XBT cases, spread is higher for 1990-2004. Statistically different trends among mapping methods are found not only in the poorly observed Southern Ocean but also in the well-observed northwest Atlantic. Our results cannot determine the best mapping or bias adjustment schemes, but they identify where important sensitivities exist, and thus where further understanding will help to refine OHCA estimates. These results highlight the need for further coordinated OHCA studies to evaluate the performance of existing mapping methods along with comprehensive assessment of uncertainty estimates.
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- 2022
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7. Reduction in Meridional Heat Export Contributes to Recent Indian Ocean Warming
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McMonigal, K., primary, Gunn, Kathryn L., additional, Beal, Lisa M., additional, Elipot, Shane, additional, and Willis, Josh K., additional
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- 2022
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8. Quantifying Spread in Spatiotemporal Changes of Upper-Ocean Heat Content Estimates: An Internationally Coordinated Comparison
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Savita, Abhishek, primary, Domingues, Catia M., additional, Boyer, Tim, additional, Gouretski, Viktor, additional, Ishii, Masayoshi, additional, Johnson, Gregory C., additional, Lyman, John M., additional, Willis, Josh K., additional, Marsland, Simon J., additional, Hobbs, William, additional, Church, John A., additional, Monselesan, Didier P., additional, Dobrohotoff, Peter, additional, Cowley, Rebecca, additional, and Wijffels, Susan E., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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