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Aprepitant has been classified into BCS class IV, which has low permeability and poor water solubility, resulting in low bioavailability. This study focused on improving its permeability and solubility in order to improve the oral bioavailability of aprepitant. Hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCS) was used as a stabilizer for the nanosuspension and wet milling was utilized for improving aprepitant's bioavailability and solubility. The resulting nanosuspension size was 151 ± 14.5 nm and its zeta potential was 63.5 ± 0.34 Mv. The spectral characteristics (XRPD, DSC, TEM) of the nanosuspension suggested that aprepitant existed in the crystalline form and that nanosuspension had 2-fold higher solubility than aprepitant. Hydroxypropyl chitosan can significantly reduce the TEER of Caco-2 cells and the Psubapp/subof the suspension in Caco-2 cells increased by 2.2 times compared with aprepitant. The relative bioavailability of the nanosuspension was 147.7% compared with the commercial capsule.

This study focused on improving the physicochemical characteristics of aprepitant with poor water solubility by preparing solid dispersion (SD). To prepare the SD with HPMCAS-LF, the solvent evaporation method was applied. Based on dissolution analysis, the dissolution rate of SD increased by five times compared with aprepitant. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results suggested the presence of amorphous-form aprepitant inside SD. According to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, intermolecular hydrogen bonds were detected between polymer and aprepitant. The Caco-2 cell experiment proved that SD did not lower the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values but improved the permeation amount of aprepitant. Additionally, the SD of aprepitant displayed excellent stability.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the most problematic metabolic diseases in the world. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of severity, ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis, increasing the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Importantly, NAFLD is closely linked to obesity and tightly interrelated with insulin resistance and T2DM. T2DM and NAFLD (T2DM-NAFLD) are called as the Xike Rixijing Disease and Tonglaga Indigestion Disease respectively, in Mongolian medicine. Xike Rixijing Disease maybe develop into Tonglaga Indigestion Disease. Forturnately many Mongolian medicines show efficient treatment of T2DM-NAFLD, such as

Mongolian medicine (MM) is an important part of Mongolian culture. Exploration of MM can play a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of various diseases and can help provide better health care globally. In this article, we gave a brief introduction to the origin and development of MM, the theoretical system of MM, the principles of Mongolian materia medica formula, the modern research on Mongolian materia medica and the quality control of Mongolian materia medica. The present situation and outlook of MM were also discussed.

Borneol is an example of traditional Chinese medicine widely used in Asia. There are different isomers of chiral borneol in the market, but its toxicity and effects need further study. In this study, we used zebrafish embryos to examine the effects of exposure to three isomers of borneol [(-)-borneol, (+)-borneol, and isoborneol] on heart development and the association with Na

This study aimed to explore behavioral changes of embryonic and larval zebrafish caused by pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (PSE) and its underlying mechanism. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.5 µM, 2 µM, and 8 µM PSE at 4 h post-fertilization (4 hpf) or 22-23 hpf. Mortality, hatching rate, coiling frequency, heart rate, behavior changes, and related gene expression were observed at different developmental stages. PSE below 8 µM did not affect zebrafish mortality, hatching rate, and heart rate compared with the control group. For embryos, PSE caused an increase at 16-32 hpf in zebrafish coiling frequency which could be rescued by serotonin antagonist WAY100635. Similarly, PSE caused an increase in the swimming distance of zebrafish larvae at 120 hpf. PSE also elevated the expression of serotonin (5-HT)-related genes 5-htr1ab and tph2 and dopamine-related gene dbh. Behavioral changes in zebrafish embryos and larvae caused by PSE may be closely associated with increased expression of 5-HT and dopamine-related genes. This may be reflected that the behavioral changes in zebrafish are a possible PSE monitoring indicator.

To explore the developmental toxicity of cefixime (CE) in the developmental disorder and toxicity mechanism of CE on otic vesicles, zebrafish embryos were used as an animal model. The results showed that CE increased mortality in a dose-dependent manner and decreased the hatching rate of zebrafish larva at 96 hpf. Interestingly, CE significantly reduced the area of the saccule and utricle, as well as the area of otic vesicles in zebrafish larvae (p 0.001). Fibroblast growth factor 8a (Fgf8a) inhibitors and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitors caused similar morphological changes. CE decreased the lateral hair cells of zebrafish larvae in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, CE caused the downregulation of cartilage and bone-related genes and Na