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33 results on '"Xue, Chenyu"'

1. A Single-Loop Robust Policy Gradient Method for Robust Markov Decision Processes

Author

Lin, Zhenwei, Xue, Chenyu, Deng, Qi, and Ye, Yinyu

Subjects
Mathematics - Optimization and Control
Abstract

Robust Markov Decision Processes (RMDPs) have recently been recognized as a valuable and promising approach to discovering a policy with creditable performance, particularly in the presence of a dynamic environment and estimation errors in the transition matrix due to limited data. Despite extensive exploration of dynamic programming algorithms for solving RMDPs, there has been a notable upswing in interest in developing efficient algorithms using the policy gradient method. In this paper, we propose the first single-loop robust policy gradient (SRPG) method with the global optimality guarantee for solving RMDPs through its minimax formulation. Moreover, we complement the convergence analysis of the nonconvex-nonconcave min-max optimization problem with the objective function's gradient dominance property, which is not explored in the prior literature. Numerical experiments validate the efficacy of SRPG, demonstrating its faster and more robust convergence behavior compared to its nested-loop counterpart.

Published
2024

2. Decoupling Learning and Decision-Making: Breaking the $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{T})$ Barrier in Online Resource Allocation with First-Order Methods

Author

Gao, Wenzhi, Sun, Chunlin, Xue, Chenyu, Ge, Dongdong, and Ye, Yinyu

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Mathematics - Optimization and Control
Abstract

Online linear programming plays an important role in both revenue management and resource allocation, and recent research has focused on developing efficient first-order online learning algorithms. Despite the empirical success of first-order methods, they typically achieve a regret no better than $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{T})$, which is suboptimal compared to the $\mathcal{O}(\log T)$ bound guaranteed by the state-of-the-art linear programming (LP)-based online algorithms. This paper establishes several important facts about online linear programming, which unveils the challenge for first-order-method-based online algorithms to achieve beyond $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{T})$ regret. To address the challenge, we introduce a new algorithmic framework that decouples learning from decision-making. For the first time, we show that first-order methods can attain regret $\mathcal{O}(T^{1/3})$ with this new framework.

Published
2024

3. A Homogenization Approach for Gradient-Dominated Stochastic Optimization

Author

Tan, Jiyuan, Xue, Chenyu, Zhang, Chuwen, Deng, Qi, Ge, Dongdong, and Ye, Yinyu

Subjects
Mathematics - Optimization and Control, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Gradient dominance property is a condition weaker than strong convexity, yet sufficiently ensures global convergence even in non-convex optimization. This property finds wide applications in machine learning, reinforcement learning (RL), and operations management. In this paper, we propose the stochastic homogeneous second-order descent method (SHSODM) for stochastic functions enjoying gradient dominance property based on a recently proposed homogenization approach. Theoretically, we provide its sample complexity analysis, and further present an enhanced result by incorporating variance reduction techniques. Our findings show that SHSODM matches the best-known sample complexity achieved by other second-order methods for gradient-dominated stochastic optimization but without cubic regularization. Empirically, since the homogenization approach only relies on solving extremal eigenvector problem at each iteration instead of Newton-type system, our methods gain the advantage of cheaper computational cost and robustness in ill-conditioned problems. Numerical experiments on several RL tasks demonstrate the better performance of SHSODM compared to other off-the-shelf methods., Comment: Accepted by UAI`24

Published
2023

4. NeuroExplainer: Fine-Grained Attention Decoding to Uncover Cortical Development Patterns of Preterm Infants

Author

Xue, Chenyu, Wang, Fan, Zhu, Yuanzhuo, Li, Hui, Meng, Deyu, Shen, Dinggang, and Lian, Chunfeng

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing, Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition
Abstract

Deploying reliable deep learning techniques in interdisciplinary applications needs learned models to output accurate and (even more importantly) explainable predictions. Existing approaches typically explicate network outputs in a post-hoc fashion, under an implicit assumption that faithful explanations come from accurate predictions/classifications. We have an opposite claim that explanations boost (or even determine) classification. That is, end-to-end learning of explanation factors to augment discriminative representation extraction could be a more intuitive strategy to inversely assure fine-grained explainability, e.g., in those neuroimaging and neuroscience studies with high-dimensional data containing noisy, redundant, and task-irrelevant information. In this paper, we propose such an explainable geometric deep network dubbed as NeuroExplainer, with applications to uncover altered infant cortical development patterns associated with preterm birth. Given fundamental cortical attributes as network input, our NeuroExplainer adopts a hierarchical attention-decoding framework to learn fine-grained attentions and respective discriminative representations to accurately recognize preterm infants from term-born infants at term-equivalent age. NeuroExplainer learns the hierarchical attention-decoding modules under subject-level weak supervision coupled with targeted regularizers deduced from domain knowledge regarding brain development. These prior-guided constraints implicitly maximizes the explainability metrics (i.e., fidelity, sparsity, and stability) in network training, driving the learned network to output detailed explanations and accurate classifications. Experimental results on the public dHCP benchmark suggest that NeuroExplainer led to quantitatively reliable explanation results that are qualitatively consistent with representative neuroimaging studies., Comment: 12 page 4 fig and 2 table

Published
2023

5. A Homogeneous Second-Order Descent Method for Nonconvex Optimization

Author

Zhang, Chuwen, Ge, Dongdong, He, Chang, Jiang, Bo, Jiang, Yuntian, Xue, Chenyu, and Ye, Yinyu

Subjects
Mathematics - Optimization and Control
Abstract

In this paper, we introduce a Homogeneous Second-Order Descent Method (HSODM) using the homogenized quadratic approximation to the original function. The merit of homogenization is that only the leftmost eigenvector of a gradient-Hessian integrated matrix is computed at each iteration. Therefore, the algorithm is a single-loop method that does not need to switch to other sophisticated algorithms and is easy to implement. We show that HSODM has a global convergence rate of $O(\epsilon^{-3/2})$ to find an $\epsilon$-approximate second-order stationary point, and has a local quadratic convergence rate under the standard assumptions. The numerical results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method over other second-order methods., Comment: Add inexactness, significantly improve the paper

Published
2022

6. Investigation and analysis of allergen labeling in prepackaged food in China

Author

WANG Dan, LI Hejing, XUE Chenyu, YANG Honglian, LI Enjing, WANG Liping, MU Tongna, and YIN Huatao

Subjects
allergen, prepackaged food, food labeling, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641
Abstract

ObjectiveTo investigate the current status of allergen labeling in prepackaged food products in China.MethodsA total of 986 prepackaged foods in 18 categories were from 26 provinces （autonomous regions， centrally administered municipalities） randomly selected from the nationwide market. The labeling type and accuracy were analyzed by collecting allergen labeling information and detecting allergens using ELISA.ResultsThe overall allergen labeling rate was 44.7% （441/986）. Except for eight types of allergens， sesame had the highest prevalence （20.6%； 91/441）. Primary allergens were present in 61.9% （273/441） of samples. Most allergens were labeled below the ingredient list （76.4%， 337/441） and almost all allergens were not highlighted （93.4%， 412/441）. Approximately 80.3% （290/361） of surveyed samples accurately used “milk” allergen labeling， with 13.0% （47/361） of surveyed samples containing hidden allergens. Moreover， 6.6% （24/361） of surveyed samples showed allergen over-labeling.ConclusionThe overall labeling of allergens in prepackaged food in China met the standard requirements. However， certain risks of hidden allergens and low accuracy of precautionary labeling were observed in certain products.

Published
2024
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7. An Enhanced ADMM-based Interior Point Method for Linear and Conic Optimization

Author

Deng, Qi, Feng, Qing, Gao, Wenzhi, Ge, Dongdong, Jiang, Bo, Jiang, Yuntian, Liu, Jingsong, Liu, Tianhao, Xue, Chenyu, Ye, Yinyu, and Zhang, Chuwen

Subjects
Mathematics - Optimization and Control
Abstract

The ADMM-based interior point (ABIP, Lin et al. 2021) method is a hybrid algorithm that effectively combines interior point method (IPM) and first-order methods to achieve a performance boost in large-scale linear optimization. Different from traditional IPM that relies on computationally intensive Newton steps, the ABIP method applies the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to approximately solve the barrier penalized problem. However, similar to other first-order methods, this technique remains sensitive to condition number and inverse precision. In this paper, we provide an enhanced ABIP method with multiple improvements. Firstly, we develop an ABIP method to solve the general linear conic optimization and establish the associated iteration complexity. Secondly, inspired by some existing methods, we develop different implementation strategies for ABIP method, which substantially improve its performance in linear optimization. Finally, we conduct extensive numerical experiments in both synthetic and real-world datasets to demonstrate the empirical advantage of our developments. In particular, the enhanced ABIP method achieves a 5.8x reduction in the geometric mean of run time on $105$ selected LP instances from Netlib, and it exhibits advantages in certain structured problems such as SVM and PageRank. However, the enhanced ABIP method still falls behind commercial solvers in many benchmarks, especially when high accuracy is desired. We posit that it can serve as a complementary tool alongside well-established solvers.

Published
2022

9. Assessment of the performance of low-cost GNSS receivers for deformation monitoring application

Author

Xue, Chenyu

Subjects
TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
Abstract

Current deformation monitoring applications adopting GNSS technology are usually conducted with high-grade GNSS sensors, consisting of both geodetic receiver and geodetic antenna. However, the high-cost feature of the equipment constrains its broader application. With the development of state-of-art low-cost GNSS receivers/antennas in recent years, especially those with multi-GNSS precise carrier phase measurement, the potential for its application in deformation monitoring is expected. However, compared to conventionally adopted survey-grade equipment, most low-cost receivers have the major drawback of single-frequency and larger background noise in the signal processing phase, and the patch antennas have the major disadvantage of the less gain, less multipath suppression, etc. Despite the comparatively poorer quality, empirical research has demonstrated its feasibility in landslide monitoring within centimetre level of accuracy. To test the feasibility and accuracy of the low-cost equipment in other deformation applications, a systematic approach is adopted by carrying out several experiments. Experiments are conducted sequentially from zero-baseline test for internal receiver noise evaluation, short baseline static test to identify and mitigate the practical GNSS monitoring errors majorly consisted of multipath, short baseline dynamic test to determine the precision of low-cost equipment in dynamic monitoring scenario, and finally, the low-cost equipment is tested on a real bridge monitoring project to assess its feasibility and evaluate its accuracy. It is concluded that the modal frequencies from deformation monitoring could be revealed from measurements of a single low-cost rover, and with proper multipath mitigation technique, displacement amplitude could be obtained within centimetre accuracy by a closely-spaced dual low-cost system. The difference of low-cost rover measurement is quantified to be within around 3mm compared to geodetic GNSS sensors. This finding is quite promising for low-cost GNSS deformation monitoring applications. However, future investigation still needs to be carried out with a calibrated patch antenna or with a geodetic antenna to examine further improvement and possibly explore the potential of applying it in real-time.

Published
2022

15. Oleanolic acid improved intestinal immune function by activating and potentiating bile acids receptor signaling in E. coli-challenged piglets.

Author

Xue, Chenyu, Jia, Hongpeng, Cao, Rujing, Cai, Wenjie, Hong, Weichen, Tu, Jianing, Wang, Songtao, Jiang, Qianzhi, Bi, Chongpeng, Shan, Anshan, and Dong, Na

Subjects
*FARNESOID X receptor, *PIGLETS, *INTESTINES, *ENTEROHEPATIC circulation, *ANIMAL diseases, *BILE acids
Abstract

Background: Infection with pathogenic bacteria during nonantibiotic breeding is one of the main causes of animal intestinal diseases. Oleanolic acid (OA) is a pentacyclic triterpene that is ubiquitous in plants. Our previous work demonstrated the protective effect of OA on intestinal health, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated whether dietary supplementation with OA can prevent diarrhea and intestinal immune dysregulation caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in piglets. The key molecular role of bile acid receptor signaling in this process has also been explored. Results: Our results demonstrated that OA supplementation alleviated the disturbance of bile acid metabolism in ETEC-infected piglets (P < 0.05). OA supplementation stabilized the composition of the bile acid pool in piglets by regulating the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and significantly increased the contents of UDCA and CDCA in the ileum and cecum (P < 0.05). This may also explain why OA can maintain the stability of the intestinal microbiota structure in ETEC-challenged piglets. In addition, as a natural ligand of bile acid receptors, OA can reduce the severity of intestinal inflammation and enhance the strength of intestinal epithelial cell antimicrobial programs through the bile acid receptors TGR5 and FXR (P < 0.05). Specifically, OA inhibited NF-κB-mediated intestinal inflammation by directly activating TGR5 and its downstream cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway (P < 0.05). Furthermore, OA enhanced CDCA-mediated MEK-ERK signaling in intestinal epithelial cells by upregulating the expression of FXR (P < 0.05), thereby upregulating the expression of endogenous defense molecules in intestinal epithelial cells. Conclusions: In conclusion, our findings suggest that OA-mediated regulation of bile acid metabolism plays an important role in the innate immune response, which provides a new diet-based intervention for intestinal diseases caused by pathogenic bacterial infections in piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. Oleanolic acid attenuates hydrogen peroxide‐induced apoptosis of IPEC‐J2 cells through suppressing c‐Jun and MAPK pathway.

Author

Hu, Mingyang, Zhang, Lei, Jia, Hongpeng, Xue, Chenyu, Zhao, Lu, Dong, Na, and Shan, Anshan

Subjects
MITOGEN-activated protein kinases, GENE expression, GENE expression profiling, WESTERN immunoblotting, APOPTOSIS
Abstract

Oleanolic acid (OA) is a natural triterpenoid with therapeutic potential for a multitude of diseases. However, the precise mechanism by which OA influences stress‐induced apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells remains elusive. Therefore, the effect of OA on intestinal diseases under stressful conditions and its possible mechanisms have been investigated. In a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐induced oxidative stress model, OA attenuated H2O2‐induced apoptosis in a concentration‐dependent manner. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, the gene expression profile of OA on IPEC‐J2 cells was analyzed using an RNA sequencing system. Results from gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis confirmed that OA may mitigate the cytotoxic effects of H2O2 by downregulating gene expression through the MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction results validated the differentially expressed genes data. Western blot analysis further demonstrated that OA effectively suppressed the expression level of c‐Jun protein induced by H2O2 in IPEC‐J2 cells. Collectively, our results indicate that OA pretreatment significantly attenuated H2O2‐induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells through suppressing c‐Jun and MAPK pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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24. Assessment of the Accuracy of Low-Cost Multi-GNSS Receivers in Monitoring Bridge Response

Author

Xue, Chenyu, Psimoulis, Panos, Zhang, Qiuzhao, and Meng, Xiaolin

Subjects
Modal frequency, Multi-GNSS, Low-cost GNSS receiver, Accuracy, Bridge monitoring
Abstract

[EN] The monitoring of bridges is a crucial operation for their maintenance and safe operation. Several methodologies have been developed the last decades, where different sensors are deployed to measure the bridge response (displacement, acceleration, tilt, strain, etc.). GNSS technology is one of the methods which are applied with the main advantage the direct measurement of the bridge displacement is carried out in an independent global coordinate system. However, the high cost of the GNSS stations, consisted of dual frequency receiver and geodetic GNSS antenna, is the main reason of the limited application of GNSS for bridge monitoring. In the current study, we assess the accuracy of low-cost multi-GNSS receivers in monitoring dynamic motion, similar to that of bridge response. The precision of low-cost GNSS receivers was assessed against high-performance dual frequency GNSS receivers, by executing controlled circular motion of predefined radius, of amplitude ranging between 5 to 50 cm, and frequency of 0.363 Hz. From the analysis of the GNSS measurements it was assessed the precision of GPS-only and the potential beneficial contribution of multi-GNSS constellation by enhancing the accuracy of GNSS solution. Then, a low-cost monitoring system formed by two closely-spaced low-cost GNSS receivers was applied in dynamic displacement monitoring of the Wilford pedestrian bridge. The analysis from low-cost GNSS data shows similar accuracy in monitoring the bridge dynamic response to that of the survey-grade GNSS receiver, with same main modal frequency of the bridge identified.

Published
2023

25. Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharides attenuates colitis via reshaping gut microbiota and short‐chain fatty acid production.

Author

Lv, Hao, Jia, Hongpeng, Cai, Wenjie, Cao, Rujing, Xue, Chenyu, and Dong, Na

Subjects
SHORT-chain fatty acids, MESALAMINE, GUT microbiome, NF-kappa B, COLITIS, LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, ULCERATIVE colitis
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis is a gastrointestinal disease closely related to intestinal epithelial barrier damage and intestinal microbiome imbalance; however, effective treatment methods are currently limited. Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide (RGP) is an important active ingredient with a wide range of pharmacological activities, although its protective effect on colitis remains to be explored. In the present study, we verified the in vitro anti‐inflammatory effect of RGP, and observed the ameliorating effect of RGP on dextran sulfate sodium‐induced colitis in mice. RESULTS: The results showed that (i) RGP attenuates lipopolysaccharide‐induced overexpression of inflammatory factors in RAW264.7 cells; (ii) RGP improves the pathological damage caused by DSS, including weight loss, increased disease activity index and intestinal tissue ulcers; (iii) RGP improves tight junction proteins to protects the tightness of the intestinal epithelium; (iv) RGP inhibits the expression of inflammatory factors through the nuclear factor‐kappa B pathway, and improved the of intestinal tissues inflammation; and (v) RGP can maintain the species diversity of intestinal microbes, increase the content of short‐chain fatty acids and then restore the imbalance of intestinal microecology. CONCLUSION: RGP can improve the intestinal microbiota to strengthen the intestinal epithelial barrier and protect against DSS‐induced colitis. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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27. New Developments of ADMM-based Interior Point Methods for Linear Programming and Conic Programming

Author

Deng, Qi, Feng, Qing, Gao, Wenzhi, Ge, Dongdong, Jiang, Bo, Jiang, Yuntian, Liu, Jingsong, Liu, Tianhao, Xue, Chenyu, Ye, Yinyu, and Zhang, Chuwen

Subjects
Optimization and Control (math.OC), FOS: Mathematics, Mathematics - Optimization and Control
Abstract

The ADMM-based interior point method (ABIP, Lin et al.\ 2021) is a hybrid algorithm which effectively combines the iterior point method and the first-order method to achieve performance boost in large-scale linear programming. Different from the standard interior point method which relies on a costly Newton step, ABIP applies the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to approximately solve the barrier penalized problem. In this paper, we provide a new version of ABIP with several improvements. First, we develop some new implementation strategies to accelerate ABIP's performance for linear programming. Next, we extend ABIP to solving the more general linear conic programming and establish the associated iteration complexity of the algorithm. Finally, we conduct extensive numerical experiments in both synthetic and real-world datasets to demonstrate the empirical advantage of our developments. In particular, the enhanced ABIP achieves a 5.8x reduction in the geometric mean of run time on $105$ LP instances from Netlib and it compares favorably against state-of-the-art open-source solvers in a wide range of large-scale problems. Moreover, it is even comparable to the commercial solvers in some particular datasets.

Published
2022

31. Oleanolic acid reshapes the gut microbiota and alters immune‐related gene expression of intestinal epithelial cells.

Author

Xue, Chenyu, Lv, Hao, Li, Ying, Dong, Na, Wang, Yanhui, Zhou, Jiale, Shi, Baoming, and Shan, Anshan

Subjects
*INTESTINES, *GUT microbiome, *EPITHELIAL cells, *GENE expression, *ANTINEOPLASTIC agents
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Oleanolic acid (OA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound that is present at high levels in olive oil and has several promising pharmacological effects, such as liver protection and anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. The purpose of the present study was to assess whether OA treatment affects gut health compared to a control condition, including gut microbiota and intestinal epithelial immunity. RESULTS: Illumina MiSeq sequencing (16S rRNA gene) was used to investigate the effect of OA on the microbial community of the intestinal tract, while Illumina HiSeq (RNA‐seq) technology was used to investigate the regulatory effect of OA on gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells, which allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the effects of OA on intestinal health. The results showed that the consumption of OA initially controlled weight gain in mice and altered the composition of the gut microbiota. At the phylum level, OA significantly increased the relative abundances of cecum Firmicutes but decreased the abundance of Actinobacteria, and at the genus level it increased the relative abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria such as Oscillibacter and Ruminiclostridium 9. Oleanolic acid treatment also altered the expression of 12 genes involved in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG）pathways of complement and coagulation cascades, hematopoietic cell lineage, and leukocyte transendothelial migration in intestinal epithelial cells to improve gut immunity. CONCLUSION: Intake of OA can contribute beneficial effects by optimizing gut microbiota and altering the immune function of intestinal epithelial cells, potentially to improve intestinal health status. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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32. Aquaporin: targets for dietary nutrients to regulate intestinal health.

Author

Lv, Hao, Li, Ying, Xue, Chenyu, Dong, Na, Bi, Chongpeng, and Shan, Anshan

Subjects
AQUAPORINS, SMALL molecules, INTESTINAL physiology, INTESTINES, INTESTINAL diseases, PLANT extracts, INTESTINAL infections
Abstract

Aquaporins (AQP) are a class of water channel membrane proteins that are widely expressed in the gut. The biological functions of aquaporins, which regulate the absorption and secretion of water molecules and small solutes, maintain the stable state of the intestine, regulate cell proliferation and migration, participate in the process of intestinal inflammation, and mediate tumorigenesis, demonstrate the physiological significance of these channels in intestinal health. The pathology of many intestinal diseases is associated with changes in the location and expression of aquaporins, such as intestinal infection, which can change the expression and distribution of AQPs in intestinal tissues/cells by affecting cytokines and chemokines. This can lead to various intestinal diseases such as diarrhoea, which also suggests the importance of aquaporins in the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases. This review summarizes the relationship between aquaporins and intestinal physiology and diseases and focuses on drugs (such as plant extracts) or diets that can regulate intestinal health by regulating aquaporins. It provides a basis for establishing aquaporins as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for intestinal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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33. Metabolic profiling of a new synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist, ADMB-FUBIATA, with human liver microsomes, human primary hepatocytes and human recombinant CYP450 enzymes using LC-quadrupole-orbitrap MS.

Author

Hou X, Zhang Y, Xu D, Qin S, Xue C, Wang J, Zhou X, Shangguan J, Li Z, Liu J, Jia Z, and Lu J

Abstract

A novel synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (SCRA), ADMB-FUBIATA, featuring an acetamide-linked structure, has emerged on the illicit drug market. To provide dependable verification of its consumption and identify reliable biomarkers, we investigated an in vitro metabolism study of ADMB-FUBIATA incubated with human primary hepatocytes (HPHs) for the first time and correlated our findings with those from human liver microsomes (HLMs). In this work, ADMB-FUBIATA (10 μM) was incubated with HLM and HPH for 1 and 5 h, respectively, and then subjected to LC-quadrupole-orbitrap MS. A total of 25 metabolites across 8 metabolic pathways were identified after incubation with HLM and HPH, respectively. Monohydroxylation and N-dealkylation were the major metabolic pathways, and formation to ketone was first identified. In addition, the metabolism of ADMB-FUBIATA were found to be mediated by multiple CYP450 enzymes, predominantly CYP2C19, 2D6, and 3A4. This research also initially characterized the fragmentation patterns of the metabolites of ADMB-FUBIATA, elaborating on their structural relationship with ADMB-FUBIATA analogs. To effectively monitor ADMB-FUBIATA abuse, metabolites M4 and M1 were proposed as reliable biomarkers by cross-validating the HLM and HPH incubation results., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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