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Chinese has been taking sorghum rice as food for centuries. Gas chromatography ion mobility spectroscopy (GC-IMS) was applied to analyze the changes of volatile compounds in sorghum rice during cooking process. It was found that the main volatile compounds in sorghum rice included ketones, aldehydes and esters. The aromatic components of cooked sorghum rice included phenylacetaldehyde, hexanal,2-pentaylfuran and hexyl acetate. The strongest aroma was marked when cooked between 40 and 60 minutes with the highest number of volatile species being detected. The result of variance analysis showed that sorghum rice could demonstrate more flavor information after cooking. Therefore, it was suggested to analyze volatile compounds of sorghum after cooking to improve the resolution.

This review explores the intricate roles of metal ions—iron, copper, zinc, and selenium—in glioma pathogenesis and immune evasion. Dysregulated metal ion metabolism significantly contributes to glioma progression by inducing oxidative stress, promoting angiogenesis, and modulating immune cell functions. Iron accumulation enhances oxidative DNA damage, copper activates hypoxia-inducible factors to stimulate angiogenesis, zinc influences cell proliferation and apoptosis, and selenium modulates the tumor microenvironment through its antioxidant properties. These metal ions also facilitate immune escape by upregulating immune checkpoints and secreting immunosuppressive cytokines. Targeting metal ion pathways with therapeutic strategies such as chelating agents and metalloproteinase inhibitors, particularly in combination with conventional treatments like chemotherapy and immunotherapy, shows promise in improving treatment efficacy and overcoming resistance. Future research should leverage advanced bioinformatics and integrative methodologies to deepen the understanding of metal ion-immune interactions, ultimately identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets to enhance glioma management and patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is considered to be one of the most perfect natural foods for human beings. The analysis of effective components and determination of important components in milk is an important practical work. Based on the previous measurement data of fat volume concentration and refractive index of milk in the market, this paper forms a fitting formula through mathematical fitting, which can solve the corresponding relationship between nonmeasurement points of milk concentration and refractive index. Because the actual measurement points are limited, its practical application is not convenient. However, fitting formulas can calculate the corresponding values of infinitely many points, which can be easily applied. However, judging from the goodness of fit of the fitting formula, a theoretically good fitting formula may produce underfitting and overfitting in practical application. Through the analysis of the first-order to sixth-order fitting formulas of milk concentration and refractive index, this paper tells us that the fitting formula with high goodness of fit is not necessarily a good formula. The specific problems should be analyzed in the application process to make the theory more consistent with the actual situation. From the calculation and analysis in this paper, it can be seen that the fitted sixth-order formula has the best effect when the fat volume concentration of milk is 0–10%. When considering a fat volume concentration of 0–34% in milk, the fitted second-order formula performs better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The boundary conditions of the moving layered medium are analyzed and the expressions of electromagnetic field are deduced. The reflection and transmission coefficients in fixed coordinates are obtained by using the covariance characteristic of Maxwell Equations. It is very complicated to apply boundary conditions many times in analyzing a multi-layer slab. In this paper, the results obtained from the boundary conditions of single-layer slab are analogous with those obtained by the transfer matrix method. Through improvement and generalization, the transfer matrix method can be used to calculate the moving multi-layer slabs. It can be applied to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients of one-dimensional moving photonic crystal as well as deal with TM and TE polarization for the oblique incident. The zero reflection points of TM and TE polarization for layered slab are calculated. The results calculated in this study are matching well with the reference. It shows that the reflection oscillation enhances with the increase of β and layer number, while the changing rule of reflections about TM polarization is relatively complex. The reflections of both TE wave and TM wave are all related to the incidence angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Accurate analysis of quantitative PET data plays a crucial role in studying small, specific brain structures. The integration of PET and MRI through an integrated PET/MR system presents an opportunity to leverage the benefits of precisely aligned structural MRI and molecular PET images in both spatial and temporal dimensions. However, in many clinical workflows, PET studies are often performed without the aid of individually matched structural MRI scans, primarily for the sake of convenience in the data collection and brain segmentation possesses. Currently, two commonly employed segmentation strategies for brain PET analysis are distinguished: methods with or without MRI registration and methods employing either atlas-based or individual-based algorithms. Moreover, the development of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted methods for predicting brain segmentation holds promise but requires further validation of their efficiency and accuracy for clinical applications. This study aims to compare and evaluate the correlations, consistencies, and differences among the above-mentioned brain segmentation strategies in quantification of brain metabolism in 18F-FDG PET/MR analysis. Results: Strong correlations were observed among all methods (r = 0.932 to 0.999, P < 0.001). The variances attributable to subject and brain region were higher than those caused by segmentation methods (P < 0.001). However, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)s between methods with or without MRI registration ranged from 0.924 to 0.975, while ICCs between methods with atlas- or individual-based algorithms ranged from 0.741 to 0.879. Brain regions exhibiting significant standardized uptake values (SUV) differences due to segmentation methods were the basal ganglia nuclei (maximum to 11.50 ± 4.67%), and various cerebral cortexes in temporal and occipital regions (maximum to 18.03 ± 5.52%). The AI-based method demonstrated high correlation (r = 0.998 and 0.999, P < 0.001) and ICC (0.998 and 0.997) with FreeSurfer, substantially reducing the time from 8.13 h to 57 s on per subject. Conclusions: Different segmentation methods may have impact on the calculation of brain metabolism in basal ganglia nuclei and specific cerebral cortexes. The AI-based approach offers improved efficiency and is recommended for its enhanced performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the effect of supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae on production performance and biochemical blood index of dairy cows under heat stress. A total of 198 multiparous cows who were about to enter the late perinatal period were selected and randomly divided into two groups, cows in control group were fed with basal diet, and cows in experimental group were added with 19 g/(head ⋅d) yeast culture in premix according to recommended amount (added to both perinatal and new cows). The feeding time was pre partum (21 d before delivery) and post partum (21 d after delivery). The results showed that the feed intake, milk yield, SCC, BCS change, mastitis, metritis, ketosis, digestive disease and abomasum displacement indexes of the experimental group were better than those of control group ( P<0.05). In the experimental group, blood BHBA, cortisol, albumin, malondialdehyde, nitrogen oxide, total active oxidative metabolites, superoxide dismutase, beads binding protein, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, ceruloplasmin, myeloperoxidase, IgA, IgG and IgM was superior to control group ( P<0.05). The experiment indicates that supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae can resist heat stress, improve production performance and immunity of dairy cows, increase benefits of pasture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]