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Abstract Background OP9 mouse stromal cell line has been widely used to induce differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, the whole co-culture procedure usually needs 14–18 days, including preparing OP9 cells at least 4 days. Therefore, the inefficient differentiation system is not appreciated. We aimed to optimize the culture conditions to improve differentiation efficiency. Methods In the experimental group, we set six different densities of OP9 cells and just cultured them for 24 h before co-culture, and in the control group, OP9 cells were cultured for 4 days to reach an overgrown state before co-culture. Then we compared the hematopoietic differentiation efficiency among them. Results OP9 cells were randomly assigned into two groups. In the experimental group, six different plated numbers of OP9 cells were cultured for 1 day before co-culture with hESCs. In contrast, in the control group, OP9 cells were cultured for 4 days at a total number of 3.1 × 104 cells/cm2 in a 6-well plate to reach an overgrown state before co-culture. Hematopoietic differentiation was evaluated with CD34 immunostaining, and compared between these two groups. We could not influence the differentiation efficiency of OP9 cells with a total number of 10.4 × 104 cells/cm2 in a 6-well plate which was cultured just for 1 day, followed by co-culture with hESCs. It reached the same differentiation efficiency 5 days earlier than the control group. Conclusion The peak of CD34 + cells appeared 2 days earlier compared to the control group. A total number of 1.0 × 106 cells in a 6-well plate for OP9 cells was appropriate to have high differentiation efficiency.

The activation and development of primordial follicles is the key to the maturation of female gametes. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) patients are unable to complete the primordial follicle activation and development due to follicular dormancy and unbalanced developmental regulation in the body, leading to female infertility. Ovarian tissue in vitro activation (IVA) technology has become a new way to solve the problem of patients who cannot auto-activate primordial follicles to obtain their own mature oocytes. In IVA research, signaling pathways such as PI3K/PTEN/Akt and Hippo have become the focus of current research. This review will describe the relevant research progress and clinical application of the IVA mechanism, and provide a reference for clinical research on ovarian tissue culture and activation in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive fluoride is known to induce oxidative stress and cell damage, particularly in the nervous system. We aimed to investigate changes in the expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), p47phox, phosphop47phox, gp91phox, p22phox, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to different levels of sodium fluoride and explore the molecular mechanisms underlying cell injury caused by excessive fluoride exposure. The cells were divided into the following groups: control, low-dose fluorinated (NaF 0.4 mmol/L), high-dose fluorinated (NaF 4 mmol/L), and FPS-ZM1 (1 µM). The protein levels of RAGE, p47phox, phospho-p47phox, gp91phox, p22phox, and NF-κB were detected using western blotting. Additionally, levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected using respective biochemical methods. Compared with those in the control group, the protein levels of RAGE, p47phox, phospho-p47phox, gp91phox, p22phox, and NF-κB were significantly upregulated in the high-dose fluorinated group (p<0.05). Moreover, compared with those in the high-dose fluorinated group, the protein levels of p47phox, phospho-p47phox, gp91phox, p22phox, and NF-κB were downregulated in the FPS-ZM1 group (p<0.05). Furthermore, compared with that in the control and high-dose fluorinated groups (p<0.05), the expression of SOD decreased in the high-dose fluorinated group and increased in the FPS-ZM1 group, respectively. Compared with that in the control group and high-dose fluorinated groups (p<0.05), MDA expression increased in the high-dose fluorinated group and reduced in the FPSZM1 group, respectively. Thus, excessive fluoride can upregulate the RAGE/NADPH oxidase signaling pathway in SH-SY5Y cells, and these changes may be related to the nerve cell injury caused by fluoride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the incidence of neonatal birth defects in assisted reproductive technology (ART) by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Methods: The clinical data of 4229 cases of singleton deliver by infertile patients under 35 years old who received IVF/ICSI-ET in our center were analyzed. According to different fertilization methods, they were divided into IVF group (2967 cases) and ICSI group (1262 cases). The general situation of birth, birth defects and the location of defects were compared between the two groups. Results: a total of 38 cases of neonatal birth defects were found, the incidence of birth defects was 0.89%, including 30 cases (1.01%) in IVF group and 8 cases (0.64%) in ICSI group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of birth defects between the two groups (P > 0.05). There was also no significant difference in birth weight, gestational age and gender ratio between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Different fertilization methods in assisted reproductive technology do not increase the incidence of neonatal birth defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Hyoscyamine and scopolamine (HS), two valuable tropane alkaloids of significant medicinal importance, are found in multiple distantly related lineages within the Solanaceae family. Here we sequence the genomes of three representative species that produce HS from these lineages, and one species that does not produce HS. Our analysis reveals a shared biosynthetic pathway responsible for HS production in the three HS-producing species. We observe a high level of gene collinearity related to HS synthesis across the family in both types of species. By introducing gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutations at key sites, we confirm the reduced/lost or re-activated functions of critical genes involved in HS synthesis in both types of species, respectively. These findings indicate independent and repeated losses of the HS biosynthesis pathway since its origin in the ancestral lineage. Our results hold promise for potential future applications in the artificial engineering of HS biosynthesis in Solanaceae crops.