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Cattle are sensitive to temperature fluctuations but adapt well to inclement weather conditions. When environmental temperatures exceed specific thresholds, heat stress becomes a critical concern for cattle. The TRPM2 gene, which resides on cattle chromosome 1 encodes a TRP channel protein, holding a unique capacity to sense temperature changes and facilitate rapid response to avoid heat stress. Here, we utilized the Bovine Genome Variation Database (BGVD) (http://animal.omics.pro/code/index.php/BosVar), and identified a missense mutation site, c.805A > G: p. Met269Val (rs527146862), within the TRPM2 gene. To elucidate the functional assessment of this mutation in temperature adaptation attributes of Chinese cattle, we genotyped 407 samples from 20 distinct breeds representing diverse climatic zones across China. The association analysis incorporates three temperature parameters and revealed compelling insights in terms of allele frequency. Interestingly, the prevalence of the wild-type allele A was notably higher among northern cattle breeds and this trend diminished gradually as observed in southern cattle populations. Conversely, the mutant-type allele G demonstrated a contrasting trend. Moreover, southern cattle exhibited markedly higher frequencies of GG and GA genotypes (P

Hybrid-dimensional simulations can balance simulation accuracy and computational costs. However, applying hybrid-dimensional simulations to flight status remains challenging due to weak convergence. In this study, an adaptive integration method for hybrid-dimensional simulations was developed by introducing both adaptive incorporation schemes and polynomial transformations into the existing direct integration method. Experimental validations and T-MATS analysis show that errors in the thrust and specific fuel consumption of throttle characteristics are within 2% and 3%, respectively. Hybrid-dimensional simulations using both adaptive and existing direct integration methods were then applied to predict flight speed and altitude characteristics. Overall, the adaptive integration method demonstrates a broad convergence range for altitude (0-10 km) and speed (0-0.9 Ma) characteristics, requiring 25 iteration steps with co-working errors of less than 10−03. However, the direct integration method covers smaller ranges for altitude (0-1 km) and speed (0-0.4 Ma) characteristics, requiring 50 iteration steps with co-working errors of larger than 10−03. The results indicate that hybrid-dimensional simulations using the adaptive integration method exhibit good stability and convergence in the flight status compared to the direct integration method. Moreover, both the speed and altitude characteristics using the adaptive integration method cost approximately 24 hours on a computer workstation.

Abstract Introduction Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive lung cancer variant known for its elevated risk of brain metastases (BM). While earlier meta‐analyses supported the use of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) to reduce BM incidence and enhance overall survival, modern MRI capabilities raise questions about PCI's universal benefit for limited‐stage SCLC (LS‐SCLC) patients. As a response, we have created a predictive model for BM, aiming to identify low‐risk individuals who may not require PCI. Methods A total of 194 LS‐SCLC patients without PCI treated between 2009 and 2021 were included. We conducted both univariate and multivariate analyses to pinpoint the factors associated with the development of BM. A nomogram for predicting the 2‐ and 3‐year probabilities of BM was then constructed. Results Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed several significant independent risk factors for the development of BM. These factors include TNM stage, the number of chemotherapy (ChT) cycles, Ki‐67 expression level, pretreatment serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and haemoglobin (HGB) levels. These findings underscore their respective roles as independent predictors of BM. Based on the results of the final multivariable analysis, a nomogram model was created. In the training cohort, the nomogram yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.870 at 2 years and 0.828 at 3 years. In the validation cohort, the AUC values were 0.897 at 2 years and 0.789 at 3 years. The calibration curve demonstrated good agreement between the predicted and observed probabilities of BM. Conclusions A novel nomogram has been developed to forecast the likelihood of BM in patients diagnosed with LS‐SCLC. This tool holds the potential to assist healthcare professionals in formulating more informed and tailored treatment plans.

Abstract Background Anlotinib is a multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor for treating patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of anlotinib in elder patients with advanced NSCLC. Methods Elder patients with advanced NSCLC who received anlotinib were enrolled. They were all age ≥ 65 years and with demonstrated records of EGFR gene status. All patients had received treatment with anlotinib or immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)/EGFR-TKIs. The efficacy was evaluated according to the efficacy evaluation criteria for solid tumors (RECIST 1.1). Common Adverse Events Evaluation Criteria (CTCAE 4.03) were used to evaluate adverse drug reactions. Results A total of 91 patients were included in this study. We divided the patients into two groups (EGFR wild type: 60 patients; EGFR mutation: 31 patients). Among EGFR negative patients, the progression-free survival (PFS) for anlotinib monotherapy and anlotinib combination ICI therapy was 3.2 months and 5.0 months, respectively (P = 0.012). The difference in overall survival (OS) between monotherapy and combination therapy was also significant (9.5 vs. 18.4 months, respectively P = 0.010). Interestingly, we further analyzed differences between patients with hypertension and without hypertension, and found that hypertension was associated with better prognosis (5.7 vs. 1.4 months, P

Currently, an increasing number of designers have begun to pay attention to a new paradigm for evaluating the performance with full engine 3-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3D CFD) simulations. Compared with the traditional component-based performance simulation method component-based performance simulation method (‘component-matched’ method), this novel ‘component-coupled’ method can evaluate the overall performance of the engine more physically and obtain more detailed flow field parameters simultaneously. Importantly, the power balance iteration should be introduced to the novel method to satisfy the constraints of the coaxial components for the gas turbine engine at steady state. By carrying out the ‘component-matched’ simulation and the ‘component-coupled’ simulation for a micro turbojet engine, the necessity of introducing the power balance iteration was discussed in this paper. The influence of steady-state co-working constraints on the engine performance was analysed and strategies for power balance iteration were proposed. To verify the capability and feasibility of this method, not only the co-working state but also the windmill state of the gas turbine engine were simulated by using the 3D CFD method considering power balance iteration. The results show that the power balance strategy proposed in this paper can converge the aerodynamic parameters as well as the power residual in a robust way.

The very large eddy simulation (VLES) method was investigated for supersonic reacting flows in the present work. The advantages and characteristics of the VLES model and the widely used improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) method were revealed through a supersonic ramped-cavity cold flow. Compared to the IDDES model, the VLES model transformed from RANS mode to LES mode faster, resulting in a smaller gray region caused by the mode transition. However, the original volume-averaging truncation length scale could lead to poor predictions of the velocity profiles and wall pressure distribution. By introducing a hybrid truncation length scale combining the maximum grid length and the shear layer adaptive (SLA) length with different coefficients, the accuracy of the VLES method was significantly improved, and the issue of the low shear layer position was solved. Moreover, owing to the resolution control function, the VLES method could adaptively model more turbulent kinetic energy and maintain a good accuracy in a coarser mesh. Finally, the modified VLES method was applied in conjunction with a hybrid combustion model constructed by the partially stirred reactor (PaSR) model and the Ingenito supersonic combustion model (ISCM) in simulations of the supersonic flame in the DLR scramjet combustor. After introducing the correction of the molecular collision frequency by the ISCM, the results obtained by the hybrid combustion model were more consistent with the experimental results, especially for the time-averaging temperature profile in the ignition zone.

Abstract Roughness or texture endow the solid surface with the ability of some particular property of water repellency that has been employed in a variety of practical applications, including self-cleaning, icing-resistant, and so forth. However, the understanding of the dynamic evolution of impacting binary droplets on rough surfaces is not satisfactory, especially at the nanoscale. In this work, we investigate the impact process of the binary droplet system, a suspending droplet impacts a sessile one deposited on hydrophobic textured surfaces, via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Dynamic evolutions from MD simulations under various impact conditions are discussed, including coalescence, spreading, retraction and vibration, and bouncing. The free energy variation during the impacting process is calculated to reveal the mechanisms behind the impact dynamics. The effect of the surface texture on the spreading and retraction is investigated, and the corresponding maximum spreading diameter is also discussed. Finally, we investigate the effect of the surface texture on bouncing behavior, which is found to promote the droplet bouncing at low We range but suppress the bouncing behavior at high We range.

To determine the optimal baffle's type (longitudinal and transverse baffles) and the number of baffles, two computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for solar air heaters (SAHs) were developed by using ''ANSYS Fluent'' software. The computational results closely aligned with the experimental data. As the width of the air channel in SAHs with transverse baffles was narrower than in those with longitudinal baffles under the same number of baffles, the heat transfer coefficient of SAHs with transverse baffles was greater than those with longitudinal baffles. Thus, for the airflow rate (m˙) range of 0.013 kg s−1 to 0.078 kg s−1, SAHs with transverse baffles exhibited 2.34 %–6.97 % higher collection efficiency compared to those with longitudinal baffles. An analysis of the impact of the number of transverse baffles (N) on the flow and heat transfer characteristics in SAHs revealed that both the size and intensity of the vortex zones increased with an increase in N, thereby influencing the heat transfer between the air and the absorber plate. Specifically, among the studied values of N (2, 4, 6, and 8), at = 0.026 kg s−1, N = 4 achieved the peak effective efficiency at 54.32 %. Conversely, for m˙ = 0.039 kg s−1, 0.052 kg s−1, 0.065 kg s−1, and 0.078 kg s−1, the highest effective efficiency was observed at N = 6, with values of 60.03 %, 63.78 %, 64.39 %, and 64.38 %, respectively.

Based on previous research, a mathematical model of photovoltaic thermal solar air heaters with baffles and hole plates (PVTSAH-B) was proposed to analyze the influence of the opening ratio on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of PVTSAH-B and to further improve its performance. The results showed that the air velocity and temperature distributions were affected by the opening ratio of hole plates. The vortex zones in PVTSAH-B could be broken by air jet flow when the opening ratio of hole plates was less than 0.4. The PV modular surface temperature and the area of the high-temperature zones decreased with the decreasing of the opening ratio of hole plates. Lowering the opening ratio of hole plates could increase the thermal and power efficiency. However, the fan energy consumption increased due to the decrease in the opening ratio of hole plates increasing the pressure loss. Therefore, the effective power efficiency decreased. 0.4 opening ratio of hole plates recorded the highest performance of PVTSAH-B. Meanwhile, the maximum values of the effective power efficiency, thermal efficiency and the total efficiency were 0.129, 0.567 and 0.696 respectively, which were 5.97%, 12.30% and 11.07%, higher than the opening ratio 1.0, respectively.

It is of great theoretical and practical significance to optimize and improve the design of rural human settlement units through system ecology analysis based on emergy evaluation indices. From the perspective of system ecology, the rural living environment system is multivariate and complicated, with strong correlations and obscure boundaries between levels. Therefore, the definition of a rural human settlement unit in China is proposed in this research and can be divided into three scales: the microcosmic scale, mesoscale, and macroscopic scale. This research adopted a new method for the design of rural human settlement units by adopting emergy as a common dimension in order to solve the problem of dimensionality disunity between resource environment elements and society economy elements. Through the establishment of the static emergy analysis model and dynamic emergy prediction model, qualitative and quantitative analysis approaches of the rural human settlement unit were combined. According to the design orientations of industry-invigorative, environment-friendly, and ecology-balanced, corresponding with production-living-ecology integration, emergy evaluation indices including the emergy self-sufficiency ratio, emergy investment ratio, net emergy yield ratio, environmental load ratio, and emergy sustainable indices were calculated and predicted by means of system dynamics simulation. The dynamic emergy prediction results showed that the emergy self-sufficiency ratio and emergy sustainable indices basically presented a decreasing tendency, from 0.34 to 0.15 and from 0.76 to 0.57, respectively, with the passage of time; the values of the emergy investment ratio, net emergy yield ratio, and environmental load ratio basically presented an increasing tendency, from 2.13 to 2.78, from 1.66 to 2.12, and from 2.23 to 3.61, respectively, with the passage of time. In practice, the evaluation method based on the emergy analysis of the technical strategies and spatial arrangements of the rural human settlement unit can provide data support for designing standards, planning guidelines, and creating constructional instructions for the rural living environment of China.

Atriums play an irreplaceable role within the plan of modern commercial buildings. However, the presence of skylights makes the atrium suffer from unfavorable conditions such as overheating, high energy consumption, and glare, which can be partially reduced by the sun-shading design of skylights. In this paper, we conducted a field test and questionnaire survey on the daylight quality of commercial buildings in cold zones in China to find out the current problems of daylight quality in atriums and to establish a model of commercial atrium. After the dynamic daylight and energy consumption simulation, the sensitivity analysis of daylight and energy performance is performed for the skylight and shading (SAS) design parameters under three shading types. Finally, the Pareto front solution set of optimized commercial atrium daylight, visual comfort, and energy performance for the three shading types has been obtained using a multi-objective search tool. The results show that SRR has the greatest effect on sDA, DGP, and EUI in all shading cases; while SGT has a greater effect on EUI than on daylight quality; FC has a greater effect on EUI than FV on EUI; and LS and LI have a more significant influence on daylight and visual comfort. The optimal SAS values of no shading, fabric shading and louvered shading were screened as SRR is 0.4–0.5, SGT is Double silver Low-E insulating glass; SRR is 0.5–0.6, SGT is Double silver Low-E insulating glass, FV is 0.5–0.7, FC is 0.5–0.6; SRR is 0.6–0.7, SGT is Double silver Low-E insulating glass, LS is 100 mm/125 mm, and LI is 60–70°. It is expected that this study will provide some information and reference for the design of commercial atriums in cold zones in the future.