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Being politically correct involves an understanding that language and behavior can affect others, and a willingness to modify or suppress those words or actions to be sensitive and tolerant toward others. At work, political correctness may manifest as refraining from sharing a risqué joke out of concern of hurting others' feelings, altering language to be gender neutral, suppressing saying something that might be considered rude or insensitive, or avoiding controversial topics altogether. As employees are increasingly entrenched in their own opinions and beliefs, prone to microaggressions, and unwilling to entertain alternate views, political correctness should be of interest to managers and organizations. Yet, little research has been devoted to its study. This oversight is problematic because, although political correctness may manifest out of a concern for others at work, its enactment is also resource intensive-potentially acting as a double-edged sword for employees. To make better recommendations to managers, we must more fully develop our understanding of this understudied phenomenon. We begin the process of developing the nomological network of political correctness by drawing from theory on self-control to examine (a) an antecedent (other orientation) to understand why employees may be motivated to be politically correct with their coworkers, (b) a mechanism (cognitive resource depletion) that explains the cost of workplace political correctness, and (c) home-based outcomes (angry and withdrawn marital behavior) that suggest political correctness may impact others outside of work. Findings across five studies shed light on why employees may be politically correct and the consequences of doing so. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to examine the structural relationships among mothers’ childhood nature experiences, their nature-connectedness self-efficacy, and young children’s connectedness to nature. We also aimed to explore the mediating effects of mothers’ nature-connectedness self-efficacy on their childhood nature experiences and young children’s connectedness to nature.Methods: Data were collected from 414 mothers with young children aged three to five years. The scales used in this study were used for the first time in Korea. Data were analyzed based on frequency, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient with SPSS 25.0 software, Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to analyze the mediating effects with the bootstrapping method and AMOS 28.0.Results: First, there were significant correlations between mothers’ childhood nature experiences, young children’s connectedness to nature and mothers’ nature connectedness self-efficacy. Second, SEM supported the hypothesized relations among mothers’ childhood nature experiences, mothers’ nature-connectedness self-efficacy, and young children’s connectedness after controlling for young children’s gender. It was also found that mothers’ nature-connectedness self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between mothers’ childhood nature experiences and young children’s connectedness to nature.Conclusion: This study revealed that mothers' childhood nature experiences and nature-connectedness self-efficacy predicted young children’s connectedness to nature. Developing connectedness to nature is essential for young children who are the main players in the era of a sustainable society. This study provides important basic data for policies or programs that promote the development of young children’s connectedness to nature by emphasizing the role of mothers' nature experiences and nature-connectedness self-efficacy.

Cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML) accounts for 40%-50% of all AML cases. Despite advances in understanding the molecular pathophysiology of CN-AML, its clinical outcome remains unsatisfactory and unpredictable. To investigate its clinical implication in CN-AML, we measured the expression of prohibitin 2 (PHB2) using immunohistochemical staining (IHCS) of paraffin-embedded bone marrow sections from 134 CN-AML patients. IHCS results were semi-quantitatively scored. Clinical outcome was analyzed in comparison with other prognostic markers, including

Decoding imagined speech from human brain signals is a challenging and important issue that may enable human communication via brain signals. While imagined speech can be the paradigm for silent communication via brain signals, it is always hard to collect enough stable data to train the decoding model. Meanwhile, spoken speech data is relatively easy and to obtain, implying the significance of utilizing spoken speech brain signals to decode imagined speech. In this paper, we performed a preliminary analysis to find out whether if it would be possible to utilize spoken speech electroencephalography data to decode imagined speech, by simply applying the pre-trained model trained with spoken speech brain signals to decode imagined speech. While the classification performance of imagined speech data solely used to train and validation was 30.5 %, the transferred performance of spoken speech based classifier to imagined speech data displayed average accuracy of 26.8 % which did not have statistically significant difference compared to the imagined speech based classifier (p = 0.0983, chi-square = 4.64). For more comprehensive analysis, we compared the result with the visual imagery dataset, which would naturally be less related to spoken speech compared to the imagined speech. As a result, visual imagery have shown solely trained performance of 31.8 % and transferred performance of 26.3 % which had shown statistically significant difference between each other (p = 0.022, chi-square = 7.64). Our results imply the potential of applying spoken speech to decode imagined speech, as well as their underlying common features., 4 pages, 2 figures

The brain-computer interface (BCI) has been investigated as a form of communication tool between the brain and external devices. BCIs have been extended beyond communication and control over the years. The 2020 international BCI competition aimed to provide high-quality neuroscientific data for open access that could be used to evaluate the current degree of technical advances in BCI. Although there are a variety of remaining challenges for future BCI advances, we discuss some of more recent application directions: (i) few-shot EEG learning, (ii) micro-sleep detection (iii) imagined speech decoding, (iv) cross-session classification, and (v) EEG(+ear-EEG) detection in an ambulatory environment. Not only did scientists from the BCI field compete, but scholars with a broad variety of backgrounds and nationalities participated in the competition to address these challenges. Each dataset was prepared and separated into three data that were released to the competitors in the form of training and validation sets followed by a test set. Remarkable BCI advances were identified through the 2020 competition and indicated some trends of interest to BCI researchers.

The current study examined whether, for children and adults, behaviors that are considered violations of property rights in the case of physical property are likewise viewed as violations in the case of digital property. In this preregistered study (N = 156), 5- to 10-year-old children and adults heard a story about a person who downloaded a digital file (e.g., an e-book that she did not own) onto her personal computer (digital) versus a person who put a physical item (e.g., a book that she did not own) into her bag (physical). Participants were asked to evaluate how okay each behavior is. We found that from 5 years of age children evaluated taking a physical object more negatively than downloading a digital file, which was also the pattern observed in adults. Furthermore, by 9 years of age children were equivalent to adults in their evaluation of downloading digital files. The current study has implications for the development of ownership in children.

Background. To report the pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in patients with twin pregnancies who underwent ultrasound-indicated cerclage (UIC) and to compare them to patients with singleton pregnancies undergoing the same procedures. Methods. Patients who underwent UIC between January 2010 and December 2020 at Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital were reviewed. We compared characteristics, pregnancy, and neonatal outcomes between patients with singleton and twin pregnancies. Results. A total of 94 women (56 singleton and 38 twin pregnancies) underwent UIC were included. The mean gestational age (GA) at cerclage and preoperative cervical length (CL) were not significantly different. Twin pregnancies were more likely to deliver at earlier median gestations than singletons (singleton, 36 + 1 weeks vs twin, 32 + 6 weeks, and p = 0.004 ). The frequency of preterm delivery CL ≤ 15 mm was independently associated with a higher risk of preterm delivery before 34 weeks. Furthermore, pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of twin pregnancies with cervical length ≤ 15 mm are comparable with those of singleton pregnancies (GA at delivery, singleton, 35 + 1 weeks vs twin, 32 + 5 weeks, and p = 0.24 ; neonatal mortality, singleton, 3.4% vs twin, 4.8%, and p = 0.64 ). Conclusion. The pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of UIC in twin pregnancies were comparable to those in singleton pregnancies, especially when CL is ≤15 mm. UIC might be considered a safe procedure for twin pregnancies.

The coronavirus pandemic has had a significant influence on social interactions, introducing novel social norms such as mask-wearing and social distancing to protect people's health. Because these norms and associated practices are completely novel, it is unknown how children assess what kinds of interventions are appropriate under what circumstances and what principles they draw on in their decisions. We investigated children's reasoning about interventions against individuals who failed to adhere to COVID-19 norms. In this pre-registered study (N = 128), 4- to 7-year-olds heard stories about a norm violator, that is, a person who refuses to wear a mask in class (COVID condition) or wear indoor shoes in class when his or her shoes are muddy (Muddy Shoes condition). Children evaluated four different interventions-giving a mask/indoor shoes (Giving), preventing the person from entering (Exclusion), throwing a paper ball at the person (Throwing), and not intervening (Doing Nothing)-in terms of their rightness, niceness, and effectiveness. We found that across measures children evaluated Giving most positively, whereas they viewed Throwing most negatively. Doing Nothing and Exclusion received mixed evaluations across measures, revealing nuanced judgments of these interventions in children. In most measures, there was no difference between the COVID and Muddy Shoes conditions, suggesting that children's evaluations are not specific to the novel COVID-19 context. Together, our results show that children dynamically evaluate each intervention, taking multiple factors into account. The current study has implications for the development of interventions against norm violations.

Third-party punishment is an important mechanism to enforce norm-following. However, the underlying process that explains the development of third-party punishment is understood poorly. Here we examine to what extent age-effects and contemporaneous experiences of receiving unfair offers influence third-party punishment. In two studies, a total of N = 280 5- to 9-year-olds participated in a computer-based task in which they received either fair or unfair offers from another peer. In the subsequent test phase, children could punish unfair offers as an unaffected third-party. We found that with age, children become increasingly systematic in their decisions to punish unfair allocations. However, there was no strong evidence that an immediate experience of (un)fairness influenced children’s punishment. Together, our results suggest that children develop a sophisticated application of fairness norms with age that is not easily swayed by their immediate experience of being treated unfairly.

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process by which epithelial cells undergo a phenotypic conversion that leads to myofibroblast formation, plays a crucial role in the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Recently, it was revealed that hypoxia promotes alveolar EMT and that histone deacetylases (HDACs) are abnormally overexpressed in the lung tissues of IPF patients. In this study, we showed that HDAC3 regulated alveolar EMT markers via the AKT pathway during hypoxia and that inhibition of HDAC3 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) decreased the migration ability and invasiveness of diseased human lung fibroblasts. Furthermore, we found that HDAC3 enhanced the migratory and invasive properties of fibroblasts by positively affecting the EMT process, which in turn was affected by the increased and decreased levels of microRNA (miR)-224 and Forkhead Box A1 (FOXA1), respectively. Lastly, we found this mechanism to be valid in an in vivo system; HDAC3 siRNA administration inhibited bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Thus, it is reasonable to suggest that HDAC3 may accelerate pulmonary fibrosis progression under hypoxic conditions by enhancing EMT in alveolar cells through the regulation of miR-224 and FOXA1. This entire process, we believe, offers a novel therapeutic approach for pulmonary fibrosis.

Laypeople often believe that God punishes transgressions; however, their inferences about God’s punishment motives remain unclear. We addressed this topic by asking laypeople to indicate why God punishes. We also examined participants’ inferences about why humans punish to contribute to scholarly conversations regarding the extent to which people may anthropomorphize God’s mind. In Studies 1A to 1C, participants viewed God as less retributive than humans. In Study 2, participants expected God (vs. humans) to view humans’ true selves more positively; this difference mediated participants’ views of God as less retributive than humans. Study 3 manipulated agents’ views of humans’ true selves and examined how such information influenced each agent’s perceived motives. Participants viewed a given agent as less retributive when that agent regarded the true self as good (versus bad). These findings extend scholarship on lay theories of punishment motives and highlight links between religious and moral cognition.

Objectives To evaluate the influence of myoma characteristics on cesarean myomectomy and to demonstrate its additional advantages. Methods Retrospective data were collected from 292 women with myomas who had undergone cesarean section at Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital between 2007 and 2019. We performed subgroup analysis according to the type, weight, number, and size of myomas. Preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin levels, operative time, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay, incidence of transfusion, uterine artery embolization, ligation, hysterectomy, and postoperative complications were compared among subgroups. Results There were 119 patients who had cesarean myomectomy and 173 who had cesarean section only. An increase in postoperative hospitalization and operation time was observed in the cesarean myomectomy group compared to that in the caesarean section only group (mean difference, 0.7 days, p = 0.01, 13.5 minutes, p Conclusion In cesarean myomectomy, larger (≥ 10 cm), and heavier myomas (≥ 500 g), were associated with postoperative outcomes, but not the number or type of myoma. The safety of cesarean myomectomy is not inferior to that of caesarean section only, considering its positive effects such as gynecological symptom relief and avoidance of the next surgery.