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Background: Grape seed extract (GSE) from Vitis vinifera L. is rich in polyphenols and oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes (OPCs), and it has shown potential benefits in managing low mood and cognitive function. In this study, we investigated the potential bioactivities of Enovita ® , a standardized GSE extract (GSEe herein) rich in OPCs, in key mechanistic pathways related to low mood conditions and cognitive function., Methods: In vitro assays were conducted to assess GSEe's inhibitory effects on γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), its binding affinity to the GABA site of GABA-A receptors, and its effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Its neuroprotective effects on human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells under oxidative stress (induced by H 2 O 2 ) were assessed using MTT and LDH release assays. Its antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC, HORAC, total phenolic content, and TAS assays. Its cytotoxicity was also evaluated., Results: GSEe showed significant GABA-T inhibitory activity. It also exhibited MAO-A and AChE inhibition, along with moderate binding affinity to the GABA-A receptor. In neuroprotective assays, GSEe provided significant protection to SH-SY5Y cells against oxidative stress. GSEe demonstrated robust antioxidant activity in all assays, including scavenging of DPPH and ABTS radicals, high ferric-reducing power, high polyphenolic contents, and a substantial total antioxidant capacity., Conclusions: GSEe exhibits promising bioactivities, highlighting its potential as a supplement for modulating mood and enhancing cognitive function. Overall, the promising results from these in vitro studies provide a strong foundation for the continued exploration and development of GSEe as a viable natural supplement for enhancing mental health and cognitive function.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10 ) on alveolar bone remodeling and orthodontic tooth movement (OTM)., Materials and Methods: An orthodontic appliance was placed in 42 female Sprague‒Dawley rats were divided into two groups: the orthodontic force (OF) group (n = 21) and the OF + CoQ 10 (CoQ 10 ) treatment group (n = 21). Each group was divided into 3 subgroups, and the rats were sacrificed on days 3, 7 and 14. The rats in CoQ 10 and OF groups were administered 100 mg/kg b.w./day CoQ 10 (in 1 mL/b.w. soybean oil) and 1 mL b.w./day soybean oil, respectively, by orogastric gavage. The OTM was measured at the end of the experiment. The osteoclast, osteoblast and capillary numbers; vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), receptor activator nuclear kappa B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegrin (OPG) levels in tissue; and total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) in blood were determined., Results: Compared with the OF group, the CoQ 10 treatment group exhibited decreased orthodontic tooth movement and osteoclast and capillary numbers. Indeed, the levels of VEGF and RANKL decreased, while the levels of OPG increased except on day 7. Additionally, the CoQ 10 treatment group exhibited lower TOS and higher TAS on days 7 and 14 (p < 0.05). Histological findings showed that the morphology of osteoblasts changed in the CoQ 10 group; however, there was no significant difference in the number of osteoblasts between the groups (p > 0.05)., Conclusion: Due to its effect on oxidative stress and inflammation, CoQ 10 regulates bone remodeling by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation, promoting osteoblast differentiation and reducing the amount of OTM., Clinical Relevance: Considering that OTM may be slowed with the use of CoQ 10 , topics such as orthodontic treatment duration, orthodontic force activation and appointment frequency should be considered in treatment planning. It is predicted that the use of CoQ 10 will support the effectiveness of treatment in clinical applications such as preventing relapse in orthodontic treatment by regulating bone modulation and anchorage methods that suppress/optimize unwanted tooth movement., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)