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Contemporary developments in material duplication promise product alternatives that are physically and sensorially indistinguishable from incumbent offerings. When fully realized, such duplicate offerings should obsolete the incumbents as a consequence of wider availability and lower monetary and social costs. Disruption will be impeded, however, if consumers favor incumbent products on the basis of non-material qualities. The authors show that the influence of such qualities depends on both the product category and characteristics of the consumer. In particular, when a creator is central to the product and when the consumer is inclined toward extraordinary beliefs, the influence of origin looms especially large. By contrasting origin and substance, the present research exposes dualistic thinking in consumers' product evaluations, enriches prior research on authenticity and extraordinary beliefs, and contributes to the stubborn problem of technology adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to extensive research examining intrinsic motivation in educational and professional settings, the present research investigates the origin, and the development, of the intrinsic motivation to participate in a novel leisure activity. One survey and three experiments show that the enjoyment of a novel leisure activity, and the desire to reengage in the activity, are a function of the alignment between the goal associated with participation and a person's implicit theory about the skills needed to participate. A mastery goal promotes the development of intrinsic motivation when two conditions are met: (1) people believe their skills are malleable, and (2) first-time participation in the activity results in perceptions of improved mastery. A performance goal promotes the development of intrinsic motivation when two conditions are met: (1) people believe their skills are fixed, and (2) first-time participation in the activity results in perceptions of successful performance. The motivational benefits aligning participation goals and implicit theories are reversed when the execution of a first-time leisure activity is exceedingly difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning is a new learning concept and a highly effective way of learning, which is still being explored in the field of nursing education. This paper analyses the effectiveness of interventions in perioperative gynaecological care using humanised care in the operating theatre and the impact of this model of care on patients' psychological well-being and sleep quality. A deep learning-based vision robot was designed to provide higher quality of care for our human care and simplify our approach to gynaecological surgery. The anxiety and depression scores of the two groups were significantly improved after and before care, and the scores of the observation group were lower than those of the control group, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The humanised care for gynaecological surgery patients in the perioperative period is more conducive to the improvement of their negative emotions and at the same time can improve the sleep quality of patients, so it can be further promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This is a retrospective comparative study. We aimed to analyze the results of karyotype and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) of amniotic fluid across different gestational weeks and evaluate the clinical value in prenatal diagnosis, particularly in the late pregnancies.Samples from 580 pregnant women of 18–23 weeks of gestation (mid-gestation group) and 196 pregnant women of 24–32 weeks of gestation (late group) were performed both standard G-band karyotype analysis and CMA.Among the 580 pregnant women in the routine group, the most common indications were positive Down’s screening (213/580, 36.7%), followed by advanced maternal age (196/580, 33.8%); while fetal structural anomalies on ultrasonography were the top reason for amniocentesis in the late group (56/196, 28.6%). In the routine group, the total detection rate was 12.1% (70/580), of which 4.1% (24/580) were identified by karyotype analysis and 11.2% (65/580) by CMA. The total detection rate was 15.3% (30/196) in the late group, of which 5.1% (10/196) were detected by karyotype analysis, and 14.3% (28/196) by CMA.Karyotype analysis and CMA are complementary in detecting chromosomal abnormalities. Amniotic cavity puncture in the karyotype analysis in 18–23 weeks of gestation and 24–32 weeks of gestation is safe and effective, more obvious effect on the latter.Methods: This is a retrospective comparative study. We aimed to analyze the results of karyotype and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) of amniotic fluid across different gestational weeks and evaluate the clinical value in prenatal diagnosis, particularly in the late pregnancies.Samples from 580 pregnant women of 18–23 weeks of gestation (mid-gestation group) and 196 pregnant women of 24–32 weeks of gestation (late group) were performed both standard G-band karyotype analysis and CMA.Among the 580 pregnant women in the routine group, the most common indications were positive Down’s screening (213/580, 36.7%), followed by advanced maternal age (196/580, 33.8%); while fetal structural anomalies on ultrasonography were the top reason for amniocentesis in the late group (56/196, 28.6%). In the routine group, the total detection rate was 12.1% (70/580), of which 4.1% (24/580) were identified by karyotype analysis and 11.2% (65/580) by CMA. The total detection rate was 15.3% (30/196) in the late group, of which 5.1% (10/196) were detected by karyotype analysis, and 14.3% (28/196) by CMA.Karyotype analysis and CMA are complementary in detecting chromosomal abnormalities. Amniotic cavity puncture in the karyotype analysis in 18–23 weeks of gestation and 24–32 weeks of gestation is safe and effective, more obvious effect on the latter.Results: This is a retrospective comparative study. We aimed to analyze the results of karyotype and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) of amniotic fluid across different gestational weeks and evaluate the clinical value in prenatal diagnosis, particularly in the late pregnancies.Samples from 580 pregnant women of 18–23 weeks of gestation (mid-gestation group) and 196 pregnant women of 24–32 weeks of gestation (late group) were performed both standard G-band karyotype analysis and CMA.Among the 580 pregnant women in the routine group, the most common indications were positive Down’s screening (213/580, 36.7%), followed by advanced maternal age (196/580, 33.8%); while fetal structural anomalies on ultrasonography were the top reason for amniocentesis in the late group (56/196, 28.6%). In the routine group, the total detection rate was 12.1% (70/580), of which 4.1% (24/580) were identified by karyotype analysis and 11.2% (65/580) by CMA. The total detection rate was 15.3% (30/196) in the late group, of which 5.1% (10/196) were detected by karyotype analysis, and 14.3% (28/196) by CMA.Karyotype analysis and CMA are complementary in detecting chromosomal abnormalities. Amniotic cavity puncture in the karyotype analysis in 18–23 weeks of gestation and 24–32 weeks of gestation is safe and effective, more obvious effect on the latter.Conclusion: This is a retrospective comparative study. We aimed to analyze the results of karyotype and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) of amniotic fluid across different gestational weeks and evaluate the clinical value in prenatal diagnosis, particularly in the late pregnancies.Samples from 580 pregnant women of 18–23 weeks of gestation (mid-gestation group) and 196 pregnant women of 24–32 weeks of gestation (late group) were performed both standard G-band karyotype analysis and CMA.Among the 580 pregnant women in the routine group, the most common indications were positive Down’s screening (213/580, 36.7%), followed by advanced maternal age (196/580, 33.8%); while fetal structural anomalies on ultrasonography were the top reason for amniocentesis in the late group (56/196, 28.6%). In the routine group, the total detection rate was 12.1% (70/580), of which 4.1% (24/580) were identified by karyotype analysis and 11.2% (65/580) by CMA. The total detection rate was 15.3% (30/196) in the late group, of which 5.1% (10/196) were detected by karyotype analysis, and 14.3% (28/196) by CMA.Karyotype analysis and CMA are complementary in detecting chromosomal abnormalities. Amniotic cavity puncture in the karyotype analysis in 18–23 weeks of gestation and 24–32 weeks of gestation is safe and effective, more obvious effect on the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are three views of cognitive representation: the amodal, strong-embodiment, and weak-embodiment views of cognition. The present research provides support for the weak-embodiment view by demonstrating that two representational systems, one conceptual and one perceptual, underlie the cognitive processing of sensory experiences. We find that an initial sensory experience can exert two independent influences on judgments about a subsequent sensory experience. Specifically, we show that the conceptual representation of an initial sensory experience creates an expectation that biases judgments of the subsequent experience toward the initial experience (i.e., an assimilation bias), while the perceptual representation of an initial sensory experience creates a comparison standard that biases judgments of the subsequent experience away from the initial experience (i.e., a contrast bias). Documenting concurrent assimilation and contrast biases supports the claim of a dual representational system espoused by the weak-embodiment view. In so doing, we update the classic literature on context effects and contribute to the debate on representational systems in cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nitrogen vacancy graphitic carbon nitride sphere (NVCNS) synthesized by H 2 plasma treatment has showed remarkable enhancement in photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production. The enhancement is attributed to the introduction of N defect state, which is beneficial to adsorption O 2 due to the accumulation of electrons on nitrogen vacancies (NV). The NV creates abundant unsaturated sites and induces strong interlayer interactions, leading to effective electronic excitation and promotion of charge transport. [Display omitted] Graphitic carbon nitride (CN) is a promising photocatalyst for sustainable energy conversion. Meanwhile, N vacancies are useful for H 2 O 2 generation; however, they are hard to control. In this study, the N vacancy CN sphere (NVCNS) is synthesized by H 2 plasma treatment to tune the NV. The as-synthesized NVCNS exhibits an efficient and stable photocatalytic H 2 O 2 yield of 4413.1 μmol g cat −1h−1, which is 2.5 and 4.6 times higher than that of CNS (1766.4 μmol g cat −1h−1) and bulk CN (956.6 μmol g cat −1h−1), respectively, using a Xe lamp with an intensity of 100 mWcm−2. In particular, the charges recombination rate is remarkably reduced by introducing N defect state, promoting electron accumulation and O 2 adsorption, through theoretical calculation and experiments. Furthermore, the NV creates abundant unsaturated sites and induces strong interlayer interactions, leading to effective electronic excitation and the promotion of charge transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lesion mimic mutants resembling the hypersensitive response without pathogen attack are an ideal material to understand programmed cell death, the defence response, and the cross‐talk between defence response and development in plants. In this study, mic, a lesion mimic mutant from cultivar Yunyin treated with ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS), was screened. By map‐based cloning, a short‐chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase with an atypical active site HxxxK was isolated and designated as SDR7‐6. It functions as a homomultimer in rice and is localized at the endoplasmic reticulum. The lesion mimic phenotype of the mutant is light‐dependent. The mutant displayed an increased resistance response to bacterial blight, but reduced resistance to rice blast disease. The mutant and knockout lines showed increased reactive oxygen species, jasmonic acid content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and expression of pathogenicity‐related genes, while chlorophyll content was significantly reduced. The knockout lines showed significant reduction in grain size, seed setting rate, 1000‐grain weight, grain weight per plant, panicle length, and plant height. SDR7‐6 is a new lesion mimic gene that encodes a short‐chain alcohol dehydrogenase with atypical catalytic site. Disruption of SDR7‐6 led to cell death and had adverse effects on multiple agricultural characters. SDR7‐6 may act at the interface of the two defence pathways of bacterial blight and rice blast disease in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synergistic effect of sodium and oxygen expands π-conjugated aromatic rings and distortion of the heptazine skeleton, enhancing the intrinsic π→π* electron transition and the effective n→π* electron transition. [Display omitted] • A sodium and oxygen co-doped g-C 3 N 4 (NaOCN) is prepared by facile microwave synthesis, in which Na as a charge transport channel promotes the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers. • The as-prepared NaOCN exhibits the NIR absorption extended to 1400 nm and the apparent quantum yield (AQY) can keep 26.9% at 420 nm and still maintain 7.2 % at 600 nm, which shows strong NIR response range. • The intrinsic π → π* electron transition and active the n → π* electron transition generated by the synergistic effect of Na and O atoms are the main factor to promote the NIR response of NaOCN. Efficient utilization of near-infrared light (NIR) is critical to optimize the performance of photocatalysts. Herein, an ultrafast process is employed to co-condensation of melamine and NaCl by microwave-assist heating. The fabricated sodium and oxygen co-doped g-C 3 N 4 (NaOCN) shows extended π-conjugated aromatic rings and distortion of the heptazine skeleton, which can enhance the intrinsic π → π* electron transition and active the n → π* electron transition. The robust n → π* excitation of NaOCN leads to a narrowed bandgap of 2.73 eV with the NIR absorption extending to 1400 nm. The apparent quantum yield (AQY) for NaOCN can still keep 7.2 % at 600 nm. This work provides a promising way for the application of NIR-based carbon nitride in photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amorphous carbon nitride (ACN) is a promising semiconductor photocatalyst for photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production. However, its actual activity is hindered by a high recombination rate of photoexcited charge carriers. Herein we report a K-doped ACN (K-ACN) photocatalyst synthesized via Ar plasma treatment to the modified melamine and KCl powder mixture at a moderate temperature. The as-synthesized K-ACN exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic properties for H 2 O 2 production with a yield of 6.21 mM h−1, which is 6 times higher than that of bulk CN. Moreover, the H 2 O 2 yield can be further increased to 13.95 mM h−1 by adjusting the pH value. The significantly enhanced photocatalytic property is mainly attributed to the introduction of K+, which is conducive to tuning the electronic structure, extending π conjugated system, passivating trap states and enhancing photocatalytic activity. The result has provided a facile and effective strategy for the modification of ACN to significantly boost its photocatalytic activity. [Display omitted] • K-ACN photocatalyst was synthesized via Ar plasma treatment to the modified melamine and KCl powder mixture. • The as-synthesized K-ACN exhibits 6-fold photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production relative to pristine carbon nitride. • The passivated trap states were observed in K-ACN and result in faster transport of light-induced active electrons. • K doping is conducive to tuning the electronic structure and enhanceing photocatalytic activity of ACN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practical application of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 , CN) is restricted by its low photocatalytic activity and difficult recycling. Herein, we report a CN/Mn 2 O 3 p-n heterojunction grown by a plasma-assisted liquid-based method using a special precursor complex of melamine-cyanuric acid supramolecular on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. The as-grown CN/Mn 2 O 3 /FTO p-n heterojunction exhibits a significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical performance with a photocurrent density of 25 μA/cm2 compared with its powder form (0.9 μA/cm2) formed by common drop coating method，and a tunable valence band (VB) with excellent mechanical strength which is benefit for photocatalytic oxidation reaction and recovery. The formation of CN/Mn 2 O 3 /FTO p-n heterojunction can promote the transfer of photoelectrons due to an internal electric field at the interface of p-n junction, leading to the accumulation of electrons and holes in the VB of CN and conduction band (CB) of Mn 2 O 3. The results have shed a light on promoting the practical application of CN, and the developed plasma-assisted liquid-based growth method can be extended to the preparation of other type of functional heterojunctions. [Display omitted] • ACN/Mn 2 O 3 p-n heterojunction was grown by a plasma-assisted liquid-based method using melamine-cyanuric acid supramolecular as precursor. • The as-grown CN/Mn 2 O 3 /FTO p-n heterojunction exhibits a significantly enhanced PEC performance and a tunable VB. • The internal electric field at the interface of p-n heterojunction can promote the transfer of photoelectrons and lead to the accumulation of electrons and holes in the VB of CN and CB of Mn 2 O 3. • The developed plasma-assisted liquid-based growth method can be extended to the preparation of other type of functional heterojunctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nitride (CN) with nitrogen vacancy is a robust photocatalyst with proven enhancing H 2 O 2 production ability. However, nitrogen vacancy control is extremely challenging with the majority of reports representing it as a few vacancies. Herein, for the first time, the amorphous CN (ACN) with two N 2 C -site vacancies in one CN unit is prepared by a one-step H 2 plasma approach. First-principles calculations and experimental results provide consistent evidence that two N 2 C vacancies are located in one CN unit structure after amorphous transformation. Plasma-induced ACN is stable with a hierarchical continuous nanosheet network structure and exhibits an ultrahigh specific surface area of ~405.76 m2g−1, which is 83 times higher than that of pristine CN (4.89 m2g−1) and significantly enhanced photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production, yielding 1874 μmolg−1h−1. Besides, the existence potential drop of 2.61 eV for the electrostatic potential in ACN is key to charge carrier separation. Moreover, the amorphous transformation leads to a new strong band tail, which remarkably enhances the absorbance edge of ACN up to 593 nm, resulting in a wider range of visible-light absorption to enhance H 2 O 2 production. The results have provided an effective approach for promoting the practical application of ACN in photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production. Upon the H 2 plasma treatment, the high energetic particles bombarded the N lattice sites of graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) to form an amorphous carbon nitride (ACN) with two N 2 C -site vacancies in one CN unit. The ACN with hierarchical nanostructure exhibits ultra-high specific surface area and photocatalytic activity. [Display omitted] • We developed a one-step H 2 plasma treatment to induce hierarchical ACN nanostructure with two N 2 C -site vacancies in one unit of CN structure without element doping. • The plasma-induced ACN is stable with hierarchical continuous nanosheet network structure and exhibits ultrahigh specific surface area and significantly enhanced photocatalytic H 2 O 2 production yielding. • The two N 2 C vacancies in ACN nanostructure are determined by the first-principles calculations and the consistent electronic character of experimental results. • The amorphous transformation of CN leads to a new strong band tail, which remarkably enhances the absorbance edge of ACN up to 593 nm, resulting in a wider range of visible-light absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The g-C 3 N 4 (CN) microrods with superficial C, N dual vacancies were synthesized by facial thermal polymerization of melamine--cyanuric acid supramolecular (MCS) precursors under H 2 flow. Compared with bulk g-C 3 N 4 (BCN), the as-synthesized defective CN microrods with an increased specific surface area exhibit an enhanced photocatalytic performance with a kinetic constant (K) of ~0.19 min−1 for RhB degradation and an ~718.36 µmol g−1h−1 for H 2 O 2 production rate, which are about~17-fold and ~3-fold higher than that of BCN, respectively. The C, N dual vacancies are very effective in reducing the bandgap and inhibiting carrier recombination. The pivotal active species in RhB degradation is determined to be·O 2 -, and the pathway of H 2 O 2 production is confirmed as a sequential two-step single-electron reduction. The results have provided a great potential way to promote the practical application of CN for photocatalytic organic pollutant removal and H 2 O 2 production. The as-prepared g-C 3 N 4 microrods with superficial C, N dual vacancies exhibits enlarged specific surface area, improved photogenerated carriers separation efficiency, and enhanced photocatalytic performance for RhB degradation and H 2 O 2 production. [Display omitted] • The CN microrods with superficial C, N dual vacancies were synthesized by a facile thermal polymerization of MCS precursors under H 2 flowing. • Compared with BCN, the defective CN microrods exhibit significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance and high H 2 O 2 production rate. • The pathway of H 2 O 2 production is confirmed as a sequential two-step single-electron reduction. • The significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of superficial C, N dual vacancies and morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The sterile lemma is a unique organ of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) spikelet. However, the characteristics and origin of the rice sterile lemma have not been determined unequivocally, so it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the development of the sterile lemma. Results: In the paper, we outline the regulatory mechanism of sterile lemma development by LONG STERILE LEMMA1 (G1), which has been identified as the gene controlling sterile lemma development. Based on the comprehensive analyses of transcriptome dynamics during sterile lemma development with G1 alleles between wild-type (WT) and mutant (MT) in rice, we obtained co-expression data and regulatory networks related to sterile lemma development. Co-transfection assays of rice protoplasts confirmed that G1 affects the expression of various phytohormone-related genes by regulating a number of critical transcription factors, such as OsLBD37 and OSH1. The hormone levels in sterile lemmas from WT and MT of rice supports the hypotheses that lower auxin, lower gibberellin, and higher cytokinin concentrations are required to maintain a normal phenotype of sterile lemmas. Conclusion: The regulatory networks have considerable reference value, and some of the regulatory relationships exhibiting strong correlations are worthy of further study. Taken together, these work provided a detailed guide for further studies into the molecular mechanism of sterile lemma development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A morphology-controllable 0D/1D g-C 3 N 4 (CN) homojunction using the melamine-cyanuric acid supramolecular (MCS) and urea as co-precursor was constructed by a facile in-situ thermal polymerization process. [Display omitted] • A morphology-controllable 0D/1D g-C 3 N 4 homojunction (MUCN) was constructed by a facile in-situ thermal polymerization process. • The as-prepare MUCN is stable with controllable and uniform morphology and exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic activities for RhB degradation and H 2 O 2 production. • The significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance of MUCN is attributed to the synergetic effect of energy band controlling and structural coupling in MUCN. • The results have provided a new effective way for promoting the practical photocatalytic application of CN. A morphology-controllable 0D/1D graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 , CN) homojunction (MUCN) was constructed by a facile in-situ thermal polymerization process using the melamine-cyanuric acid supramolecular (MCS) and urea as co-precursor. The as-prepare MUCN is stable with controllable and uniform morphology and exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic activities for RhB degradation and H 2 O 2 production. The RhB degradation rate and the H 2 O 2 production are ~37 times and 17 times higher than that of pure CN, respectively. The significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the synergetic effect of energy band controlling and structural coupling in MUCN, which can form the internal driving force to improve the separation efficiency of charge carriers. The results have provided a new effective way for promoting the practical photocatalytic application of CN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controllable delivery of persulfate (PS) and the enhancement of oxidative availability of pollutants in in-situ oxidative remediation of low-permeability polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soil are crucial. To tackle the above challenges, the coupling of Tween 80 solubilization enhanced oxidation of phenanthrene (PHE) in low-permeability soil under electrokinetic remediation (EKR) was proposed. Firstly, batch degradation experiments showed that the addition of Tween 80 significantly inhibited the degradation of PHE in soil under thermally activated PS, as the dosage of Tween 80 increased from 0 % to 1 % with the corresponding removal rate declining from 99.19 % to 40.90 %. Accordingly, in-situ electrokinetic delivery of Tween 80 and PS was regulated in further EKR, intending to reduce unproductive consumption. PS was more uniformly delivered to the whole remediation regions from the cathode chamber by electromigration, while Tween 80 was transported into the soil from the anode chamber by electroosmosis, which made Tween 80 solubilization and PS oxidation achieve synergistic effect. And the total removal rate of PHE reached 64.90 % under this strategy, which had increased by 415.90 % and 8.76 %− 130.14 % compared with only EKR or EKR coupling single enhanced technology, respectively. After further thermal activation of transported PS at 50 ℃ by electrical resistance heating, the total removal rate of PHE increased to 71.58 %. EPR spectrum indicated that SO 4 . - and OH. were responsible for the degradation of PHE. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion doping is an effective method to improve the photocatalytic activity of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) by providing a photocarriers transfer channel. But limited by the bonds in heptazine rings, photoelectrons are still trapped in the structure. Therefore, both potassium ions and nitrogen defects were successfully introduced into g-C 3 N 4 by high temperature calcination to accelerate the charges transfer between both interlayers and intralayer of g-C 3 N 4. The results showed that the hydrogen production rate of g-C 3 N 4 modified simultaneously by nitrogen defects and potassium ions reaches 1722.4 μmol·g−1·h−1, which is 8 times that of pristine g-C 3 N 4. Based on various characterization techniques and DFT calculations, we attributed the enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution to the improved light adsorption, more delocalized HOMO-LUMO, and stronger interlayer interactions. This work will provide a promising way to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of g-C 3 N 4 and a possible mechanism was proposed. Synopsis. This work developed a valid and efficient strategy to modify graphitic carbon nitride and significantly enhance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. [Display omitted] • K@C 3 N 4-x was successfully synthesized by a simple polymerization and nitric acid treatment. • Hydrogen evolution rate of K@C 3 N 4-x is approximately 8 times higher than that of pristine carbon nitride. • Horizontal and vertical charge transfer channels were constructed to improve the photocatalytic performance of g-C 3 N 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants usually keep resistance (R) proteins in a static state under normal conditions to avoid autoimmunity and save energy for growth, but R proteins can be rapidly activated upon perceiving pathogen invasion. Pib , the first cloned blast disease R gene in rice, encoding a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein, mediates resistance to the blast fungal (Magnaporthe oryzae) isolates carrying the avirulence gene AvrPib. However, the molecular mechanisms about how Pib recognizes AvrPib and how it is inactivated and activated remain largely unclear. In this study, through map-based cloning and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, we proved that Pib contributes to the blast disease resistance of rice cultivar Yunyin (YY). Furthermore, an SH3 domain-containing protein, SH3P2, was found to associate with Pib mainly at clathrin-coated vesicles in rice cells, via direct binding with the coiled-coil (CC) domain of Pib. Interestingly, overexpression of SH3P2 in YY compromised Pib -mediated resistance to M. oryzae isolates carrying AvrPib and Pib-AvrPib recognition-induced cell death. SH3P2 competitively inhibits the self-association of the Pib CC domain in vitro , suggesting that binding of SH3P2 with Pib undermines its homodimerization. Moreover, SH3P2 can also interact with AvrPib and displays higher affinity to AvrPib than to Pib, which leads to dissociation of SH3P2 from Pib in the presence of AvrPib. Taken together, our results suggest that SH3P2 functions as a "protector" to keep Pib in a static state by direct interaction during normal growth but could be triggered off by the invasion of AvrPib -carrying M. oryzae isolates. Our study reveals a new mechanism about how an NLR protein is inactivated under normal conditions but is activated upon pathogen infection. Plants usually keep resistance (R) proteins in a static state under normal conditions to avoid autoimmunity and save energy for growth, but R proteins can be rapidly activated upon perceiving pathogen invasion. In this study, the authors find that SH3P2, an SH3 domain-containing protein that interacts with both Pib and AvrPib, suppresses effector-triggered, Pib-mediated immunity in rice, revealing a new mechanism in which an NLR protein is inactivated under normal conditions but is activated upon pathogen infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐light enhancement is a crucial task in computer vision because of the limited dynamic range of digital imaging devices in poor lighting conditions. Images taken under low‐light conditions often suffer from insufficient brightness and severe noise. At present, many models based on convolutional neural networks have been proposed to enhance low‐light images. However, most models treat the features on different channels equally, which is not conducive to models learning hierarchical features. Consequently, the method proposed a channel splitting attention network (CSAN) that divides the shallow features into two branches, the residual and dense branches, transmitting different information. Residual branching facilitates feature reuse, while dense branching promotes the exploration of new features. In addition, CSAN uses merge‐and‐run mappings to assist information integration between different branches and distinguishes the information contained in different branch features through an attention module designed in this paper. Multiple experiment results show that the method proposed is superior to state‐of‐the‐art methods in qualitative and quantitative evaluation. Furthermore, CSAN can better suppress chromaticity aberration while enhancing low‐light images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The induction of embryogenic calli plays a vital role in the genetic transformation and regeneration of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Despite progress in rice tissue culture, the molecular mechanisms of embryogenic callus induction remain unknown. In this study, gene expression profiles associated with calli were comprehensively analyzed during callus induction of japonica rice 'Yunyin'. We first confirmed that NMB medium with 24 h of light and 0 h of dark (NMB-L) was the optimal condition for 'Yunyin' callus induction, while J3 medium with 0 h of light and 24 h of dark (J3-D) was the worst condition. After transcriptome analysis, 33,597 unigenes were assembled, among which we identified 6,063 DEGs (Differentially Expressed Genes) related to media and seven DEGs related to photoperiod. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal, and starch and sucrose metabolism were the top three pathways affected by media, while the circadian rhythm-plant pathway was associated with photoperiod. Furthermore, we identified two candidate genes, Os01g0965900 and Os12g0555200, affected by both medium and photoperiod. Statistical analysis of RNA-seq libraries showed that the expression levels of these two genes in J3-D calli were over 2.5 times higher than those in NMB-L calli, which was further proved by RT-qPCR analysis. Based on FPKM (Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript Per Million mapped reads), unigenes belonging to the NMB-L group were mainly assigned to ribosome, carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. We transformed Os12g0555200Nip and Os12g05552009311 into 'Nipponbare' calli and observed their effects on the growth and development process of rice calli using TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Observations showed that Os12g05552009311 was more disadvantageous to rice callus growth than Os12g0555200Nip. Our results reveal that the Os12g0555200, identified from transcriptomic profiles, has a negative influence during 'Yunyin' callus induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on persulfate (PS) is an attractive approach for repairing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soils, limited oxidizability of PAHs and efficient in-situ activation of PS hinder its practical applications. In this study, we comprehensively examined the contributions of five representative surfactants on the oxidative remediation of PAHs-contaminated soil in terms of degradation kinetics of the pollutants, and further proposed an innovative coupling strategy of surfactant-enhanced thermally activated PS remediating PAHs-contaminated soil. The results showed that the degradation process of PAHs in soil was significantly facilitated only via adding sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) and fitted the pseudo-first-order kinetic pattern. The removal of phenanthrene (PHE) reached 98.56% at 50 mM PS, 50 °C, 5 g L−1 SDBS and 48 h reaction time, accompanying an increase of 25% in reaction rate constant from 0.0572 h−1 (without SDBS) to 0.0715 h−1. More importantly, SDBS-enhanced thermally activated PS degrading PAHs with higher benzene rings were more effective as the reaction rate constants of pyrene (PYR) and benzo(a)anthracene (BaA) were significantly increased by 49.40% and 56.86%. Additionally, only appropriate dosages (5–10 g L−1) of SDBS facilitated the oxidative degradation of PHE, as well as the aging time of contaminant-soil contact slowed down the enhancement of oxidative degradation of PHE by SDBS. Scavenger experiments demonstrated that SO 4 ·- and 1O 2 were the dominant reactive oxygen species. Finally, a possible oxidative degradation pathway of PHE was proposed, and the toxicity of derived intermediates got alleviation by the assessment using the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool. This investigation was promising for in situ scale-up remediation of PAHs-contaminated soil. [Display omitted] • Surfactant enhanced thermally activated PS remediating PAHs-contaminated soil was proposed. • SDBS exhibited remarkable performance accelerating degradation of PAHs in soil. • SO 4 .-and 1O 2 were the dominant reactive oxygen species. • The balance between surfactant-enhanced desorption and its unproductive consumption for persulfate was essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs) are the major sphingolipids in the plant plasma membrane. In Arabidopsis , mutations of genes involved in the synthesis of GIPCs affect many physiological aspects of plants, including growth, pollen fertility, defense, and stress signaling. Loss of function of the GIPC MANNOSYL-TRANSFERASE1 (AtGMT1) results in GIPC misglycosylation and induces plant immune responses accompanied by a severely dwarfed phenotype, thus indicating that GIPCs play important roles in plant immunity. Here, we investigated the enzymatic activity and phenotypes of transgenic lines of OsGMT1 , the ortholog of AtGMT1. Sphingolipidomic analysis indicated that OsGMT1 retained the enzymatic activity of GIPC hexose (Hex) glycosylation, but the knockout lines did not accumulate H 2 O 2. In contrast, the OsGMT1 overexpression lines showed significant down-regulation of several defense-associated or cell wall synthesis-associated genes, and enhanced sensitivity to rice blast. Furthermore, we first demonstrated the sensitivity of rice cells to MoNLP1 protein through calcein AM release assays using rice protoplasts, thus legitimizing the presence of MoNLPs in rice blast fungus. In addition, yeast two-hybrid screens using OsGMT1 as bait revealed that OsGMT1 may regulate heading time through the OsHAP5C signaling pathway. Together, our findings suggested clear physiological functional differentiation of GMT1 orthologs between rice and Arabidopsis. • Loss of function of OsGMT1 , the ortholog of AtGMT1 , did not result in accumulation of peroxidase and H 2 O 2 in homozygous knockout transgenic rice plants, thus indicating functional differentiation of GMT1 orthologs between rice and Arabidopsis. • Sphingolipidomic analysis of OsGMT1 overexpression lines indicated that OsGMT1 retained GIPC Hex glycosylation enzymatic activity. • The sensitivity of monocot rice cells to MoNLP1 toxin secreted by Magnaporthe grisea was demonstrated through calcein AM release assays using rice protoplasts. • OsGMT1 may regulate heading time through the OsHAP5C signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New kinetic model is proposed to predict the thermal enhanced interphase mass transfer from a non-aqueous phase liquid to a gas in unsaturated zone. [Display omitted] • New correlations on NAPL-gas interfacial mass transfer coefficient estimation are developed. • A correlation is exploited to predict the duration of steady-state mass transfer. • The competition mechanism between NAPL volatilization and spreading in the porous medium is considered. An in-depth understanding of interphase mass transfer from a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) to a gas is crucial and indispensable for properly designing and optimizing remediation schemes in NAPL-contaminated sites involving thermal treatment. A series of polluted soil column venting experiments were conducted to thoroughly evaluate this nonequilibrium behavior at both the initial steady-state stage and transient stage of mass transfer. Two new correlations are proposed to predict the mass transfer efficiency and duration of the steady-state stage. Additionally, it is proposed the disparity of behavior in the transient stage is caused by different modes of interfacial area reduction, which are controlled by two competing phenomena: NAPL film spreading, and evaporation at the NAPL–gas interface. These processes are described by specific mathematical expressions. These findings provide deep insight into thermally enhanced NAPL–gas interfacial mass transfer and have the potential to be applied to modeling studies and field applications of multiphase extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three groups of glycosyltransferase 64 (GT64) family are widely conserved in Angiospermae. • Four rice GT64 genes all localize to the Golgi apparatus and show distinct tissue-specific expression patterns. • Genomic variation analysis of OsGT64s revealed that the indica – japonica or latitudinal differentiation exists in their coding sequences. • Promoter element and expression analysis of OsGT64s suggested that they may play a role in different stress responses and hormone signaling pathways. The glycosyltransferase 64 (GT64) family is widely conserved in many species, including animals and plants. The functions of GT64 family genes in animals have been well characterized in the biosynthesis of extracellular heparan sulfate, whereas two GT64 members in Arabidopsis thaliana are involved in the glycosylation of plasma membrane glycosylinositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs). GIPCs are the main components of plant sphingolipids and serve as important signal molecules in various developmental processes and stress responses. Rice (Oryza sativa), a model monocot plant, contains four GT64 members in its genome. Using phylogenetic analysis, 73 GT64s from 19 plant species were divided into three main groups. Each group can be represented by the three members in Arabidopsis and show a trend of monocot-eudicot divergence. A promoter and genomic variation analysis of GT64s in rice showed that various stress-related regulatory elements exist in their promoters, and many sequence variations were found between the two main rice subspecies, japonica and indica. Additionally, transmembrane domain and subcellular localization analyses revealed that these genes all encode membrane-bound glycosyltransferases and are localized to the Golgi apparatus. Finally, expression analysis of the four GT64 genes in rice, as assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, showed that they have distinct tissue-specific expression patterns and respond to different hormone treatments or abiotic stresses. Our results indicated that this family of genes may play a role in different stress responses and hormone signaling pathways in rice, which will provide fundamental information for further investigation of their functions in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrode material has played an essential role in the performance of supercapacitors. In this paper, we report a mesoporous polymorphic CoSe 2 @N-doped carbon (CoSe 2 @N–C) material synthesized by a facile and efficient in-situ microwave process derived from cobalt organic framework (Co-MOF). The as-synthesized CoSe 2 @N–C electrode shows polymorphism with a stable mesoporous morphology and exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance which is mainly attributed to the synergistic effects of N-doped carbon material, mesoporous structure and polymorphism resulting from selenization. Furthermore, the as-constructed asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC): CoSe 2 @N–C//graphene aerogel (GA) displays a maximum energy density of 42.2 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 791.6 W kg−1 and long-term cycling life with capacitance retention of 94.4% after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. The results have shown a great potential for the CoSe 2 @N–C electrode in SC applications. • The mesoporous polymorphic CoSe 2 @N–C was synthesized by an in-situ microwave process derived from Co-MOF. • The CoSe 2 @N–C shows polymorphism with a stable morphology and exhibits enhanced electrochemical performance. • The as-constructed ASC: CoSe 2 @N–C//GA displays both high energy density and high power density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The flower-like Mn 3 O 4 /rGO composite was prepared by a facile one-step solvothermal process. • The as-prepared Mn 3 O 4 /rGO material exhibits a high specific capacitance of 947F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and excellent capacitance retention of 88.1% after 4000 GCD cycles at 10 A g−1. • The addition of rGO effectively improved the conductivity of Mn 3 O 4 and providing more buffer space for the electrochemical reaction of Mn 3 O 4 , • The flower-like nanostructure allows for more active sites and a shorter electrolyte ion diffusion pathway. Mn 3 O 4 has attracted great interest due to its pseudocapacitive properties, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, the low conductivity and high-volume expansion limit its application to supercapacitors. In this research, a flower-like Mn 3 O 4 /reduced graphene (rGO) electrode material was obtained by a one-step solvothermal process. The as-prepared Mn 3 O 4 /rGO electrode exhibits a high capacity of 118.375 mAh g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and an excellent cycle ability of 88.1% after 4000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g−1. The high performance of the Mn 3 O 4 /rGO electrode can be attributed to the hierarchical structure and improved charge transfer capability as well as buffer space for the volume expansion by the addition of rGO. The nanoflower-like structure of Mn 3 O 4 /rGO provides a more active sites and short ion transport pathway during the redox reaction. The results provide an efficient way of improving the electrochemical performance of Mn 3 O 4 and show its great potential in SC applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A graphene and carbon nanotube wrapped Cobalt derivatives (Gr-CNT@Co) electrode material has been prepared by annealing the complex of ZIF-67 and graphene oxide. The as-prepared Gr-CNT@Co shows an interconnected porous network, a high specific surface (253.9 m2g−1), and a high specific capacitance of 1108F g−1 with high cycling stability. Furthermore, the constructed all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor based on Gr-CNT@Co positive electrode and N-doped graphene negative electrode exhibit both a high energy density of 36.55 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 685.3 W kg−1 showing very promising potential for portable power and flexible energy storage devices applications. [Display omitted] • A graphene and carbon nanotube wrapped cobalt electrode (Gr-CNT@Co) was prepared. • The interconnected Gr-CNT@Co material shows excellent electrochemical performance. • Gr-CNT@Co//N-doped rGO all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor was fabricated. • The ASSC delivers a high energy density of 36.55 Wh kg−1 at 685.3 W kg−1. Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) materials attract increasing interest for their energy storage application by converting MOF into MOF derivatives. Herein, a graphene and carbon nanotube wrapped Cobalt derivatives (Gr-CNT@Co) electrode material is prepared by annealing the complex of ZIF-67 and graphene oxide. The as-prepared Gr-CNT@ Co shows an interconnected porous structure, a high specific surface (253.9 m2g−1), and a high specific capacitance of 1108F g−1 with high cycling stability. Furthermore, the constructed all-solid-state asymmetric Gr-CNT@Co// N-doped rGO device exhibits a high energy density of 36.55 Wh kg−1 at 685.3 W kg−1, as well as an excellent cycle capacitance retention (78%) after 6000 cycles at 1.5Ag−1, which shows that Gr-CNT@Co is very promising electrode material for portable energy storage devices applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this manuscript, we construct a hierarchical Ni 3 S 2 /CoFe LDH/Ni foam (Ni 3 S 2 /CoFe LDH/NF) hybrid by a facile hydrothermal synthesis followed by an electrodeposition without using any chemical binder. The as-constructed Ni 3 S 2 /CoFe LDH/NF exhibits an ultrahigh areal capacitance of 5.08 F cm−2 and an excellent rate capability with a capacitance retention of 73.8% at the high current density of 20 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the constructed asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) based on the Ni 3 S 2 /CoFe LDH/NF anode and the activated carbon (AC) cathode shows both a high power density of 986 W kg−1 and a high energy density of 47.31 Wh kg−1 with high cycling stability of 93.4% initial capacitance after 5000 cycles, demonstrating an enormous potential for the practical application in energy storage devices. [Display omitted] • A hierarchical Ni3S2/CoFe LDH/NF hybrid was constructed by a facile hydrothermal synthesis followed by an electrodeposition without using any chemical binder. • Ultrahigh areal capacitance and excellent rate capability are achieved for the Ni 3 S 2 /CoFe LDH/NF electrode. • The constructed ASC exhibits the outstanding energy storage performance. • This fabrication strategy could be extended to other LDH-based electrode materials. Transition metal layered double hydroxides (TM LDHs) nanosheets have stimulated tremendous research enthusiasm, which is gifted with their tunable chemical compositions, large layer distances and superior electrochemical performance. However, the small number of electroactive sites and the low electrical conductivity have restricted their applications in electrode materials. Herein, we construct a hierarchical Ni 3 S 2 /CoFe LDH/Ni foam (Ni 3 S 2 /CoFe LDH/NF) hybrid by a facile hydrothermal synthesis followed by an electrodeposition without using any chemical binder. The as-constructed Ni 3 S 2 /CoFe LDH/NF exhibits an ultrahigh areal capacitance of 5.08 F cm−2 and an excellent rate capability with a capacitance retention of 73.8% at the high current density of 20 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the constructed asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) based on the Ni 3 S 2 /CoFe LDH/NF anode and the activated carbon (AC) cathode shows both a high power density of 986 W kg−1 and a high energy density of 47.31 Wh kg−1 with high cycling stability of 93.4% initial capacitance after 5000 cycles, demonstrating an enormous potential for the practical application in energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nickel Cobalt Hydroxide (NCH) has attracted increasing interests due to its pseudo-capacitive performance. However, its low conductivity and poor cycling performance have still restricted its practical application. Herein, we report a NCH nanosheets (NSs)/graphene/nickel foam (NCH NSs/G/NF) composite electrode prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) followed by a facile hydrothermal process. No alkali, organic solvent and chemical binders were used in the preparation process. The as-prepared NCH NSs/G/NF composite electrode exhibits a significantly enhanced specific capacitance of 2854.9 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and a rate performance of 2023.5F g−1 at 10 A g−1 with a retained ~81.3% initial capacitance after 3000 charging/discharging cycles at 30 A g−1. The high capacitive performance is mainly attributed to the high specific area and the significantly improved electrical conductive property by the well conductive three-dimensional network and the NCH NSs structure. The results have provided a new way for improving the capacitive performance of NCH electrode and promoting its supercapacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]