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Abstract Co-doping of phosphorus and boron elements into crystalline silicon quantum dot (c-Si QD) is an effective approach for enhancing the photoluminescence (PL) performance. In this paper, we report on the preparation of hydrogenated silicon nitride (SiNx:H) thin films embedded with phosphorus-boron co-doped c-Si QDs via plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition route. Mixed dilution including hydrogen (H2) and argon (Ar) is applied in the in-situ deposition process for optimizing the deposition process. The P-B co-doped c-Si QD/SiNx:H thin films exhibit a wide range of PL spectra. The emission is greatly improved especially for the short-wavelength light when compared to the SiOx:H thin film containing P-B co-doped c-Si QDs. The effects of H2/Ar flow ratio on the structural and optical characteristics of thin films are systematically investigated through a series of characterizations. Experimental results show that various properties, such as crystallinity, QD size, optical band gap and doping concentrations, are effectively controlled by tuning H2/Ar flow ratio. Based on the red-shift of QCE-related PL peak, the successful P-B co-doping into Si QDs are verified. Finally, a comprehensive discussion has been made to analyze the influence of H2-Ar mixed dilution on the film growth and impurity doping in detail in this paper.

Introduction: Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are recognized as the most versatile catalysts worldwide, playing vital roles in numerous biological metabolism and biosynthesis processes across all kingdoms of life. Despite the vast number of P450 genes available in databases (over 300,000), only a small fraction of them (less than 0.2 %) have undergone functional characterization. Objectives: To provide a convenient platform with abundant information on P450s and their corresponding reactions, we introduce the P450Rdb database, a manually curated resource compiles literature-supported reactions catalyzed by P450s. Methods: All the P450s and Reactions were manually curated from the literature and known databases. Subsequently, the P450 reactions organized and categorized according to their chemical reaction type and site. The website was developed using HTML and PHP languages, with the MySQL server utilized for data storage. Results: The current version of P450Rdb catalogs over 1,600 reactions, involving more than 590 P450s across a diverse range of over 200 species. Additionally, it offers a user-friendly interface with comprehensive information, enabling easy querying, browsing, and analysis of P450s and their corresponding reactions. P450Rdb is free available at http://www.cellknowledge.com.cn/p450rdb/. Conclusions: We believe that this database will significantly promote structural and functional research on P450s, thereby fostering advancements in the fields of natural product synthesis, pharmaceutical engineering, biotechnological applications, agricultural and crop improvement, and the chemical industry.

Abstract Background Inflammatory diseases are often initiated by the activation of inflammasomes triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which mediate pyroptosis. Although pyroptosis resulting from aberrant inflammasome triggering in thyroid follicular cells (TFCs) has been observed in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Given the extensive involvement of protein ubiquitination and deubiquitination in inflammatory diseases, we aimed to investigate how deubiquitinating enzymes regulate thyroid follicular cell pyroptosis and HT pathogenesis. Methods Our study specifically investigated the role of Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 1 (USP1), a deubiquitinase (DUB), in regulating the inflammasome components NLRP3 and AIM2, which are crucial in pyroptosis. We conducted a series of experiments to elucidate the function of USP1 in promoting pyroptosis associated with inflammasomes and the progression of HT. These experiments involved techniques such as USP1 knockdown or inhibition, measurement of key pyroptosis indicators including caspase-1, caspase-1 p20, and GSDMD-N, and examination of the effects of USP1 abrogation on HT using a mouse model. Furthermore, we explored the impact of USP1 on NLRP3 transcription and its potential interaction with p65 nuclear transportation. Results Our findings provide compelling evidence indicating that USP1 plays a pivotal role in promoting inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and HT progression by stabilizing NLRP3 and AIM2 through deubiquitination. Furthermore, we discovered that USP1 modulates the transcription of NLRP3 by facilitating p65 nuclear transportation. Knockdown or inhibition of USP1 resulted in weakened cell pyroptosis, as evidenced by reduced levels of caspase-1 p20 and GSDMD-N, which could be restored upon AIM2 overexpression. Remarkably, USP1 abrogation significantly ameliorated HT in the mice model, likely to that treating mice with pyroptosis inhibitors VX-765 and disulfiram. Conclusions Our study highlights a regulatory mechanism of USP1 on inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in TFCs during HT pathogenesis. These findings expand our understanding of HT and suggest that inhibiting USP1 may be a potential treatment strategy for managing HT.

Pen shell (Atrina pectinata) is a Bivalvia species with high commercial value in China. However, large scale production is difficult owing to the lack of seed. Pen shell uses external fertilization with sperm stored in the testis in a nonmotile state. Sperm motility is initiated when they are released from the reproductive tract into the aquatic environment, which enables fertilization. Various chemical signals including pH, ions, and cyclic nucleotides control sperm motility. However, there are interspecific differences in activation conditions between different Bivalvia species. Screening out an effective activating medium is the basis of artificial breeding technology.Swimming parameters, such as total motile sperm (TM), movement velocity, and beat-cross frequency (BCF) are common indicators to evaluate sperm quality. Sperm must have sufficient motility to reach the egg to complete fertilization. In addition, sperm needs a large amount of ATP to maintain its swimming movement. Intracellular ATP content controls the duration of the sperm movement phase in most marine species. Studying the movement characteristics and energy metabolism of sperm during activation will help develop and optimize artificial breeding technology. Studies of A. pectinata mainly focus on their oocytes. However, the activation conditions, moving characteristics, and energy metabolism of sperm during activation remains unknown. Thus, there is an urgent need to screen appropriate media and study the activation mechanisms of A. pectinata sperm.Adult A. pectinata were collected from Wuzhizhou Island, Hainan Province in November 2021. Artificial seawater with different levels of ammonia ions and pH were used to activate sperm. This study examined A. pectinata sperm activation in artificial seawater by varying the ammonia ion concentration and pH. The change in sperm motility, curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), and BCF were described. The ATP content, ATPase activities, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were quantitatively recorded during the full activated stage. The motility was slightly improved by increasing the pH of seawater, but could not achieve the fully activated stage. Furthermore, the motility was significantly improved when activated by alkalized seawater containing ammonia ions, and the best results were observed in groups containing 3 mmol/L ammonia ion: The sperm motility index (MI) was in the fully activated stage (MI ≥ 4) until the end of the experiment, with TM ≥ 80%, VCL > 56 μm/s, VSL > 17 μm/s, VAP > 30 μm/s, and BCF > 6 Hz. Sperm ATP content decreased to 30.29% of their initial values [(128.80±66.92) μmol/g prot] during 5 min post activation and was maintained at this level during post-activation. ATPase activities were maintained at a constant level. Na+-K+-ATPase activity was lower [(0.62±0.03) U/mg prot] compared to Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity [(6.08±0.04) U/mg prot]. The SOD activity of sperm steadily decreased to [(1.23±0.73) U/mg prot] during 15 min post activation and remained stable.In conclusion, pH was not the decisive factor in pen shell sperm motility. Instead, ammonium ion promoted sperm activation. There was a significant decrease in sperm ATP concentration (P

Microfluidic is a technology that allows the precise control of fluid in a micro-channel. With its advantages of high throughput and low cost, microfluidic technology has achieved good performance in various fields in recent years. Arthritis is a general term for a variety of joint diseases, which can be clinically manifested as joint pain and swelling, seriously affecting people's physical and mental health. At present, the causes of arthritis disease are still unknown, and existing disease models and treatment methods are still limited, so more treatments need to be developed. Microfluidic organ chip is a cutting-edge technology to build a bionic human organ model, which can reflect the structure and function characteristics of human organs by simulating the physiological environment of tissues and cells in vitro. This paper reviews the application of microfluidic technology in the modeling and treatment of arthritis, hoping to open up a new vision for the study of arthritis.

Abstract Lupus nephritis (LN) occurs in 50% of cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and is one of the most serious complications that can occur during lupus progression. Mesangial cells (MCs) are intrinsic cells in the kidney that can regulate capillary blood flow, phagocytose apoptotic cells, and secrete vasoactive substances and growth factors. Previous studies have shown that various types of inflammatory cells can activate MCs for hyperproliferation, leading to disruption of the filtration barrier and impairment of renal function in LN. Here, we characterized the heterogeneity of kidney cells of LN mice by single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and revealed the interaction between macrophages and MCs through the CXC motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12)/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) axis. In culture, macrophages modulated the proliferation and migration of MCs through this ligand–receptor interaction. In LN mice, treatment with linagliptin, a DPP4 inhibitor, effectively inhibited MC proliferation and reduced urinary protein levels. Together, our findings indicated that targeting the CXCL12/DPP4 axis with linagliptin treatment may serve as a novel strategy for the treatment of LN via the CXCL12/DPP4 axis.

Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with an unknown etiology. RA cannot be fully cured and requires lengthy treatment, imposing a significant burden on both individuals and society. Due to the lack of specific drugs available for treating RA, exploring a key new therapeutic target for RA is currently an important task. Activated fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) play a crucial role in the progression of RA, which release interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α resulting in abnormal inflammatory reaction in the synovium. A previous study has highlighted the correlation of m6A reader insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) with inflammation-related diseases in human. However, the role of IGF2BP2 in the inflammatory reaction of FLSs during RA progression has not been assessed. In this study, IGF2BP2 expression was decreased in the synovial tissues of RA patients and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats. Intra-articular injection of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector overexpressing IGF2BP2 relieved paw swelling, synovial hyperplasia and cartilage destruction in CIA rats. IGF2BP2 overexpression also inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLSs) migration and invasion accompanied by a decreased level of inflammatory factors in vitro. Conversely, IGF2BP2 suppression promoted RA-FLSs migration and invasion with an elevated level of inflammatory factors in vitro. The sequencing result showed that glutathione S-transferase Mu 5 (GSTM5), a key antioxidant gene, was the target mRNA of IGF2BP2. Further experiments demonstrated that IGF2BP2 strengthened the stability of GSTM5 mRNA, leading to weakened inflammatory reaction and reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and 13 (MMP9, MMP13). Therefore, IGF2BP2-GSTM5 axis may represent a potential therapeutic target for RA treatment.

Psoriasis is an immune system-mediated skin disease identified by the appearance of erythematous as a central symptom. As a recurrent and chronic inflammatory disease, psoriasis is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and is known to be with no effective cure. Considering a multifaceted etiology of psoriasis, synergistic therapy exhibits great benefits over monotherapy, which becomes common for the treatment of various diseases. Herein, we present the nanozyme microspheres with structural color-coding labels for synergistic therapy of psoriasis. In particular, microsphere hydrogel is fabricated by the edible hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), which can generate a photonic liquid crystalline mesophase under lyotropic conditions in solution. Through adjustment of hydrogel components, microspheres endow with different functions, including moisturizing (paraffin), cfDNA scavenging (chitosan), and anti-inflammation (cerium oxide nanozyme). To improve patient convenience, hydrogel drops with different properties are tailored with different vivid structural colors by exploiting the lyotropic behavior of HPC. Of particular note, both in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated the significant therapeutic effects of the encoded structural color microspheres. Green moisturizing microspheres facilitate to relieve dry, flaky skin patches; blue cfDNA scavenging and red anti-inflammatory microspheres significantly reduce skin inflammation. More importantly, combination therapy with encoded microspheres exerted the synergistic effects, including the increased body weight, thicker epidermal layer, and reduced immune activation. Overall, this synergistic treatment offers a promising platform for personalized management of psoriasis and various inflammatory skin diseases.

Spondylus aurantius, a member of the Mollusca phylum, Bivalvia class, Pterioida order, and Spondylidae family, is an important economic marine bivalve species that is widely distributed along the warm-water coastal region in Guangdong and Hainan Province in China, and the Philippines. As an important marine commercial bivalve, wild S. aurantius individuals are often captured by local fishermen for their large adductor muscle, which makes delicious seafood, and for their beautiful shells, which are used for displays.According to the China Fishery Statistical Yearbook for 2022, the annual production of cultured mollusks exceeded 15 million tons, with oysters, scallops, and clams accounting for 78.23% of the total aquaculture yield. In southeast coastal provinces, such as Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan, the most common cultured mollusks include Hong Kong oysters (Crassostrea hongkongensis), Suminoe oysters (Crassostrea ariakensis), pearl oysters (Pinctada fucata martensii), and noble scallops (Chlamys nobilis). Generally, Hong Kong and Suminoe oysters cannot tolerate high salinity conditions and are often cultured near estuaries; the P. f. martensii industry is rapidly declining because of high mortality rates and nucleus rejection after transplantation in the process of pearl production; and noble scallop rearing, which is primarily practiced in net cages, and a considerable amount of labor is required to clean attachments. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate the cultivation of new bivalve species that can adapt to coastal areas with high temperatures and high salinity.Though S. aurantius is traditionally regarded as an edible mollusk, few studies have reported the artificial breeding of this species. In this study, wild adult S. aurantius with shell length of (12.00±1.25) cm and wet body weight of (100.00±5.04) g were selected as the research subjects to artificially ripen mature individuals, observe and compare the development of the embryo and juveniles at different temperatures (28 ℃ and 32 ℃), and study the effects of different substrates and water depths on the adhesion efficiency of juveniles. Our results were as follows: (1) Under artificial conditions, adult S. aurantius gonads could continue to develop and mature, with testes and ovaries filled with milky spermatozoa and orange eggs, respectively; (2) The method of "dry in the shade + flowing water + high temperature" successfully induced spawning and fertilization of S. aurantius; (3) The diameters of fertilized eggs were (130.1±0.3) µm, and the first unequal cleavage was observed 95 min after fertilization. These eggs then developed into multicellular stages (cleavage occurred at approximately 30-min intervals), blastula (after 4–5 h of fertilization), trochophore (after 10–12 h of fertilization), D-shaped larvae (after 25–28 h of fertilization), umbo larvae (after 6–7 d of fertilization), pediveliger (after 14–15 d of fertilization), and juvenile (after 25–27 h of fertilization); (4) Fertilized eggs could develop into the juvenile stage at both 28 ℃ and 32 ℃; however, the survival rates of fertilized eggs under higher temperatures were lower than of those cultured at 28 ℃, although the speed of S. aurantius embryonic development at 32 ℃ was higher than that at lower temperatures; (5) The density of juvenile S. aurantius in deep water (1–1.5 m depth) was evidently higher than that in shallow water (0–0.5 m depth) in an indoor seedling pond (P < 0.05); (6) Furthermore, the densities of juvenile S. aurantius were highest on the surfaces of Pinctada margaritifera shells, followed by S. aurantius shells > oyster shells > concrete reels > black shading nets > green polyethylene mesh sheets under indoor conditions, while the densities and growth rate of juvenile S. aurantius attached itself and oyster shells were better after one month culture in the natural coastal area of Wuzhizhou Island, Sanya. In this study, embryonic development in S. aurantius was observed for the first time. Furthermore, the breeding technology of S. aurantius, including the induction of gonadal maturation and spawning, the incubation of fertilized eggs, and the selection of substrates, was established for the first time under artificial conditions, which could contribute to the future large-scale breeding and cultivation of this species.

In the original publication [...]

The escalating impact of human activities has led to the accumulation of microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals in marine environments, posing serious threats to marine ecosystems. As essential components of oceanic ecosystems, large seaweeds such as Caulerpa lentillifera play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance. This study investigated the effects of MPs and cadmium (Cd) on the growth, physiology, biochemistry, and Cd accumulation in C. lentillifera while elucidating the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms. The results demonstrated that exposure to MPs alone significantly promoted the growth. In contrast, exposure to Cd either alone or in combination with MPs significantly suppressed growth by reducing stem and stolon length, bud count, weight gain, and specific growth rates. Combined exposure to MPs and Cd exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effect on growth. MPs had negligible impact while Cd exposure either alone or combined with MPs impaired antioxidant defenses and exacerbated oxidative damage; with combined exposure being the most detrimental. Analysis of Cd content revealed that MPs significantly increased Cd accumulation in algae intensifying its toxic effects. Gene expression analysis revealed that Cd exposure down-regulated key genes involved in photosynthesis, impairing both photosynthetic efficiency and energy conversion. The combined exposure of MPs and Cd further exacerbated these effects. In contrast, MPs alone activated the ribosome pathway, supporting ribosomal stability and protein synthesis. Additionally, both Cd exposure alone or in combination with MPs significantly reduced chlorophyll B and soluble sugar content, negatively impacting photosynthesis and nutrient accumulation. In summary, low concentrations of MPs promoted C. lentillifera growth, but the presence of Cd hindered it by disrupting photosynthesis and antioxidant mechanisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of MPs intensified the toxic effects of Cd. These findings enhance our understanding of how both MPs and Cd impact large seaweed ecosystems and provide crucial insights for assessing their ecological risks.

The diurnal and nocturnal valve gaping behavior of the pearl oyster Pteria penguin was characterized through video analysis aided by open-source software. Juvenile pearl oysters were video-recorded for 48 hours under laboratory conditions, using commonly used surveillance hardware. The direct measuring of the distance changes between the two valve edges effectively revealed the pearl oysters’ tendency to open their valves wider at night-time, than during day-time. Moreover, the differences observed were also attained at the individual level. The description for the first time of this behavior has broader implications for the research in pearl oyster aquaculture. Moreover, it introduces a non-invasive tool for comprehensive assessment of adult oyster behavior.

Abstract Background Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have shown therapeutic effects on liver fibrosis. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of extracellular vesicles from placenta-derived MSCs (Pd-MSCs-EVs) on liver fibrosis at 3D/2D levels and explore the potential mechanisms. Methods The multicellular liver organoids, consisting of hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), Kupffer cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, were observed for growth status, morphological changes, and metabolism. Human transformation growth factor- beta 1 (TGF-β1) was used to induce fibrosis at optimal concentration. The anti-fibrosis effects of Pd-MSCs-EVs were evaluated in liver organoids and HSCs models. Anti-fibrotic content of Pd-MSCs-EVs was identified by multiple experimental validations. Results TGF-β1 induced fibrosis in liver organoids, while Pd-MSCs-EVs significantly alleviated fibrotic phenotypes. Following serial verifications, miR-378c was identified as a potential key anti-fibrosis content. In contrast, miR-378c depletion decreased the anti-fibrotic effects of Pd-MSCs-EVs. Additionally, Pd-MSCs-EVs administration repressed TGF-β1-mediated HSCs activation at 2D or 3D levels. Mechanistically, exosomal miR-378c inactivated HSCs by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through stabilizing E-cadherin via targeting its E3 ubiquitin ligase S-Phase Kinase Associated Protein 2 (SKP2). Conclusion Pd-MSCs-EVs ameliorated TGF-β1-induced fibrosis by deactivating HSCs in a miR-378c/SKP2-dependent manner, which may be an efficient therapeutic candidate for liver fibrosis.

Abstract Aim Rates vary widely across hospitals globally and typically range from 3 to 11 falls per 1000 bed days and as 7–11 in Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University. This study determined to explore contributing factors and poor prognosis of fall in elderly tumour patients in China. Design A cross‐sectional study. Methods 161 older adults were invited to participate in this study and completed a self‐reported questionnaire, took blood tests, and received the exam of musculoskeletal ultrasound. Results Among 161 patients, falls occurred in 41 cases, accounting for 24.8%. 51.6% of older adults suffered from intermediate‐to‐high risk of falls. Fall history, reduced self‐care ability, sleep disturbance, hearing impairment, hyperkyphosis, chronic disease, platelet count, and the thickness of left muscle rectus femoris (LF‐MLT), and left cross‐sectional area (LF‐CSA) were all contributing factors of fall, and higher risk of fall indicating lower quality of life. A fall prediction model was established in this study based on above contributing factors with good prediction efficiency (AUC = 0.920). Patient or public contribution The patient volunteers participated in this study and provided valuable data for the final analysis and the acquisition of conclusion.

At present, the research on the physiological effects of transportation activities on aquatic organisms mainly focuses on fish, crustaceans and echinoderms. There are lacking details for transportation effect on Pteria penguin. In order to explore the effects of transportation modes on the survival, growth, digestion and antioxidant properties of P. penguin juveniles, this study was carried out under the conditions of transportation with water and without water, respectively. The experiments were carried out under the conditions of two modes of transportation with water and without water for 8 hour, respectively. The water temperature was controlled at (20.0±2.0) ℃ for transportation with water, while the temperature in the waterless styrofoam box was controlled at (15.0±3.0) ℃. The culture was temporarily maintained for 14 days after transportation. The breeding conditions and management methods were basically the same before and after transportation. The water temperature was (27.5±1.0) ℃, and the salinity was (31.5±0.5). Every day change 2/3 of the water and feed the mixed algae liquid of Isochrysis zhanjiangensis, Chaetoceros muelleri and Platymonas subcordiformis. The survival rates and growth parameters were estimated after 8 h transportation, 7 days and 14 days temporarily maintained, respectively. The P. penguin juveniles were sampled before transportation and used as control group, then juveniles were divided into two experimental groups for transportation with and without water respectively. The juveniles from different experimental groups were randomly sampled after transportation. Then, the juveniles were sampled on the 7th day and 14th day of the recovery period. The activity of amylase (AMS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and the content of cortisol were used as biochemical indicators. The frozen soft tissues were dissected on the ice surface and homogenized on ice in 0.2 mol/L (w/v) ice-cold physiological saline, and the homogenates were centrifuged at 2 500 r/min for 10 min. Take the supernatant for enzyme activity determination, and repeat the determination 3 times for each sample. The results showed that the survival rates with water transport and waterless transport were (98.00±0.57)% and (97.00±1.00)%, respectively. On the 14th day of the recovery period, the survival rates with water transport and waterless transport reached (97.00±1.00)% and (82.00±0.71)%, respectively. Furthermore, after 14 days recovery, the shell length, shell height and body weight of P. penguin in water transport were significantly higher than those in waterless transport (P < 0.05), while the content of cortisol level was (1 999.50±10.18) µg/L in the P. penguin transported with water, which was significantly higher than those transported without water [(1 668.46±20.36) µg/L]. The amylase activity after both transports increased, and on the 14th day of the recovery period, the amylase activity after transport with water increased to (1.56±0.08) U/mg prot, which was significantly higher than (1.06±0.04) U/mg prot with transport without water (P < 0.05). The activities of GOT and GPT were increased in water transportation, while decreasing in waterless transportation. During the recovery stage, the ACP activity was decreased to (79.56±1.04) U/mg prot at 14th day in water transportation group, while increased to (168.24±3.46) U/mg prot in waterless transportation group. Furthermore, the GOT and GPT activities were trends to increase both in water and waterless transportation, while SOD activity was trend to decrease. The research results show that under certain conditions, water transport and waterless transport can significantly affect the growth, digestion and antioxidant properties of juveniles. Under these two transport modes, the water transport effect and the later physiological recovery are relatively better, with higher survival rate and better growth. After transportation, the body of the P. penguin needs a certain period of time to recover to a normal state, and then can be more adaptive to other adverse environmental factors.

Abstract Background The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex joint consisting of the condyle, the temporal articular surface, and the articular disc. Functions such as mastication, swallowing and articulation are accomplished by the movements of the TMJ. To date, the TMJ has been studied more extensively, but the types of TMJ cells, their differentiation, and their interrelationship during growth and development are still unclear and the study of the TMJ is limited. The aim of this study was to establish a molecular cellular atlas of the human embryonic temporomandibular joint condyle (TMJC) by single-cell RNA sequencing, which will contribute to understanding and solving clinical problems. Results Human embryos at 3 and 4 months of age are an important stage of TMJC development. We performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of TMJC tissue from human embryos at 3 and 4 months of age using single-cell RNA sequencing. A total of 16,624 cells were captured and the gene expression profiles of 15 cell clusters in human embryonic TMJC were determined, including 14 known cell types and one previously unknown cell type, "transition state cells (TSCs)". Immunofluorescence assays confirmed that TSCs are not the same cell cluster as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Pseudotime trajectory and RNA velocity analysis revealed that MSCs transformed into TSCs, which further differentiated into osteoblasts, hypertrophic chondrocytes and tenocytes. In addition, chondrocytes (CYTL1high + THBS1high) from secondary cartilage were detected only in 4-month-old human embryonic TMJC. Conclusions Our study provides an atlas of differentiation stages of human embryonic TMJC tissue cells, which will contribute to an in-depth understanding of the pathophysiology of the TMJC tissue repair process and ultimately help to solve clinical problems.

The effect of different background colors (red, yellow, blue, green, white, and black) on crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus juveniles was evaluated over a 50-day rearing period. Survival, growth, body color, and enzymatic activity were assessed. At the experiment's conclusion, survival, growth, and weight were calculated. Body color was analyzed using Lab color composition, and enzyme activities (amylase, lipase, superoxide dismutase, catalase) were assessed in the dissected hepatopancreas. Results showed no effect of background color on survival rate (P > 0.05). However, crayfish reared against black and red backgrounds exhibited significantly higher weight, growth rate, and condition factor compared to those on white and yellow backgrounds (P

Different from the true oyster (family Ostreidae), the molecular diversity of the gryphaeid oyster (family Gryphaeidae) has never been sufficiently investigated. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Hyotissa sinensis was sequenced and compared with those of other ostreoids. The total length of H. sinensis mtDNA is 30,385 bp, encoding 12 protein-coding-genes (PCGs), 26 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The nucleotide composition and codon usage preference of H. sinensis mtDNA is similar to that of H. hyotis within the same genus. On the other hand, the presence of three trnM and three trnL genes of H. sinensis was not detected neither in H. hyotis nor other ostroid species. Another unique character of H. sinensis mtDNA is that both rrnS and rrnL have a nearly identical duplication. The PCG order of H. sinensis is identical to H. hyotis and the two congener species also share an identical block of 12 tRNA genes. The tRNA rearrangements mostly happen in the region from Cox1 to Nad3, the same area where the duplicated genes are located. The rearrangements within Gryphaeidae could be explained by a "repeat-random loss model". Phylogenetic analyses revealed Gryphaeidae formed by H. sinensis + H. hyotis as sister to Ostreidae, whereas the phylogenetic relationship within the latter group remains unresolved. The present study indicated the mitogenomic diversity within Gryphaeidae and could also provide important data for future better understanding the gene order rearrangements within superfamily Ostreoidea.

Abstract Antimony (Sb), is thought to induce testicular toxicity, although this remains controversial. This study investigated the effects of Sb exposure during spermatogenesis in the Drosophila testis and the underlying transcriptional regulatory mechanism at single-cell resolution. Firstly, we found that flies exposed to Sb for 10 days led to dose-dependent reproductive toxicity during spermatogenesis. Protein expression and RNA levels were measured by immunofluorescence and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed to characterize testicular cell composition and identify the transcriptional regulatory network after Sb exposure in Drosophila testes. scRNA-seq analysis revealed that Sb exposure influenced various testicular cell populations, especially in GSCs_to_Early_Spermatogonia and Spermatids clusters. Importantly, carbon metabolism was involved in GSCs/early spermatogonia maintenance and positively related with SCP-Containing Proteins, S-LAPs, and Mst84D signatures. Moreover, Seminal Fluid Proteins, Mst57D, and Serpin signatures were highly positively correlated with spermatid maturation. Pseudotime trajectory analysis revealed three novel states for the complexity of germ cell differentiation, and many novel genes (e.g., Dup98B) were found to be expressed in state-biased manners during spermatogenesis. Collectively, this study indicates that Sb exposure negatively impacts GSC maintenance and spermatid elongation, damaging spermatogenesis homeostasis via multiple signatures in Drosophila testes and therefore supporting Sb-mediated testicular toxicity.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that leads to progressive and aggressive joint inflammation. The disease process is characterized by the activation of macrophages, which then release tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), accelerating tissue damage. Tackling tissue damage is a crucial target in the treatment of RA. In this study, a macrophage-targeted and pH-response DNA tetrahedron/methotrexate drug delivery system was constructed by loading methotrexate (MTX) onto a DNA duplex. MTX was used as a drug model, and a pH-response DNA tetrahedron (TET) was used as the drug carrier, which was modified with hyaluronic acid (HA) to target macrophages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of TET as an effective drug carrier for the treatment of RA. On this basis, we successfully prepared TETs loaded with MTX, and in vitro assays showed that the MTX-TET treatment could successfully target macrophages and induce macrophages to polarize to M1 phenotype. At the same time, we also injected MTX-TET intravenously into collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model mice, and the redness and swelling of the paws of mice were significantly alleviated, proving that the MTX-TET could successfully target inflamed joints and release MTX to treat joint swelling. In addition, the histochemical results showed that the MTX-TET could reduce synovitis and joint swelling in CIA mice, reduce the level of inflammatory factors in vivo, and improve the disease status while maintaining a good biosafety profile. This study showed that the MTX-TET treatment has beneficial therapeutic effects on RA, providing a new strategy for the clinical treatment of RA.

The Tonnoidea Suter, 1913 (1825) is a moderately diverse group of large predatory gastropods, the systematics of which remain unclear. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genomes of nine Tonnoidean species were sequenced. All newly sequenced mitogenomes contain 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes and two ribosomal RNA genes, showing similar patterns in genome size, gene order and nucleotide composition. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous of PCGs indicated that NADH complex genes of Tonnoideans were experiencing a more relaxed purifying selection compared with the COX genes. The reconstructed phylogeny based on the combined amino acid sequences of 13 protein-coding genes and the nucleotide sequences of two rRNA genes supported that Ficidae Meek, 1864 (1840) is a sister to Tonnoidea. The monophylies of all Tonnoidean families were recovered and the internal phylogenetic relationships were consistent with the current classification. The phylogeny also revealed that Tutufa rebuta (Linnaeus, 1758) is composed of at least two different species, indicating that the species diversity within Bursidae Thiele, 1925 might be underestimated. The present study contributes to the understanding of the Tonnoidean systematics, and it could provide important information for the revision of Tonnoidean systematics in the future.

The complete mitogenomes of Pinctada albina and Pinctada margaritifera were sequenced in this study, with sizes of 23,841 bp and 15,556 bp, respectively. The mitochondrial genome analysis of eight Pterioidea species indicated the existence of gene rearrangements within the superfamily. The ATP8 gene was not detected in the two new mitogenomes, and rrnS was found to be duplicated in P. albina’s mitogenome. The reconstructed phylogeny based on mitogenomes strongly supported the monophyly of Pterioidea and provided robust statistical evidence of the phylogenetic relationships within Pteriomorphia. The analysis of the mitochondrial gene order revealed that of P. margaritifera to be the same as the ancestral order of Pterioidea. The gene orders of the Pterioidea species were mapped to the phylogenetic tree, and the gene rearrangement events were inferred. These results provide important insights that will support future research, such as studies extending the evolutionary patterns of the gene order from P. margaritifera to other species and determining the evolutionary status of Pterioidea within the infraclass Pteriomorphia.

Summary: The nasal polyps (NPs) microenvironment comprises multiple cell types, including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) plays crucial roles in cell proliferation, differentiation and more. However, the role of NPs-derived MSCs (PO-MSCs) and IGFBP2 in NPs pathogenesis remains poorly defined. Herein, primary human nasal epithelial cells (pHNECs) and MSCs were extracted and cultured. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and soluble proteins were isolated to investigate the role of PO-MSCs on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and epithelial barrier function in NPs. Our data showed that IGFBP2, but not EVs from PO-MSCs (PO-MSCs-EVs), exhibited a crucial role in EMT and barrier destruction. Moreover, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathway is necessary for IGFBP2 to exert its functions in human and mice nasal epithelial mucosa. Altogether, these findings may improve the current understanding of the role of PO-MSCs in NPs microenvironment and ultimately contribute to the prevention and treatment of NPs.

Introduction: Apoptosis proteins play an important role in the process of cell apoptosis, which makes the rate of cell proliferation and death reach a relative balance. The function of apoptosis protein is closely related to its subcellular location, it is of great significance to study the subcellular locations of apoptosis proteins. Many efforts in bioinformatics research have been aimed at predicting their subcellular location. However, the subcellular localization of apoptotic proteins needs to be carefully studied.Methods: In this paper, based on amphiphilic pseudo amino acid composition and support vector machine algorithm, a new method was proposed for the prediction of apoptosis proteins\x{2019} subcellular location.Results and Discussion: The method achieved good performance on three data sets. The Jackknife test accuracy of the three data sets reached 90.5%, 93.9% and 84.0%, respectively. Compared with previous methods, the prediction accuracies of APACC_SVM were improved.

Cowries (Family Cypraeidae) are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical seas, with the highest diversity of cowries in the Indo-Pacific region. However, the classification of Cypraeidae, especially at the lower taxonomic levels, is still controversial. In the present study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genomes of 10 cowries. All the newly sequenced mtDNA encode 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and several non-coding regions. The reconstructed mitogenomic phylogeny of Cypraeidae recognized two monophyletic clades, with the first clade comprised of Erroneinae, Cypraeinae and Luriinae and the second clade formed by the single subfamily Erosarinae. The congeneric genetic distance values fall within 0.118–0.144, lower than those above genus level ranging from 0.163 to 0.271, consistent with the current division of genera within Cypraeidae. The divergence time estimated here indicated that the ancestor of Indo-Pacific cowries diversified during the Paleocene, and the closure of the Tethys Seaway might lead to the speciation events of several Indo-Pacific species. This study suggests that the complete mtDNA is a promising tool to improve the phylogenetic resolution of Cypraeidae, and mtDNA could also provide important information for future species delimitation especially within the cowries that possess different morphological phenotypes.

Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are important assets to fight COVID-19, but most existing nAbs lose the activities against Omicron subvariants. Here, we report a human monoclonal antibody (Ab08) isolated from a convalescent patient infected with the prototype strain (Wuhan-Hu-1). Ab08 binds to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) with pico-molar affinity (230 pM), effectively neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern (VOCs) including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Mu, Omicron BA.1 and BA.2, and to a lesser extent for Delta and Omicron BA.4/BA.5 which bear the L452R mutation. Of medical importance, Ab08 shows therapeutic efficacy in SARS-CoV-2-infected hACE2 mice. X-ray crystallography of the Ab08-RBD complex reveals an antibody footprint largely in the β-strand core and away from the ACE2-binding motif. Negative staining electron-microscopy suggests a neutralizing mechanism through which Ab08 destructs the Spike trimer. Together, our work identifies a nAb with therapeutic potential for COVID-19.

In this study, the flavor compounds of ivory shell (Babylonia areolata) and their changes caused by ammonia and salinity stresses were studied. Ammonia stress improved the contents of free amino acids (FAAs), 5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP), citric acid, and some mineral ions such as Na+, PO43−, and Cl−. The FAA contents decreased with increasing salinity, while the opposite results were observed in most inorganic ions (e.g., K+, Na+, Mg2+, Mn2+, PO43−, and Cl−). Hyposaline and hypersaline stresses increased the AMP and citric acid contents compared to the control group. The equivalent umami concentration (EUC) values were 3.53–5.14 g monosodium glutamate (MSG)/100 g of wet weight, and the differences in EUC values among treatments were mainly caused by AMP. Hexanal, butanoic acid, and 4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy- and (E, E)-3,5-octadien-2-one were the top three volatile compounds, and their profiles were significantly affected when ivory shells were cultured under different ammonia and salinity conditions.

In this study, an eight-week feeding trial was performed to investigate the effects of different taurine supplementation levels (0.0% as control, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, and 3.0%) on the growth performance, lipid composition, and antioxidant ability in juvenile ivory shells Babylonia areolata. The results showed that taurine supplementation significantly improved the specific growth rates (SGRs) and survival rates of ivory shell (except the survival rate in the 3.0% taurine diet group) (p < 0.05). The SGRs showed an increasing and then decreasing tendency with increasing dietary taurine supplementation, and the highest value was observed in the 2.0% taurine diet (2.60%/d). The taurine content in the muscle of ivory shells fed taurine-supplemented diets significantly increased when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The profiles of C22:2n6 in the muscle of ivory shells fed taurine-supplemented diets were significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.05), and the highest values were observed in the 2.0% taurine supplementation group. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) content in the hepatopancreas showed an increasing and then decreasing tendency with increasing dietary taurine supplementation, while the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration showed a decreasing tendency. Furthermore, the activities of pepsin and lipase in both the intestine and hepatopancreas significantly increased at moderate taurine supplementation levels compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Accordingly, obvious increases in the histological parameters in the intestine of ivory shells fed taurine-supplemented diets were also found. As for the antioxidant ability, the activities of the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed an increasing and then decreasing tendency with increasing dietary taurine supplementation, and the highest values were observed in the 1.0% and 1.0–2.0% taurine supplementation groups, respectively; the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents significantly decreased with increasing dietary taurine supplementation (p < 0.05). The taurine intake affected the expression of four appetite-related genes in the hepatopancreas, in which orexin and NPY showed an increasing and then decreasing tendency, while leptin and cholecyatoklnin decreased with increasing dietary taurine supplementation. In conclusion, moderate taurine supplementation in an artificial diet (about 1.5–2.0%) could improve the growth performance and antioxidant ability and change the lipid composition of juvenile ivory shells.

Aging induces a series of immune related changes, which is called immunosenescence, playing important roles in many age-related diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases, tumors, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases and coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19). However, the mechanism of immunosenescence, the association with aging and successful aging, and the effects on diseases are not revealed obviously. In order to provide theoretical basis for preventing or controlling diseases effectively and achieve successful aging, we conducted the review and found that changes of aging-related phenotypes, deterioration of immune organ function and alterations of immune cell subsets participated in the process of immunosenescence, which had great effects on the occurrence and development of age-related diseases.

The effects of fresh and spray-dried microalgal diets on the growth, digestive enzymatic activity, and gut microbial community were investigated in juveniles of the winged pearl oyster Pteria penguin. A total of 240 pearl oysters were fed either live or spray-dried unialgal diets of the species Isochrysis zhanjiangensis and Platymonas subcordiformis at a final concentration of 150,000 cells/mL. The experiment was performed over 28 days in triplicate feeding trials under laboratory conditions. At the end of the feeding trials, the hepatopancreas and gut tissue were dissected to quantify the digestive enzymatic activity and analyze the gut bacterial community. The survival rate of the oyster juveniles in all trials was > 90 %. Moreover, the animals fed a spray-dried P. subcordiformis diet exhibited slightly higher shell growth rates. However, the mean shell height and the total wet weight were not significantly different among all experimental groups (P > 0.05). The digestive enzymes amylase, pepsin, and lipase exhibited significantly higher activity levels in oysters fed spray-dried diets than in those provided live microalgae. The different diets also provoked changes in the gut microbiota of the pearl oysters. A total of 27 phyla and 482 genera were detected within all groups examined; the Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Spirochaetes were the dominant phyla. In general, spray-dried diets exhibited a higher number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), Chao1, and Simpson and Shannon indices, implying the ability of these diets to promote high microbial biodiversity. Thus, these diets benefitted the maintenance of the intestinal micro-ecological balance and health. The study findings will help optimize intermediate culture technology and management of P. penguin juveniles.

Pinctada fucata martensii and P. maxima are two main traditional pearl oyster species that can produce seawater pearls. Our previous study showed a higher clearance rate (CR) and growth performance in P. f. martensii than in P. maxima fed with Isochrysis galbana. In this study, the P. f. martensii and P. maxima juveniles of two sizes (large and small) were fed with six different microalgae diets [I. galbana (I), Platymonas subcordiformis (P), Chaetoceros muelleri I, I+P, I+C, and P+C] to evaluate the differences in growth, feeding, and metabolism between two pearl oyster species. After 60 d of the rearing period, P. f. martensii and P. maxima fed with mixed microalgae showed a significantly higher relative growth rate (RGR) than those fed with single microalgae (P< 0.05). The RGRs were significantly higher in P. f. martensii than those in P. maxima fed with the same diets (P< 0.05). The RGRs showed a decreasing tendency with the growth in both pearl oyster species. The CRs of pearl oysters fed with mixed microalgae were significantly higher than those fed with single microalgae (P< 0.05), and the CRs of P. f. martensii were significantly higher than those of P. maxima fed with the same diets (P< 0.05). Significantly lower respiration rates (RRs) were observed in small-size P. f. martensii groups fed with I, P, and I+P diets and all large P. f. martensii groups compared to P. maxima fed with the same diets (P< 0.05). Higher activities of amylase, cellulase, lipase, and pepsin in P. f. martensiiwere observed compared to P. maxima fed with the same diets at two sizes. The pepsin activities in P. maxima decreased with the growth, while there were no consistent pepsin activities of P. f. martensii with the growth. The carbonic anhydrase activities in P. maxima were significantly higher than those in P. f. martensii fed with the same diets (P< 0.05). The carbonic anhydrase activities were highest in the I+C diet group, followed by C+P and I+P, I, C, and P groups. Significant differences were observed among different diet groups in the same pearl oyster species (P< 0.05). Our results suggest that the lower CR and activities of digestive enzymes and higher RRs and activities of carbonic anhydrase may cause a lower growth rate of P. maxima compared to P. f. martensii.

Background: The incidence of depression in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is high and leads to a lower quality of life than that in undepressed SLE patients and healthy individuals. The causes of SLE depression are still unclear. Methods: A total of 94 SLE patients were involved in this study. A series of questionnaires (Hospital Depression Scale, Social Support Rate Scale and so on) were applied. Flow cytometry was used to test the different stages and types of T cells and B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to explore the key contributors to depression in SLE. Support Vector Machine (SVM) learning was applied to form the prediction model. Results: Depressed SLE patients showed lower objective support, severer fatigue, worse sleep quality and higher percentages of ASC%PBMC, ASC%CD19+, MAIT, TEM%Th, TEMRA%Th, CD45RA+CD27-Th, TEMRA%CD8 than non-depressed patients. A learning-based SVM model combining objective and patient-reported variables showed that fatigue, objective support, ASC%CD19+, TEM%Th and TEMRA%CD8 were the main contributing factors to depression in SLE. With the SVM model, the weight of TEM%Th was 0.17, which is the highest among objective variables, and the weight of fatigue was 0.137, which was the highest among variables of patients’ reported outcomes. Conclusions: Both patient-reported factors and immunological factors could be involved in the occurrence and development of depression in SLE. Scientists can explore the mechanism of depression in SLE or other psychological diseases from the above perspective.

The marine gastropod Strombidae is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions all over the world and possesses high morphological diversity. In order to better understand how morphological characteristics evolved within Strombidae, a robust phylogenetic framework is needed. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genomes of Lentigo lentiginosus, Euprotomus aratrum, and Canarium labiatum were sequenced. The three newly sequenced mt genomes contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and several non-coding regions, indicating a similar pattern with respect to genome size, gene order, and nucleotide composition compared with those of other strombids reported before. Two different datasets derived from mitochondrial genes were constructed to resolve the internal phylogenetic relationships of Stromboidea and Strombidae. Within Stromboidea, the sister group formed by Clade I [Rostellariidae + (Seraphsidae + Strombidae)] and Clade II [Xenophoridae + (Struthiolariidae + Aporrhaidae)] were fully recovered and supported by morphological synapomorphies as previously suggested. The phylogenetic positions of L. lentiginosus, E. aratrum, and C. labiatum were confirmed within Strombidae, and several morphological similarities were observed corresponding to the present phylogeny. A correlation between strombids speciation events and paleoclimate change was presumed. Our results indicate that complete mt genomes would be a promising tool to reconstruct a robust phylogeny of Strombidae with an increased taxon sampling in the future.

This study describes the shell color polymorphism and its correspondent metabolic activities in hatchery-reared Pinctada maxima juveniles. Analysis of color distances assessed the similarities among the different phenotypes (Ph); from the most common Ph-1 (gray), Ph-2 (bronze), Ph-3 (white), Ph-4 (brown), Ph-5 (green), Ph-6 (purple), and Ph-7 (yellow). Yellow-colored shells (Ph-7) were found less unrelated to the other colored shells and also exhibited higher enzymatic activity; particularly in enzymes that have been linked to yellow or golden shell color in different bivalves. By contrast, green-colored shells (Ph-5) exhibited comparatively higher levels of enzymes (e.g. tyrosinase, superoxide dismutase) known to promote fast growth in various organisms, which is consistent considering that green-colored shells also exhibited the largest biometric values. These findings open the possibility to use shell color as a reliable indicator to breed high-quality P. maxima pearl oysters.

Acrolein (ACR) is a metabolic byproduct in vivo and a ubiquitous environmental toxicant. It is implicated in the initiation and development of many diseases through multiple mechanisms, including the induction of oxidative stress. Currently, our understanding of the body defense mechanism against ACR toxicity is still limited. Given that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has strong antioxidative actions and it shares several properties of ACR scavenger glutathione (GSH), we, therefore, tested whether H2S could be involved in ACR detoxification. Taking advantage of two cell lines that produced different levels of endogenous H2S, we found that the severity of ACR toxicity was reversely correlated with H2S-producing ability. In further support of the role of H2S, supplementing cells with exogenous H2S increased cell resistance to ACR, whereas inhibition of endogenous H2S sensitized cells to ACR. In vivo experiments showed that inhibition of endogenous H2S with CSE inhibitor markedly increased mouse susceptibility to the toxicity of cyclophosphamide and ACR, as evidenced by the increased mortality and worsened organ injury. Further analysis revealed that H2S directly reacted with ACR. It promoted ACR clearance and prevented ACR-initiated protein carbonylation. Collectively, this study characterized H2S as a presently unrecognized endogenous scavenger of ACR and suggested that H2S can be exploited to prevent and treat ACR-associated diseases.

This study was conducted to understand the changes of physiological and biochemical indexes of black and red shell Pinctada fucata under acute high and low salt stress. In this study, the salinity of 35‰ was used as the control, while the salinities of 20 and 50% salinity were used as the low and high salt treatment groups, respectively. The osmotic pressure (OSM) and ion concentration in the hemolymph, Na+-K+ -ATPase (NKA) activity and respiratory metabolism in gills, and antioxidant and immune (non) enzymes in the hepatopancreas of P. fucata with two shell colors were compared and analyzed at the time periods of 1.5 and 3 h post-salinity stress. The results showed that the OSM and inorganic ion (Na+, Ca2+, and Cl–) concentration in the hemolymph of the black and red P. fucata increased significantly with the increase of salinity after the time periods of 1.5 and 3 h. At 3 h, the black P. fucata NKA activity decreased significantly with the increase of salinity, while red P. fucata reached the highest value at high salinity. The succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities of red P. fucata showed U-shaped and inverted U-shaped distributions with the increase of salinity after 1.5 h, respectively. With the increase of salinity, the phenoloxidase (POX) activity of red and black P. fucata showed inverted U-shaped and U-shaped distributions, respectively. The contents of glutathione (GSH) and vitamin C (VC) in black P. fucata decreased significantly with the increase of salinity at 1.5 and 3 h. Red P. fucata GSH and VC reached their maximum value in the 1.5-h low salinity group and 3-h high salinity group. The vitamin E (VE) content in black P. fucata increased significantly with the increase of salinity at 1.5 h, and reached the maximum at 3 h in the control group. Red P. fucata VE reached the maximum at 1.5 and 3 h in the control group. The results obtained from the present study revealed that the sensitivity of P. fucata to salinity varied in shell color. Compared to black P. fucata, red P. fucata responds more quickly to sharp salinity changes, thereby reducing more likely damage. Compared with a high salt environment, P. fucata was more adaptable to the changes of acute low salt environment. The results obtained from the present study provide the physical references for subsequent selective breeding of this species.

Industrial farming is an alternative mode for Pinctada maxima juvenile cultivation to avoid mass mortality caused by natural disasters. Suitable and enough food is crucial for successful industrial bivalve farming. To investigate the feasibility of live microalga instead of spray-dried microalgal powder in P. maxima juvenile industrial farming, this study replaces a positive control live microalgal diet [Isochrysis zhanjiangensis (L-iso) and Platymonas subcordiformis (L-pla)] with spray-dried I. zhanjiangensis powder (P-iso) and P. subcordiformis powder (P-pla). Continuous feeding trials (30 days) were conducted on the P. maxima juvenile (1.2008 ± 0.0009 g initial weight and 30.12 ± 0.05 mm initial shell length), under laboratory conditions. Survival, growth performance, and intestinal microbial community were studied and compared across the groups. Results showed that survival rate (SR) did not differ significantly across the groups (ranged from 84 to 86%, P > 0.05). The growth performance in spray-dried microalgal groups, including total weight (TW), shell height (SH), absolute growth rate (AGR), and relative growth rate (RGR) for SH and TW, was slightly lower than that in live microalgal groups, while the activities of pepsin (PES), amylase (AMS), and lipase (LPS) were significantly higher (P < 0.05). The best growth performance was observed in the L-iso group, followed by the L-pla group. A 16S rRNA-based sequencing revealed that Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in P. maxima juvenile intestinal bacterial community under controlled conditions, which accounted for 62–82% across groups. The intestinal bacteria at the genus level were more sensitive to diets, whereas Burkholderia was the dominant genus in both L-iso (66.52 ± 6.43%) and L-pla groups (54.00 ± 5.66%), while Mycoplasma, Alphaproteobacteria, and Oxyphotobacteria were in both P-iso and P-pla groups. The P-pla group got higher ACE, Chao1, and Simpson and Shannon indices (P < 0.05). The above results suggested that the spray-dried P-iso and P-pla can serve as substitutes for live microalga in P. maxima juvenile industrial farming under controlled conditions. The finding in this study provides basic data to optimize industrial farming technology and healthy management for P. maxima juvenile.

Recently, a new pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii strain has begun to be cultured as seafood. In the present study, the seasonal variation (February and June) in biochemical composition and flavor compounds in two P. f. martensii strains (strain for pearl production was abbreviated to PP, and seafood was abbreviated to PE) were detected to compare the nutritional and flavor differences between them, and to provide a reference for the seasonal preference of consumers for eating P. f. martensii. The ratio of soft tissues in PE-Feb was significantly higher than that in PP-Feb (p < 0.05). The contents of ash, crude protein, and crude lipid were higher in PP than those in PE in the same season, while significantly higher contents of glycogen in the PE strain were observed compared to the PP strain in the same season (p < 0.05). The major amino acids (such as Glu and Asp) and PUFA (such as DHA and EPA) were almost the same in two P. f. martensii strains in the same season, while the contents of these nutrients were significantly higher in February compared to June (p < 0.05). Taurine content in PE-Feb was the highest (19.58 mg/g wet weight), followed by PP-Jun, PP-Feb, and PE-Jun. The umami and sweet FAA contents of the same P. f. martensii strain in February were significantly higher than those in June (p < 0.05). The AMP content in PP-Jun was the highest (64.17 mg/100 g wet weight), followed by PP-Feb, PE-Jun, and PE-Feb. Succinic acid was the major organic acid, and its content in February was significantly higher than in June (p < 0.05). The betaine content in PP-Feb was the highest (23.02 mg/g of wet weight), followed by PE-Feb (20.43 mg/g of wet weight), PP-Jun (16.28 mg/g of wet weight), and PE-Jun (12.33 mg/g of wet weight), and significant differences were observed among these four groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the edible P. f. martensii strain harvest in February is rich in protein, glycogen, PUFA (DHA and EPA), taurine, succinic acid, and betaine, which could provide healthy nutrition and a good flavor for humans.

Light is one of the most important environmental factors affecting the growth and reproduction of algae. In this study, the effect of various LED colors on the productivity, chlorophyll (Chl-a, Chl-b, and total Chl), protein, and carbohydrate content of Isochrysis zhanjiangensis in indoor culture was investigated. Microalgae monocultures were cultivated under five different colors (red, green, blue, yellow, and white) for twenty-one days. The microalgae cultured under red light exhibited a higher specific growth rate (0.4431 ± 0.0055 µ day−1), and under white light a higher productivity (0.0728 ± 0.0013 g L−1 day−1). The poorest performance was observed under yellow and green lights. Interestingly, green light exhibited the highest levels of chlorophylls (Chl-a, 1.473 ± 0.037 mg L−1; Chl-b, 1.504 ± 0.001 mg L−1; total Chl, 2.827 ± 0.083 mg L−1). The highest protein content was observed under the white light (524.1935 ± 6.5846 mg L−1), whereas the carbohydrate content was remarkably high under the blue light (24.4697 ± 0.0206 mg L−1). This study is important in terms of the selection of light at the appropriate color (wavelength) to increase the content of organic compounds desired to be obtained indoors with the potential for commercially produced cultures.

The mitochondrial (mt) genome is an important tool when studying the evolution of metazoan animals. The oyster family Gryphaeidae, together with Ostreidae, is one of the two extant taxa of superfamily Ostreoidea. Up until now, the available mitochondrial genomes of oysters were all limited to family Ostreidae. In the present study, the first complete mtDNA of family Gryphaeidae represented by Hyotissa hyotis was sequenced and compared with other available ostreoid mtDNA. The mtDNA of H. hyotis is 22,185 bp in length, encoding 13 protein-coding-genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 23 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Within all the intergenic regions that range from 2 to 1528 bp, two large non-coding regions were identified. The first large non-coding region, located between Cox1 and trnA, contains 1528 nucleotides, while the second one is 1191 bp in length and positioned between Cytb and Nad2. The nucleotide composition of the whole mtDNA is A + T biased, accounting for 59.2%, with a negative AT skew value of −0.20 and a positive GC skew value of 0.33. In contrast to the mtDNA of Ostreidae, neither the split of rrnL nor rrnS was detected in that of H. hyotis. The duplication of trnW of H. hyotis was also discovered for the first time within Ostreoidea. The gene order of H. hyotis is quite different from those of ostreids, indicating extensive rearrangements within superfamily Ostreoidea. The reconstructed phylogeny supported H. hyotis as sister to Ostreidae, with the latter clade formed by Ostrea + (Saccostrea + Crassostrea). This study could provide important information for further understanding the mitochondrial evolution of oysters.

The effects of high hydrostatic pressure (treated with 200, 400 and 600 MPa) and storage temperatures (4 °C and −20 °C) on the fatty acids and flavor compounds of red claw crayfish were studied. HHP decreased the PUFA, GMP, IMP and AMP, citric and lactic acids, and PO43− contents, but the FAA, Ca2+ and Cl− contents increased in HHP-treated crayfish compared to untreated crayfish at 0 d. Storage at −20 °C could restrain the fatty acids and flavor contents compared to those stored at 4 °C. The GMP, AMP, citric acid and PO43− contents decreased, and Ca2+ and Cl− contents increased after storage at 4 °C for 15 d (p < 0.05). HHP at 200 and 400 MPa increased EUC on 0 d. No significant changes in EUC were observed after storage at −20 °C for 15 d, significant decreases were noted at 4 °C than the crayfish stored for 0 d (p < 0.05), except for the untreated group. Generally, HHP at 200 or 400 MPa, and storage at −20 °C is beneficial according to the shelling rates and EUC of crayfish.