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Based on the monitoring data of PM 2.5 and O 3 concentrations in 333 cities in China from 2015 to 2020, using spatial clustering, trend analysis, and the geographical gravity model, this study quantitatively analyzed the characteristics of PM 2.5 -O 3 compound pollution concentrations and its spatiotemporal dynamic evolution pattern in major cities in China. The results showed that:① there was a synergistic change in PM 2.5 and O 3 concentrations. When ρ (PM 2.5 _mean) ≤ 85 μg·m -3 , for every 10 μg·m -3 increase in ρ (PM 2.5 _mean), the peak of the mean value of ρ (O 3 _perc90) increased by 9.98 μg·m -3 . When ρ (PM 2.5 _mean) exceeded the national Grade II standards of (35±10) μg·m -3 , the peak of the mean value of ρ (O 3 _perc90) increased the fastest, with an average growth rate of 11.81%. In the past six years, on average, 74.97% of Chinese cities with compound pollution had a ρ (PM 2.5 _mean) in the range of 45 to 85 μg·m -3 . When ρ (PM 2.5 _mean)>85 μg·m -3 , the mean value of ρ (O 3 _perc90) showed a significant decreased trend. ② The spatial clustering pattern of PM 2.5 and O 3 concentrations in Chinese cities was similar, and hot spots of the six-year mean values of ρ (PM 2.5 _mean) and ρ (O 3 _perc90) were distributed in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration and other cities in the Shanxi, Henan, and Anhui provinces. ③ The number of cities with PM 2.5 -O 3 compound pollution showed an interannual variation trend of increasing first (2015-2018) and then decreasing (2018-2020) and a seasonal trend of gradually decreasing from spring to winter. Further, the compound pollution phenomenon mainly occurred in the warm season (April to October). ④ The spatial distribution of PM 2.5 -O 3 compound polluted cities was changing from dispersion to aggregation. From 2015 to 2017, the compound polluted areas spread from the eastern coastal areas to the central and western regions of China, and by 2017, a large-scale polluted area centered on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, the Central Plains urban agglomeration, and surrounding areas was formed. ⑤ The migration directions of PM 2.5 and O 3 concentration centers were similar, and there were obvious trends of moving westward and northward. The problem of high-concentration compound pollution was concentrated and highlighted in cities in central and northern China. In addition, since 2017, the distance between the centers of gravity of PM 2.5 and O 3 concentrations in the compound polluted areas had been significantly reduced, with a reduction of nearly 50%.

Ferroptosis is a programmed cell death pathway discovered in recent years, and ferroptosis-inducing agents have great potential as new antitumor candidates. Here, we report a Ir III complex (Ir1) containing a ferrocene-modified diphosphine ligand that localizes in lysosomes. Under the acidic environments of lysosomes, Ir1 can effectively catalyze Fenton-like reaction, produce hydroxyl radicals, induce lipid peroxidation, down-regulate glutathione peroxidase 4, and result in ferroptosis. RNA sequencing analysis shows that Ir1 can significantly affect pathways related to ferroptosis and cancer immunity. Accordingly, Ir1 can induce immunogenic cells death and suppress tumor growth in vitro, regulate T cell activity and immune microenvironments in vivo. In conclusion, we show the potential of small molecules with ferroptosis-inducing capabilities for effective cancer immunotherapy., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)