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This document provides a summary of various methods for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted axially chiral alkenes. The methods discussed include urea group-directed organocatalytic dihalogenation, Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H activation and directing group migration, cationic rhodium(I)/H8-BINAP-catalyzed chelation-controlled cycloaddition, Cu/Pd dual catalysis for arylboration, nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile trans-aryl-benzylation, palladium-catalyzed C-H functionalization, Pd(II)-catalyzed thioether-directed alkenyl C-H olefination, Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, asymmetric N-alkylation, chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed kinetic resolution, and asymmetric allylic substitution-isomerization. The methods demonstrate broad substrate scope and high enantioselectivities, but further research is needed to explore stereodivergent synthesis and applications in pharmaceutical chemistry. [Extracted from the article]

Human-like automatic deductive reasoning has always been one of the most challenging open problems in the interdisciplinary field of mathematics and artificial intelligence. This paper is the third in a series of our works. We built a neural-symbolic system, named FGeo-DRL, to automatically perform human-like geometric deductive reasoning. The neural part is an AI agent based on deep reinforcement learning, capable of autonomously learning problem-solving methods from the feedback of a formalized environment, without the need for human supervision. It leverages a pre-trained natural language model to establish a policy network for theorem selection and employ Monte Carlo Tree Search for heuristic exploration. The symbolic part is a reinforcement learning environment based on geometry formalization theory and FormalGeo, which models geometric problem solving (GPS) as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). In the formal symbolic system, the symmetry of plane geometric transformations ensures the uniqueness of geometric problems when converted into states. Finally, the known conditions and objectives of the problem form the state space, while the set of theorems forms the action space. Leveraging FGeo-DRL, we have achieved readable and verifiable automated solutions to geometric problems. Experiments conducted on the formalgeo7k dataset have achieved a problem-solving success rate of 86.40%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of contemporary artificial intelligence techniques to address geometric problems and automated deductive proofs has always been a grand challenge to the interdisciplinary field of mathematics and artificial intelligence. This is the fourth article in a series of our works, in our previous work, we established a geometric formalized system known as FormalGeo. Moreover, we annotated approximately 7000 geometric problems, forming the FormalGeo7k dataset. Despite the fact that FGPS (Formal Geometry Problem Solver) can achieve interpretable algebraic equation solving and human-like deductive reasoning, it often experiences timeouts due to the complexity of the search strategy. In this paper, we introduced FGeo-TP (theorem predictor), which utilizes the language model to predict the theorem sequences for solving geometry problems. The encoder and decoder components in the transformer architecture naturally establish a mapping between the sequences and embedding vectors, exhibiting inherent symmetry. We compare the effectiveness of various transformer architectures, such as BART or T5, in theorem prediction, and implement pruning in the search process of FGPS, thereby improving its performance when solving geometry problems. Our results demonstrate a significant increase in the problem-solving rate of the language model-enhanced FGeo-TP on the FormalGeo7k dataset, rising from 39.7% to 80.86%. Furthermore, FGeo-TP exhibits notable reductions in solution times and search steps across problems of varying difficulty levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we consider the theta correspondence over a non-Archimedean local field. Using the homological method and the theory of derivatives, we show that under a mild condition the big theta lift is irreducible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous construction of urban traffic roads, more and more new roads are cut off by existing roads to form "dead end roads". There is an urgent need for a trenchless method suitable for urban ultra-shallow overburden to build the undercrossing tunnel. To solve this problem, this paper proposed the micro pipe jacking and joint assembly structure (MPJ & JAS) method, which has the characteristics of shallow burial depth, low cost, short construction time, flexible cross-section setting and high space utilization. The MPJ & JAS method construct a large cross-section tunnel through assembling small cross-section elements, quite different from traditional methods. Therefore, this paper designed a CT-shaped integrated joint, the mechanical performance of which was verified and clarified by tensile test. The bending test and finite element (FE) analysis proved the reliability of MPJ & JAS tunnel structure, and confirmed the structure performances such as the failure models, crack behaviors, load–deflection response and stress–strain distribution. Moreover, the influences of the steel plate thickness, concrete strength and shear connector spacing were determined by the FE analysis. On the basis of test results and reasonable assumptions, a theoretical design method considering the influence of the CT-shaped integrated joint was proposed, which can effectively predict the bending strength of the MPJ & JAS tunnel structure with an error of less than 10%. Finally, in view of the characteristics of the MPJ & JAS method, the suitable micro pipe jacking machine, soil reinforcement measure, hydraulic traction construction technology, high-precision guidance system and concrete construction quality detection method based on the phased array ultrasonic imaging technology were developed, supporting the accurate and efficient construction of the MPJ & JAS tunnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity drives ecosystem processes, but its influence on deadwood decomposition is poorly understood. To test the effects of insect diversity on wood decomposition, we conducted a mesocosm experiment manipulating the species richness and functional diversity of beetles. We applied a novel approach using computed tomography scanning to quantify decomposition by insects and recorded fungal and bacterial communities. Decomposition rates increased with both species richness and functional diversity of beetles, but the effects of functional diversity were linked to beetle biomass, and to the presence of one large‐bodied species in particular. This suggests that mechanisms behind observed biodiversity effects are the selection effect, which is linked to the occurrence probability of large species, and the complementarity effect, which is driven by functional differentiation among species. Additionally, beetles had significant indirect effects on wood decomposition via bacterial diversity, fungal community composition, and fungal biomass. Our experiment shows that wood decomposition is driven by beetle diversity and its interactions with bacteria and fungi. This highlights that both insect and microbial biodiversity are critical to maintaining ecosystem functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axially chiral N‐substituted quinazolinones are important bioactive molecules, which are presented in many synthetic drugs. However, most strategies toward their atroposelective synthesis are mainly limited to the axially chiral arylquinazolinone frameworks. The development of modular synthetic methods to access diverse quinazolinone‐based atropisomers remains scarce and challenging. Herein, we report the regio‐ and atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral N‐vinylquinazolinones via the strategy of asymmetric allylic substitution‐isomerization. The catalysis system utilized both asymmetric transition‐metal catalysis and organocatalysis to efficiently afford trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted N‐vinylquinazolinone atropisomers, respectively. With the meticulous design of β‐substituted allylic substrates, both Z‐ and E‐tetrasubstituted axially chiral N‐vinylquinazolinones were obtained in good yields and high enantioselectivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axially chiral N‐substituted quinazolinones are important bioactive molecules, which are presented in many synthetic drugs. However, most strategies toward their atroposelective synthesis are mainly limited to the axially chiral arylquinazolinone frameworks. The development of modular synthetic methods to access diverse quinazolinone‐based atropisomers remains scarce and challenging. Herein, we report the regio‐ and atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral N‐vinylquinazolinones via the strategy of asymmetric allylic substitution‐isomerization. The catalysis system utilized both asymmetric transition‐metal catalysis and organocatalysis to efficiently afford trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted N‐vinylquinazolinone atropisomers, respectively. With the meticulous design of β‐substituted allylic substrates, both Z‐ and E‐tetrasubstituted axially chiral N‐vinylquinazolinones were obtained in good yields and high enantioselectivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been found to play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases. In the past two years, studies have demonstrated a significantly increase of NETs in skin tissues during the early stages of IgAV, indicating their involvement in disease activity among children with IgAV. However, the presence of NETs in IgAV animal models has not yet been reported. The objective of this study is to investigate whether NETs are involved in the pathogenesis of IgA vasculitis (IgAV) rats. Methods: Twenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: the ovalbumin group, the gliadin group, and the control group. The IgAV rat models were established administering Indian ink with ovalbumin (ovalbumin group) or gliadin (gliadin group) with Freund's complete adjuvant. The cell-free DNA (cf-DNA) was quantified by using dsDNA quantification kit, while the levels of Immunoglobulins, complement C3 and myeloperoxidase-DNA (MPO-DNA) in serum were tested using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The IgA, complement C3 and NETs in tissues were detected through multiple immunofluorescences. Results: Both the ovalbumin group and gliadin group showed IgA and C3 deposition in various tissues, including the glomerular mesangial region, skin, and digestive tract, while the control group showed no such deposition. The levels of circulatory cf-DNA and MPO-DNA, which are components of NETs, were significantly elevated in both ovalbumin and gliadin groups compared with the control group. Furthermore, the presence of NETs were found in gastrointestinal and renal tissues of the ovalbumin and gliadin groups, but not in the control group. Conclusions: IgAV model rat can be established through the combination of ovalbumin and gliadin with Indian ink and Freund's complete adjuvant. This study provides the first confirmation that NETs are involved in the pathogenesis of IgAV rat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photonic spin Hall effect (PSHE) is an effective metrological tool to characterize the variation in weak refractive index (RI) and nanostructure parameters. In this Letter, a highly sensitive terahertz Janus sensor (JS) based on PSHE is proposed. Through the asymmetric arrangement of different dielectrics, the sensor has a Janus feature, realizing the multitasking of thickness and RI detection on multiple scales. When electromagnetic waves (EWs) are incident into the JS from the forward scale, the number of graphene layers (1–7 layers) can be exactly identified by thickness detection. Enhancing the PSHE by the property of graphene, the JS can extend the thickness change of the graphene layer at the nanometer level by 106 times to the millimeter level with a sensitivity of 3.02 × 10−3 m/nm. In the case of EWs backward scale propagation, based on the sensitivity of 6.244 × 10−3 m/RIU, the JS can identify different kinds of waterborne bacterium such as Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, and Shigella flexneri, in the RI range of 1.355–1.43 with high precision. The design of the multiscale and multitasking JS with high sensitivity is of great significance for accelerating the research and exploration of graphene materials. In addition, it provides an idea for real-time, no-label, and low-cost detection in the biomedical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cl- activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation technology can effectively degrade pollutants, but the generation of chlorinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) limits the application of this technology in water treatment. In this study, a method of nanobubbles (NBs) synergistic Cl-/PMS system was designed to try to improve this technology. The results showed the synergistic effects of NBs/Cl-/PMS were significant and universal while its upgrade rate was from 12.89% to 34.97%. Moreover, the synergistic effects can be further improved by increasing the concentration and Zeta potential of NBs. The main synergistic effects of NBs/Cl-/PMS system were due to the electrostatic attraction of negatively charged NBs to Na+ from NaCl, K+ from PMS, and H+ from phenol, which acted as a "bridge" between Cl- and HSO 5 - as well as phenol and Cl-/HSO 5 -, increasing active substance concentration. In addition, the addition of NBs completely changed the oxidation system of Cl-/PMS from one that increases environmental toxicity to one that reduces it. The reason was that the electrostatic attraction of NBs changed the active sites and degradation pathway of phenol, greatly reducing the production of highly toxic DBPs. This study developed a novel environmentally friendly oxidation technology, which provides an effective strategy to reduce the generation of DBPs in the Cl-/PMS system. [Display omitted] • There was a synergistic effect between NBs and the Cl-/PMS system. • NBs reduced the dosage of PMS and the risk of SO 4 2- pollution. • NBs could alter the degradation pathway and degree of pollutants in the Cl-/PMS system. • NBs reduced the production of disinfection byproducts from the Cl-/PMS system. • A low concentration of Cl- can drive the NB&PMS system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The renal function assessment biosensor utilizes the geometric and optical properties of CMS. • The CMS realizes multitasking biosensing by tuning magnetic field strength. • The CMS supplements the traditional single-function renal function assessment biosensors. • The CMS achieves concentrations detection of glucose and creatinine with excellent performance. Chronic renal disease has become one of the world's most serious public health problems in recent decades, leading to physical degradation, and even death. Glucose and creatinine in body fluids are important indicators used to assess renal dysfunction, but current biosensors only focus on the detection and performance improvement of a single indicator. To break through the idea limitation, a cylindrical metastructure based on indium antimonide material is proposed in this paper. It innovatively realizes the tunable multitasking renal function assessment biosensor, which is more suitable for the application of multiple medical detection scenarios. Through the control of the external magnetic field strength, the glucose concentration of 0 ∼ 400 g/L and the serum creatinine concentration of 80.9 ∼ 85.28 μmol/L can be separately detected in real-time, unlabeled, and non-destructively, which own better performance than previous renal function assessment biosensors in terms of detection range, R2, quality factor, figure of merit, and detection limit. This proposal has important reference value for promoting the detection and treatment of renal diseases, and the research of multitasking biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulation of food intake is associated with nutrient-sensing systems and the expression of appetite neuropeptides. Nutrient-sensing systems generate the capacity to sense nutrient availability to maintain energy and metabolism homeostasis. Appetite neuropeptides are prominent factors that are essential for regulating the appetite to adapt energy status. However, the link between the expression of appetite neuropeptides and nutrient-sensing systems remains debatable in carnivorous fish. Here, with intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of six essential amino acids (lysine, methionine, tryptophan, arginine, phenylalanine, or threonine) performed in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi), we found that lysine and methionine are the feeding-stimulating amino acids other than the reported valine, and found a key appetite neuropeptide, neuropeptide Y (NPY), mainly contributes to the regulatory role of the essential amino acids on food intake. With the brain cells of mandarin fish cultured in essential amino acid deleted medium (lysine, methionine, histidine, valine, or leucine), we showed that only lysine deprivation activated the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) signaling pathway, elevated α subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) phosphorylation, increased activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) protein expression, and finally induced transcription of npy. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of GCN2 and eIF2α phosphorylation signaling by GCN2iB or ISRIB, effectively blocked the transcriptional induction of npy in lysine deprivation. Overall, these findings could provide a better understanding of the GCN2 signaling pathway involved in food intake control by amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic pathogen belonging to the Flavivirus genus, causing viral encephalitis in humans and reproductive failure in swine. The 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of JEV contains highly conservative secondary structures required for viral translation, RNA synthesis, and pathogenicity. Identification of host factors interacting with JEV 3'UTR is crucial for elucidating the underlying mechanism of flavivirus replication and pathogenesis. In this study, U2 snRNP auxiliary factor 2 (U2AF2) was identified as a novel cellular protein that interacts with the JEV genomic 3'UTR (the SL-I, SL-II, SL-III, and DB region) via its 1 to 148 amino acids. JEV infection or JEV 3' UTR on its own triggered the nuclear-localized U2AF2 redistributed to the cytoplasm and colocalized with viral replication complex. U2AF2 also interacts with JEV NS3 and NS5 protein, the downregulation of U2AF2 nearly abolished the formation of flavivirus replication vesicles. The production of JEV protein, RNA, and viral titers were all increased by U2AF2 overexpression and decreased by knockdown. U2AF2 also functioned as a pro-viral factor for Zika virus (ZIKV) and West Nile virus (WNV), but not for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Mechanically, U2AF2 facilitated the synthesis of both positive- and negative-strand flavivirus RNA without affecting viral attachment, internalization or release process. Collectively, our work paves the way for developing U2AF2 as a potential flavivirus therapeutic target. [Display omitted] ● U2AF2 supports flavivirus infection and is required for viral RNA synthesis. ● U2AF2 interacts with JEV 3'UTR and is hijacked by it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. ● The 1-148 aa of U2AF2 is responsible for the interaction with JEV 3'UTR and the enhancement of viral replication. ● U2AF2 interacts with JEV NS3 and NS5 protein and is incorporated into the viral replication complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phytochemical investigation on the alkaloid fractions of Sophora alopecuroides L. led to the production of 11 undescribed matrine-type alkaloids, sophaloseedlines I – S (1−11), 12 known analogs (12−23), and an unexpected artificial matrine-derived Al(III) complex (24). The corresponding structures were elucidated by the interpretation of spectroscopic analyses, quantum chemical calculation, and six instances (1−4 , 18 , and 24), verified by X-ray crystallography. The biological activities screening demonstrated that none of the isolates exhibited cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines (HepG2, A549, THP-1, and MCF-7) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) at 50 μM, while moderate anti-inflammatory activity with IC 50 value from 15.6 to 47.8 μM was observed. The key structure-activity relationships of those matrine-type alkaloids for anti-inflammatory effects have been summarized. In addition, the most potent 7- epi -sophoramine (19) and aluminum sophaloseedline T (24) could effectively inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), as well as the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. The study on Sophora alopecuroides led to the production of 11 undescribed matrine-type alkaloids, 12 known analogs, and an unexpected artificial matrine-derived Al(III) complex. Compounds 19 and 24 were active against LPS-induced inflammation by suppressing the expression of iNOS and COX-2. [Display omitted] • Eleven undescribed matrine-type alkaloids (1 – 11) were isolated from Sophora alopecuroides. • A matrine-derived aluminium (III) complex (24) with unprecedented structure was unexpectedly obtained. • Compounds 19 and 24 could inhibit the release of many pro-inflammatory factors, and iNOS and COX-2 proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple Pd/Cu-catalyzed borylation of allenylic carbonates with B2Pin2 was developed using a cheap P(OEt)3 ligand. Under mild neutral conditions, 2-boryl 1,3-butadienes were obtained selectively in moderate to high yields. Furthermore, the use of different diboron reagents was also feasible in the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immersion weakening effect of natural soil has always been a difficult problem encountered in geotechnical engineering practice. The bond dissolution is a common cause of soil strength deterioration, which is not yet fully understood. In this study, a thermodynamic-based constitutive model of structural soils based on the α model is first established, considering the bond strength by modifying the yield surface size and gradually reducing the bond strength with the development of plastic strain. Furthermore, by taking the meso-mechanisms of bond dissolution into account, the evolution rule of the free energy during the bond dissolution process is derived based on a homogenization approach, and a thermodynamic-based constitutive model of structural soil with bond dissolution is thereafter developed. By comparing with the results of one-dimensional compression tests and conventional triaxial tests, the model is verified to be capable of reflecting the gradual destructuration process of soil while loading. The comparison with triaxial test results of completely decomposed granite after different immersion durations and parametric studies show that based on the cross-scale energy equivalence, the model can well reflect the strength deterioration characteristics of completely decomposed granite with bond dissolution mechanisms at the mesoscale fully considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congeneric species may coexist at fine spatial scales through niche differentiation, however, the magnitude to which the effects of functional traits and phylogenetic relatedness contribute to their distribution along elevational gradients remains understudied. To test the hypothesis that trait and elevational range overlap can affect local speciesʼ coexistence, we first compared phylogenetic relatedness and trait (including morphological traits and leaf elements) divergence among closely related species of Rhododendron L. on Yulong Mountain, China. We then assessed relationships between the overlap of multiple functional traits and the degree of elevational range overlap among species pairs in a phylogenetic context. We found that phylogeny was a good predictor for most functional traits, where closely related species showed higher trait similarity and occupied different elevational niches at our study site. Species pairs of R. subgen. Hymenanthes (Blume) K. Koch showed low elevational range overlap and some species pairs of R. subgen. Rhododendron showed obvious niche differentiation. Trait divergence is greater for species in R. subgen. Rhododendron, and it plays an important role between species pairs with low elevational range overlap. Trait convergent selection takes place between co‐occurring closely related species that have high elevational range overlap, which share more functional trait space due to environmental filtering or ecological adaptation in more extreme habitats. Our results highlight the importance of evolutionary history and trait selection for species coexistence at fine ecological scales along environmental gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel multichromic cationic coordination polymer, named [Zn4(BTC)3(bcbpy)2]·5H2O (1), based on a new flexible viologen ligand 1,1′-bis(3-cyanobenzyl)-[4,4′-bipyridine]-1,1′-diium (H2bcbpy·2Cl), Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and pyromellitic acid (H4BTC) was synthesized. Compound 1 has good photosensitive activity and can respond to sunlight at room temperature. The colour of compound 1 changes rapidly in response to UV light and blue ray irradiation within 5 s. We rarely obtained the crystal structures after irradiation under UV light and blue ray. At the same time, compound 1 shows the hydrochromism phenomenon when heated at 120 °C, and it also shows the ability of detecting aniline and NO2− under low-concentration conditions (10−4 M). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cone penetration test (CPT) is widely used to explore the in situ soil mechanical properties and the stratigraphy. The numerical simulation of CPT can help understand its mechanical process and link the testing data to soil properties. However, this task is challenging due to multiple (i.e., geometric, material and contact) nonlinearity of the problem. This study extends a large deformation numerical framework, smoothed particle finite element method (SPFEM), to address this problem. A finite element formulation for multibody frictional contact problems is incorporated to deal with the interaction between the steel cone and soil. An explicit stress point integration scheme with substepping is adopted to solve the elastoplastic constitutive equation of soil. The details of the novel numerical procedure are demonstrated. Using the developed approach, parametric studies are conducted for both undrained Tresca soil and fully drained modified Cam-Clay. The correctness and robustness of the proposed approach are validated. For the undrained Tresca soil, a linear relationship between the cone factor N kt and the natural logarithm of rigidity index ln (I r) is confirmed, and then, a new equation for the interpretation of soil undrained shear strength is proposed. For fully drained modified Cam-Clay, the effects of some model parameters and earth pressure coefficient at-rest K 0 on the drained cone factor are elucidated. Direct numerical simulation of CPT with SPFEM can provide an effective approach to determine some key parameters of the soil constitutive model and therefore improve the accuracy of numerical simulation for engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) have been found in great numbers, but the physical mechanism of these sources is still a mystery. The redshift evolutions of the FRB energy distribution function and the volumetric rate shed light on the origin of FRBs. However, such estimations rely on the dispersion measurement (DM)–redshift (z) relationship. A few FRBs that have been detected recently show large excess DMs beyond the expectation from the cosmological and Milky Way contributions, which indicates large spread of DMs from their host galaxies. In this work, we adopt two lognormal-distributed DM host models and estimate the energy function using the non-repeating FRBs selected from the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME)/FRB Catalog 1. By comparing the lognormal-distributed DM host models to a constant DM host model, the FRB energy function results are consistent within the measurement uncertainty. We also estimate the volumetric rate of the non-repeating FRBs in three different redshift bins. The volumetric rate shows that the trend is consistent with the stellar-mass density redshift evolution. Since the lognormal-distributed DM host model increases the measurement errors, the inference of FRBs tracking the stellar-mass density is nonetheless undermined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Janus layered metamaterial (JLM) operating in the terahertz (THz) region is proposed, which increases the direction dimension to manipulate the propagation of electromagnetic waves (EWs) through the introduction of nonlinear Kerr media. It achieves multi-scale multitasking with different logic gates and mode-switching biosensing, making a breakthrough on traditional single-function and single-scale THz devices. Due to the electro-optical effect, the liquid crystal (LC) is adjusted by the electric field, and the sharp transmission peak generated by the located defect mode resonance can be used to realize the forward scale logic product gate and the backward scale exclusive NOR gate. In addition, by locking the sharp transmission peak, the biosensing can have different detection ranges under the LC modulation. Therefore, when EWs propagate forward and backward, the mode switching of different biosensing categories with a glucose concentration of 300–550 g/l, creatinine concentration of 80.9–85.28 μmol/l, and the blood component in refractive index of 1.33–1.38 can be realized. The JLM proposed provides a possibility for the design of the chip-level compact optical integrated circuit and offers a new idea for multi-purpose biomedical detection, owning certain research value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the convergence confinement method, yielding support has become an important means to control large deformations of soft rock. However, it is not sufficient to adopt a single yield for different failure processes of the surrounding rock. This study investigated the zonal deformation and failure mechanism of surrounding rock during open tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavation of inclined shafts under conditions of low strength, high stress, and pore water. In addition, to achieve coupling between the surrounding rock and support system, a new stage control device was designed. The device was composed of a sleeve, cone, and tray. It could realize two or multiple yielding stages and obtain different yielding pressures and lengths by adjusting the parameters of each component according to the field conditions. The device was successfully applied in an excavation project of an open TBM in the inclined shaft of the Kekegai coal mine. The monitoring results indicated that the ratio of the maximum and minimum surrounding rock pressures in the conventional support section was 1.7 and 1.5, and that in the test section was 1.5 and 1.4, respectively. Compared with the conventional support design, the stress of the bolt was smaller and more uniform after the new stage control device was adopted. The monitoring results also indicated a reduction in the deformation of the surrounding rock, and there were no significant local deformations. Simultaneously, the crack in the surrounding rock in the test area was reduced, and the range of the loose zone was reduced from 2.5 to 2 m. The results showed that the new stage control support technology exhibited a good control effect on the surrounding rock and aided the TBM in realizing fast driving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Afterglow materials are of primary interest in optoelectronics and bioelectronics. Here, a long‐lived phosphorescence afterglow is reported from carboxylated carbon nanotubes (c‐CNTs) confined within boron oxynitride (BNO). The formation of covalent and hydrogen bonds in c‐CNT@BNO enhances the rigidity of the hybrid structure and alleviates the non‐radiative deactivation of excited triplet states, leading to room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP). The afterglow material exhibits an ultra‐long RTP lifetime of up to 476.6 ms, with an afterglow time of 4.0 s, distinguishable by naked eyes. This unprecedented feature makes c‐CNT act like a light‐sensitive neuron and it is possible to achieve memorizing−forgetting behavior in the form of optical memory plasticity, owing to photons' capture‐and‐slow‐release process. In analogy to the biological brain, both memory strength and forgetting time are proportional to learning exercise, including the intensity and time of irradiation training. The study provides an effective protocol for the synthesis of afterglow nanomaterials, extending their application to brain‐like intelligent technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geometric problem solving (GPS) has always been a long-standing challenge in the fields of automated reasoning. Its problem representation and solution process embody rich symmetry. This paper is the second in a series of our works. Based on the Geometry Formalization Theory and the FormalGeo geometric formal system, we have developed the Formal Geometric Problem Solver (FGPS) in Python 3.10, which can serve as an interactive assistant or as an automated problem solver. FGPS is capable of executing geometric predicate logic and performing relational reasoning and algebraic computation, ultimately achieving readable, traceable, and verifiable automated solutions for geometric problems. We observed that symmetry phenomena exist at various levels within FGPS and utilized these symmetries to further refine the system's design. FGPS employs symbols to represent geometric shapes and transforms various geometric patterns into a set of symbolic operation rules. This maintains symmetry in basic transformations, shape constructions, and the application of theorems. Moreover, we also have annotated the formalgeo7k dataset, which contains 6981 geometry problems with detailed formal language descriptions and solutions. Experiments on formalgeo7k validate the correctness and utility of the FGPS. The forward search method with random strategy achieved a 39.71% problem-solving success rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the form factors of B (s) to light D-wave tensor mesons with J PC = 2 - - ( ρ 2 , ω 2 , K 2 and ϕ 2 ) are calculated via the light cone sum rules (LCSR) in the framework of heavy quark effective eld theory (HQEFT). Firstly, the expressions of form factors in terms of the light cone distribution amplitudes (LCDAs) of tensor mesons are derived via the LCSR at the leading order of heavy quark expansion. Similar to the case of 2 + + tensor mesons, the penguin type form factors can be obtained directly from the corresponding semileptonic ones. Considering the light tensor meson LCDAs to twist-3 and quark mass corrections, we give the numerical results of form factors systematically. Based on the form factors given here, we investigate the branching ratios, longitudinal polarization fractions and forward-backward asymmetries of relevant charged current induced semileptonic decays. Our results may be tested by more precise experiments in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tunable metastructur (MS) is popular for research today, but it is complex and difficult to manipulate, so a novel solution has been proposed. In this paper, a MS based on gravitational field and graphene modulation is presented, which can achieve polarization conversion, amplitude modulation, and operating band shift in the range of the gigahertz (GHz) band. The proposed polarization converter (PC) consists of mercury-filled glass cavities, graphene resonators, a copper substrate, and a polyimide dielectric layer. The mercury flows to different parts through the specially designed glass cavities under the effect of the gravitational field, which results in different functions. When the proposed device is not flipped, within 2.53–4.38 GHz (the relative bandwidth is 54.28 %), the linear-polarized electromagnetic wave can be efficiently converted to the circular-polarized ones, whose axial ratio is less than 3 dB. Moreover, when it is flipped, the designed PC can realize the function of cross-polarization conversion and maintain a polarization conversion rate above 90 % in the band of 3.92–7.36 GHz (the relative bandwidth is 60.99 %). The joint tuning of graphene and gravitational field and related parameters are discussed. Moreover, the physics mechanism of the proposed device is explained according to the surface current diagrams. The proposed PC possesses the advantages of broadband, novel tuning, multifunctional modulation, etc. It can be used in the field of communication, electromagnetic countermeasures, and the electromagnetic wave modulation field. [Display omitted] • The Ms utilizes gravitational field and external voltage jointly. • The Ms can realize LCPC and amplitude modulation in different states. • The Ms supplements the traditional multifunctional MS. • The tailored methods are more flexible and convenient. • The Ms has the advantages of ultra-wide bandwidth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the past two years, studies have found a significant increase in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in patients with IgA vasculitis (IgAV), which is correlated with the severity of the disease. NETs have been reported as an intervention target in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of targeted degradation of NETs using DNase I in IgAV rat model. Methods: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: the IgAV model group, the DNase I intervention group and the normal control group, with an average of 8 rats in each group. The model group was established by using Indian ink, ovalbumin, and Freund's complete adjuvant. In the intervention group, DNase I was injected through tail vein 3 days before the end of established model. The circulating cell free-DNA (cf-DNA) and myeloperoxidase-DNA (MPO-DNA) were analyzed. The presence of NETs in the kidney, gastric antrum and descending duodenum were detected using multiple fluorescences immunohistochemistry and Western blots. Morphological changes of the tissues were observed. Results: After the intervention of DNase I, there was a significant reduction in cf-DNA and MPO-DNA levels in the intervention group compared to the IgAV model group (all P<0.001). The presence of NETs in renal, gastric, and duodenal tissues of the intervention group exhibited a significant decrease compared to the IgAV model group (P < 0.01). Moreover, the intervention group demonstrated significantly lower levels of renal MPO and citrullinated histone H3 (citH3) protein expression when compared to the IgAV model group (all P < 0.05). The HE staining results of intervention group demonstrated a significant reduction in congestion within glomerular and interstitial capillaries. Moreover, there was a notable improvement in gastric and intestinal mucosa necrosis, congestion and bleeding. Additionally, there was a substantial decrease in inflammatory cells infiltration. Conclusion: The degradation of NETs can be targeted by DNase I to mitigate tissue damage in IgAV rat models. Targeted regulation of NETs holds potential as a therapeutic approach for IgAV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Mycorrhiza play key roles for ecosystem structure and functioning in forests. However, how different mycorrhizal types influence mountain forest biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships are largely unknown. We evaluate how the diversity of distinct mycorrhiza‐associated fungi and trees shapes forest carbon storage along elevational gradients. Location: Gaoligong Mountains within Hengduan Mountains, Southwest China. Taxon: Seed plants and mycorrhizal fungi. Methods: We used the data from 31 subtropical forest plots along elevational gradients on two aspects (east and west) of the mountain. We quantified species richness of trees and symbiotic fungi and assigned both to their mycorrhizal type (arbuscular mycorrhiza [AM], ectomycorrhiza [EcM] and ericoid mycorrhiza [ErM]). We then examined the diversity effects of mycorrhiza‐associated fungi and trees on above‐ground carbon stored in trees and organic carbon stored in soils. Results: Species richness was highest for AM trees (79.5%), followed by ErM trees (13.4%) and then EcM trees (7.1%). Species richness of AM‐associated trees and fungi decreased with increasing elevation, while ErM‐associated trees and fungi showed an opposite trend. EcM‐associated diversity followed a hump‐shaped relationship with elevation. Positive relationships between diversity and above‐ground carbon were detected in all three mycorrhizal associations, but despite low species number, canopy‐dominating EcM trees comprised 64.4% of the amount of above‐ground carbon. Furthermore, community‐weighted means of height exhibited positive correlations with forest above‐ground carbon, indicating that positive selection effects occur. Soil organic carbon was positively related to EcM‐associated fungi diversity, above‐ground carbon mass and soil nitrogen availability, with the latter having strongest direct effects. Main Conclusions: The distributions of forest biodiversity and carbon storage can be modulated by distinct mycorrhizal fungi and trees. Moreover, future global changes (e.g. climate warming, intensifying nitrogen deposition) could alter the mycorrhizal‐mediated BEF relationships in mountain forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity across multiple trophic levels is required to maintain multiple ecosystem functions. Yet it remains unclear how multitrophic diversity and species interactions regulate ecosystem multifunctionality. Here, combining data from 9 different trophic groups (including trees, shrubs, herbs, leaf mites, small mammals, bacteria, pathogenic fungi, saprophytic fungi, and symbiotic fungi) and 13 ecosystem functions related to supporting, provisioning, and regulating services, we used a multitrophic perspective to evaluate the effects of elevation, diversity, and network complexity on scale‐dependent subalpine forest multifunctionality. Our results demonstrated that elevation and soil pH significantly modified species composition and richness across multitrophic groups and influenced multiple functions simultaneously. We present evidence that species richness across multiple trophic groups had stronger effects on multifunctionality than species richness at any single trophic level. Moreover, biotic associations, indicating the complexity of trophic networks, were positively associated with multifunctionality. The relative effects of diversity on multifunctionality increased at the scale of the larger community compared to a scale accounting for neighboring interactions. Our results highlight the paramount importance of scale‐ and context‐dependent multitrophic diversity and interactions for a better understanding of mountain ecosystem multifunctionality in a changing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-nanobubbles (MNBs) with their negatively charged surface and cationic surfactant with a positively charged hydrophilic head were designed to synergistically solubilize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Through response surface method experimentation, the results showed that MNBs had no obvious solubilizing effect for the PAH, phenanthrene. However, MNBs and the cationic surfactant didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) had a synergistic solubilization effect on phenanthrene. Through the analysis of physical and chemical factors, it could be inferred that the synergy was caused by a conversion in the structure of the vesicles formed by DDAB after the combination of DDAB and MNBs. This structure conversion improved the phenanthrene solubility. In addition to being amplified, this synergy was verified to be universal and could be strengthened. The synergy, which increased with increasing DDAB and MNB concentrations, could achieve up to about 3 times the solubilizing as that without MNBs. In addition to DDAB, MNBs could also synergistically solubilize phenanthrene with other cationic surfactants. Changing the gas source of MNBs from air to nitrogen or oxygen could increase the negative surface charge, which enhanced the synergistic effect between MNBs and cationic surfactants. These results demonstrate a novel method for synergistic solubilization of PAHs by surfactant and MNBs while it can decrease the excessive use of surfactants causing the pollution issues. The synergistic effect between cationic surfactants and MNBs has the potential to be widely used in environmental and medical fields. [Display omitted] • There was a synergy between MNBs and the cationic surfactant DDAB. This synergy was verified to be universal and could be amplified and strengthened. • MNBs and other cationic surfactants could synergistically solubilize phenanthrene. • The synergy increased with increasing DDAB and MNB concentrations. • Synergy could be improved by the concentration and negative surface charge of MNBs. • MNBs may cause structure conversion of surfactant-formed micelles or vesicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of general anesthetics on the developing brain have aroused much attention in recent years. Sevoflurane, a commonly used inhalation anesthetic especially in pediatric anesthesia, can induce developmental neurotoxicity. In this study, the differentially expressed mRNAs in the hippocampus of newborn rats exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 6 h were detected by RNA-Sequencing. Those data indicated that the mRNA of Klotho was increased after exposure to sevoflurane. Moreover, the protein expression of Klotho was assayed by Western Blot. Besides over-expression and under-expression of Klotho protein, we also detected changes of cell proliferation, ROS, JC-1, and Bcl-2/Bax ratio in PC12 cells exposed to sevoflurane. After exposure to 3% sevoflurane, the expression of Klotho protein increased in the hippocampus of neonatal rats. In PC12 cells, exposure to sevoflurane could increase cellular ROS level, reduce mitochondrial membrane potential and Bcl-2/Bax ratio. While overexpression of Klotho alleviated the above changes, knockdown of Klotho aggravated the injury of sevoflurane. Klotho protein could reduce oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury induced by sevoflurane in the neuron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of ligand-modified loaded molybdenum-based catalysts were prepared using UiO-66 functionalized with organic ligands. The catalyst structures were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, BET, TEM and XPS. The characterizations revealed that the –NO 2 and –NH 2 groups were successfully grafted onto the carrier UiO-66. The overall structure of the catalysts did not undergo any significant changes, and the active components of the catalysts were uniformly dispersed on the UiO-66. The effect of the catalyst structure on the catalytic activity was investigated by using the removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) from simulated oil, it was found that the catalyst functionalized with the –NO 2 group (UiO-66-NO 2 -MoO(O 2) 2) was the most effective for the desulfurization, and the DBT conversion of the catalyst reached 98.79 % under the optimal reaction conditions. The catalyst functionalized with –NH 2 group (UiO-66-NH 2 -MoO(O 2) 2) was found to have better recyclability in the cycling experiments. Combining the results of various characterizations and free radical trapping experiments, it was observed that the introduction of the –NO 2 group improved the microenvironment on the carrier surface and around the active center of the catalyst, resulting in the production of more (•OH) around the molybdenum species, which contributed to the catalytic performance of the catalyst. In this work, efficient heterogeneous catalysts were synthesized by using the UiO-66 functionalized with organic ligands. The catalyst modifyed by functional groups played a better role in solidifying and dispersing the oxidative desulphurisation active components. The catalyst had better oxidative desulphurisation performance. [Display omitted] • The active components of the catalysts were uniformly dispersed on the fabrication of UiO-66. • The introduction of the –NO 2 group facilitated the formation of an electron-rich state around the molybdenum species. • The catalyst for the higher oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Dysregulated GABAergic inhibition in the amygdala has long been implicated in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the molecular and circuit mechanisms underlying the dysregulation remain elusive. Here, by using a mouse model of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), we observed that the dysregulation varied drastically across individual projection neurons (PNs) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), one of the kernel amygdala subregions critical for stress coping. While persistently reducing the extrasynaptic GABA A receptor (GABA A R)-mediated tonic current in the BLA PNs projecting to the ventral hippocampus (BLA → vHPC PNs), CSDS increased the current in those projecting to the anterodorsal bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BLA → adBNST PNs), suggesting projection-based dysregulation of tonic inhibition in BLA PNs by CSDS. Transcriptional and electrophysiological analysis revealed that the opposite CSDS influences were mediated by loss- and gain-of-function of δ-containing GABA A Rs (GABA A (δ)Rs) in BLA → vHPC and BLA → adBNST PNs, respectively. Importantly, it was the lost inhibition in the former population but not the augmentation in the latter population that correlated with the increased anxiety-like behavior in CSDS mice. Virally mediated maintenance of GABA A (δ)R currents in BLA → vHPC PNs occluded CSDS-induced anxiety-like behavior. These findings clarify the molecular substrate for the dysregulated GABAergic inhibition in amygdala circuits for stress-associated psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard plant DNA barcodes based on 2–3 plastid regions, and nrDNA ITS show variable levels of resolution, and fail to discriminate among species in many plant groups. Genome skimming to recover complete plastid genome sequences and nrDNA arrays has been proposed as a solution to address these resolution limitations. However, few studies have empirically tested what gains are achieved in practice. Of particular interest is whether adding substantially more plastid and nrDNA characters will lead to an increase in discriminatory power, or whether the resolution limitations of standard plant barcodes are fundamentally due to plastid genomes and nrDNA not tracking species boundaries. To address this, we used genome skimming to recover near‐complete plastid genomes and nuclear ribosomal DNA from Rhododendron species and compared discrimination success with standard plant barcodes. We sampled 218 individuals representing 145 species of this species‐rich and taxonomically difficult genus, focusing on the global biodiversity hotspots of the Himalaya‐Hengduan Mountains. Only 33% of species were distinguished using ITS+matK+rbcL+trnH‐psbA. In contrast, 55% of species were distinguished using plastid genome and nrDNA sequences. The vast majority of this increase is due to the additional plastid characters. Thus, despite previous studies showing an asymptote in discrimination success beyond 3–4 plastid regions, these results show that a demonstrable increase in discriminatory power is possible with extensive plastid genome data. However, despite these gains, many species remain unresolved, and these results also reinforce the need to access multiple unlinked nuclear loci to obtain transformative gains in species discrimination in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Natural hybridization can influence the adaptive response to selection and accelerate species diversification. Understanding the composition and structure of hybrid zones may elucidate patterns of hybridization processes that are important to the formation and maintenance of species, especially for taxa that have experienced rapidly adaptive radiation. Here, we used morphological traits, ddRAD-seq and plastid DNA sequence data to investigate the structure of a Rhododendron hybrid zone and uncover the hybridization patterns among three sympatric and closely related species. Results: Our results show that the hybrid zone is complex, where bi-directional hybridization takes place among the three sympatric parental species: R. spinuliferum, R. scabrifolium, and R. spiciferum. Hybrids between R. spinuliferum and R. spiciferum (R. ×duclouxii) comprise multiple hybrid classes and a high proportion of F1 generation hybrids, while a novel hybrid taxon between R. spinuliferum and R. scabrifolium dominated the F2 generation, but no backcross individuals were detected. The hybrid zone showed basically coincident patterns of population structure between genomic and morphological data. Conclusions: Natural hybridization exists among the three Rhododendron species in the hybrid zone, although patterns of hybrid formation vary between hybrid taxa, which may result in different evolutionary outcomes. This study represents a unique opportunity to dissect the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms associated with adaptive radiation of Rhododendron species in a biodiversity hotspot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine for treating various diseases, such as breast cancer. However, knowledge regarding its mechanisms is scant. Herein, the active ingredient dihydrotanshinone I (DHT) in Salvia miltiorrhiza extract (SME), which binds ERp57 was identified and verified by an enzymatic solid-phase method combined with LC-MS/MS. DHT potentially inhibited ERp57 activity and suppressed ERp57 expression at both the RNA and protein levels. Molecular docking simulation indicated that DHT could form a hydrogen bond with catalytic site of ERp57. Moreover, ERp57 overexpression decreased DHT-induced cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells. Thereafter, the signaling pathway downstream of ERp57 was investigated by Western blot analysis. The mechanistic study revealed that DHT treatment resulted in activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, the unfolded protein response (UPR), and cellular apoptosis. In conclusion, our data implied that DHT targeted ERp57 for inhibition and induced ER stress and UPR activation, which in turn triggered breast cancer cell apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity-related nephropathy (ORN) has become one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease and has tripled over the past decade. Previous studies have demonstrated that decreased reactive oxygen species production may contribute to improving ORN by ameliorating oxidative stress injury. Here, IκB kinase (IKK) was hypothesized to inactivate the deubiquitination activity of cylindromatosis (CYLD) by activating the phosphorylation of CYLD, thus promoting the ubiquitination of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and further aggravating oxidative stress injury of the kidney in ORN. This study was aimed to confirm this hypothesis. Methods: Haematoxylin and eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Oil Red O staining were performed to assess histopathology. Dihydroethidium (DHE) staining and MDA, SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX assessments were performed to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, qRT–PCR and/or western blotting were performed to assess the expression of related genes. JC-1 assays were used to measure the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) of treated HK-2 cells. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments (Co-IP) were used to analyse the interaction between CYLD and Nrf2 in ORN. Results: ORN in vivo and in vitro models were successfully constructed, and oxidative stress injury was detected in the model tissues and cells. Compared with the control groups, the phosphorylation level of CYLD increased while Nrf2 levels decreased in ORN model cells. An IKK inhibitor reduced lipid deposition, ROS production, CYLD phosphorylation levels and ΔΨm in vitro, which were reversed by knockdown of CYLD. Nrf2 directly bound to CYLD and was ubiquitinated in ORN cells. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 activated the Nrf2/ARE signalling pathway, thereby reversing the promoting effect of CYLD knockdown on oxidative stress. Conclusion: IKK inactivates the deubiquitination activity of CYLD by activating the phosphorylation of CYLD, thus promoting the ubiquitination of Nrf2 and further aggravating oxidative stress injury of the kidney in ORN. This observation provided a feasible basis for the treatment of kidney damage caused by ORN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the inception of research on hollow silica, the use of hollow nanosilica (HNS) as additives in barrier materials has not been reported. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of HNS as an additive in modified polypropylene (MPP). According to X-ray diffraction (XRD), the crystallinity, tensile strength, and thermal stability of MPP/HNS nanocomposite containing 0.1 phr HNS approached maximum values. Moreover, the nanocomposite had the best performance in terms of water vapor barrier and oxygen resistance. The reasons for the improvement in barrier performance were discussed. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that HNS at a low content dispersed well in MPP. In conclusion, the synthesized HNS can be used as an additive in barrier materials, and it would have potential applications in the fields of food packaging films and storage containers or materials. Hollow nanosilica was synthesized, and then it was used as an additive in modified polypropylene to prepare nanocomposites. These new nanocomposites show excellent properties, such as tensile strength, barrier performances and thermostability. The new nanocomposites could be widely used in packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Inclusion complexes of Hyp/ACBs were prepared and characterized by 1D- and 2D-NMR, FT-IR and PXRD analyzes. • The inclusion complexation showed strong binding affinity and 1:1 inclusion mode. • Water solubility of Hyp was dramatically promoted by more than 300-fold. • In vitro antioxidant activity of Hyp was significantly improved. Hyperoside (Hyp) is a natural flavonol glycoside widely present in plants, which possesses important pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, organ-protection, antioxidant, and anti-tumor, etc. However, its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability severely limit its further development for pharmaceutical uses. In this work, solid inclusion complexes of Hyp with two acyclic cucurbiturils (ACBs, M1 and M2) were prepared by the method of suspension. The formation of inclusion complexes was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. Based on Job's plot, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, two-dimensional diffusion ordered spectroscopy (2D-DOSY), two-dimensional rotating-frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (2D-ROESY) and molecular docking experiments, a 1:1 inclusion mode was rationally proposed. The binding stability constants (K s) were determined by fluorescence titration, up to 4.22 × 104 and 6.97 × 104 L·mol-1 for Hyp/ M1 and Hyp/ M2 , respectively. After inclusion complexation with ACDs, the water solubility of Hyp was elevated by more than 300-fold, which was much superior to that with cyclodextrins. Furthermore, in vitro antioxidant activity of Hyp was significantly promoted by formation of inclusion complexes. These results would inspire new strategies for further developments of Hyp for pharmaceutical uses. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a common inherited cause of intellectual disabilities and single-gene cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), resulting from the loss of functional fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein (FMRP), an RNA-binding protein (RBP) encoded by the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) methylation can lead to developmental diseases, including FXS, through various mechanisms mediated by 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N 6-methyladenosine, etc. Emerging evidence suggests that modifications of some RNA species have been linked to FXS. However, the underlying pathological mechanism has yet to be elucidated. In this review, we reviewed the implication of RNA modification in FXS and summarized its specific characteristics for facilitating the identification of new therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pomc played an important role in feeding habits domestication in mandarin fish. • The region with c-fos binding site of pomc gene exhibited positive promoter activity. • The c-fos siRNA treated brain cells displayed suppressed pomc mRNA expression. • c-fos and setd1b were highly expressed in the fish which was difficult to domesticate. • The activation of c-fos gene by histone H3K4me3 was catalyzed by setd1b. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is a hormone precursor, and has been reported to participate in domestication. However, its effects on feeding habit domestication in fish are poorly understood. Mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) feeds solely on live prey fish since first-feeding. In the present study, the high expression of pomc in mandarin fish, both the pomc siRNA and MC4R inhibitor treatments increased the success rate of domestication from live prey fish to dead prey fish and food intake of dead prey fish, suggesting the role of pomc on the special feeding habit of live prey fish in mandarin fish. In addition, one c-fos binding site was identified in the region that from −1053 bp to −931 bp upstream of the transcription start site of pomc , and this region exhibited positive promoter activity. The mandarin fish brain cells treated with c-fos siRNA displayed suppressed pomc mRNA expression, indicating that c-fos positively regulated pomc expression. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of c-fos was higher in the mandarin fish which were more difficult to domesticate. The results of ChIP assay and inhibitor treatment confirmed that the activation of c-fos gene by histone H3K4me3 was catalyzed by Setd1b in mandarin fish. Three open peaks were found at the upstream regulatory region of setd1b by ATAC-seq, and the mRNA expression of setd1b was higher in the mandarin fish which were more difficult to domesticate. These results indicated that Setd1b could methylate histone H3K4 to activate the c-fos transcription, maintaining the high expression of pomc , which might contribute to the special feeding habit of mandarin fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early life stress (ELS) increases the risk of psychiatric diseases such as anxiety disorders and depression in later life. Hyperactivation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of stress-related diseases. However, the functional roles of BLA neurons in ELS-induced anxiety disorders are not completely understood. Mice were subjected to maternal separation (MS) during postnatal days 3 to 21 to mimic ELS. Anxiety-like behavior was tested by open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and novelty suppressed feeding (NSF). Then, c-fos expression, a proxy for neuronal activity, was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Finally, synaptic transmission and intrinsic excitability were measured by whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. MS significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in adulthood, as indicated by less time spent in the center area of the OFT, less time spent in and fewer entries to the open arms of the EPM, and increased latency to feed in NSF. Mechanistically, MS increased the expression of c-fos in BLA. MS enhanced the excitatory, but not inhibitory, synaptic transmission onto BLA projection neurons (PNs), which was caused by enhanced presynaptic glutamate release. Moreover, MS also markedly increased the intrinsic neuronal excitability of BLA PNs, probably due to the reduced medium afterhyperpolarization (mAHP) in BLA PNs. Our results suggest that the changes of neuronal activity and synaptic transmission in the BLA PNs may play a crucial role in ELS-induced anxiety-like behavior, and these findings provide new insights into the pathological mechanisms of stress-related anxiety disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]