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Špargelj (Asparagus officinalis L.) je trajnica iz družine beluševk (Asparagaceae). Je gospodarsko pomembna vrtnina, pri kateri nabiramo mlade poganjke. V špargljiščih ga pridelujemo predvsem v poznem spomladanskem času, ki je glavni čas pobiranja špargljev. Zaradi povpraševanja po tej vrtnini v drugih delih leta, so razvili različne tehnike gojenja izvensezonskih špargljev, s katerimi bi zadovoljili potrebe kupcev. Po svetu uporabljajo različne tehnike, ki se razlikujejo predvsem glede na klimatske razmere. Poznani so klasični preprosti postopki, kot so uporaba zavarovanih prostorov, prekrivanje tal in nizki tuneli, s katerimi lahko spodbudimo zgodnejši pridelek. Na nekaterih toplejših območjih se je za uspešno metodo izkazala uporaba benzil adenina, za kasnejši prehod v stanje dormance, ali pa sistem »matičnih stebel«, ki omogoča celoletno pridelavo, vendar take rastline dosežejo krajšo življenjsko dobo. Zelo uspešne, vendar investicijsko nekoliko dražje tehnike za izvensezonsko pridelavo, uporabljajo ogrevanje tal pod grebeni špargljev, iz različnih toplotnih virov (geotermalna energija, uporaba biomase). Vsi ti načini pridelave in kombinacije le teh, so zaradi višje cene samega prodajnega produkta izven glavne sezone, uspešni in ekonomsko upravičeni. Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is a perennial plant of the asparagus family (Asparagaceae). It is an economically quite important vegetable, from which we select young shoots. The main harvesting season in the asparagus fields is in late spring. Due to the demand for this vegetable at other times of the year, various techniques have been developed for growing asparagus out of season to meet the needs of customers. Different techniques are used all over the world, depending mainly on climatic conditions. There are well-known classic, simple techniques such as the use of protected areas, ground cover and low tunnels that can be used to encourage earlier harvesting. In some warmer areas, the technique of using benzyladenine for a later transition to dormancy or the "mother shoot" system is used, which allows year-round production. However, with this technique, the plants have a shorter life span. Very successful, but more expensive techniques for off-season cultivation are heating the soil under the asparagus shoots by various heat sources (geothermal, use of biomass). All these methods of cultivation and their combinations are successful and economically justified, because the product itself out of the main season, obtains a higher price.

Yield physiology of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is strongly influenced by biotic factors such as crown and root rot caused by Fusarium spp. and by abiotic conditions such as precipitation or temperatures, duration of each harvest, and field management practices. Asparagus yields are linked to the availability of soluble carbohydrates (CHO) in the storage root system which is considered a key factor in asparagus productivity. The aim of this study was to quantify the impacts of the long-term application of a range of potential Best Management Practices (BMPs) on yield and storage root carbohydrate content in green asparagus in a long-term field trial. The trial was established in 2016 with the asparagus ‘Gijnlim’ variety. Commercial yields were collected in 2018, 2019 and 2020. Root carbohydrate content was determined in 2019 and 2020. BMPs included (1) companion crops - Rye (Secale cereale L.), Mustard (Sinapis alba L.), (2) interrow surface mulch applications of either straw mulch or PAS 100 compost (Publicly available specification) in combination with shallow soil disturbance (SSD), (3) the conventional practice and modifications of the conventional tillage practice by applying SSD or not applying SSD and (4) a zero-tillage option. Annual re-ridging (R) and not ridging (NR) were applied to BMP options 1–3. SSD had no significant impact on asparagus yields while annual re-ridging negatively affected total yields of treatments with bare soil interrows, which were managed without SSD. Conventional practice was associated with a 22% yield reduction and ∼€4250 ha−1 annual loss in potential revenue as compared to the Zero-tillage treatment. Companion cropping with mustard did not have a significant impact on asparagus yields. Rye without annual re-ridging was however associated with yield reductions of > 20% as compared to the Conventional practice. PAS 100 Compost applied in asparagus interrows (at 25 t ha−1 per year) in combination with SSD without annual re-ridging resulted in improvements to yields of 20%, 10% and 34% in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively, as compared to the Conventional practice. No correlation was observed between storage root soluble carbohydrate content and asparagus yields. The results of this study confirmed that asparagus yield, and thus total farm income can be significantly improved through implementation of several of the BMPs investigated. Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (Project FV450a and FV450b)

El espárrago (Asparagus officinalis L.) es un apreciado cultivo conocido desde la antigüedad en el que diversos estudios han puesto de manifiesto su escasa variabilidad genética, posiblemente ocasionada por el origen común de la mayoría de los cultivares actuales. Esta reducida variabilidad ha comprometido el desarrollo de nuevos cultivares poniendo en riesgo la adaptabilidad del cultivo a los nuevos escenarios impuesto por el cambio climático. Como parte de esta tesis y con el objetivo de ampliar el acervo genético de esta especie se han desarrollado dos poblaciones base de mejora, una hexaploide y otra diploide, de aproximadamente 1000 plantas cada una con introgresiones de especies CWR (Crop Wild Relatives, parientes silvestres del cultivo) y de la variedad local tetraploide “Morado de Huétor” (A. officinalis x A. maritimus). En el desarrollo de la nueva población hexaploide se han empleado 4 especies CWR (A. maritimus, A. pseudoscaber, A. brachyphyllus y A. macrorrhizus), esta población es la segunda generación de un primer retrocruzamiento utilizando la variedad local tetraploide "Morado de Huétor" como progenitor recurrente. La nueva población diploide con introgresiones de la variedad local “Morado de Huétor” es la segunda generación de un primer retrocruzamiento que ha empleado diferentes plantas cultivadas diploides como padre recurrente. Ambas poblaciones se han obtenido en polinización abierta. La diversidad de las poblaciones se analizó mediante seis marcadores EST-SSR (Expressed Sequence Tag-Simple Sequence Repeat). Se utilizo un muestreo aleatorio de 60 y 57 plantas, en las poblaciones hexaploide y diploide, respectivamente, para estimar la variabilidad genética. Los resultados se compararon con los datos obtenidos previamente en las colecciones parentales de origen, en un grupo de plantas de la variedad local "Morado de Huétor" y en un conjunto representativo de plantas de diferentes cultivares diploides disponibles en la actualidad de espárrago. Los valores medio de PIC (contenido de información polimórfica) de las nuevas poblaciones hexaploide y diploide con respecto a la colección de plantas “Morado de Huétor”, mostro un valor similar en la nueva población hexaploide (>0,8) y uno ligeramente inferior en la diploide (0.75). Ambas colecciones presentaron valores de PIC superiores a la colección de cultivares diploides (0,61). Además en la nueva colección hexaploide se detectó que el 22,2% de los alelos que presentaba pertenecían exclusivamente a especies CWR empleadas en este estudio, mientras que la nueva población diploide el 52.4 % de sus alelos eran específicos de “Morado de Huétor”. Los análisis de coordenadas principales (ACoP) realizados en ambas poblaciones revelaron una clara diferencia de la diversidad genética entre las nuevas poblaciones del estudio. Además, ambas poblaciones de 1000 plantas se evaluaron para caracteres agronómicos de interés agronómicos (precocidad, numero de tallos, altura de ramificación y grosor de los tallos) durante dos años y se seleccionaron un total de 80 en la población hexaploide y 67 en la diploide, con el objetivo de desarrollar una población base de mejora. Ambas poblaciones mostraron una variación significativa para todos los caracteres (P0.8) and a slightly lower one in the diploid (0.75). Both collections showed higher PIC values than the diploid cultivar collection (0.61). Furthermore, in the new hexaploid population 22.2% of the alleles presented were unique to the CWR species used in this study, while in the new diploid population 52.4% of its alleles were specific to landrace "Morado de Huétor". Principal coordinate analyses (PCoA) performed on both populations revealed a clear difference in genetic diversity between the new study populations. In addition, both populations of 1000 plants were evaluated for agronomic traits of interest for breeding (earliness, number of stalks, branching height and stalk thickness) for two years. A total of 80 and 67 plants, from the hexaploid and diploid populations, respectively, were selected to develop breeding base populations. Results from both selected populations showed significant variation for all traits (P

The wild asparagus Asparagus acutifolius L. is common in the Mediterranean Basin. Wild asparagus spears are an important food source within their native range, and can be used as a sustainable nutrition source. In addition, interest has risen in wild relative species of Asparagus as a source of genetic improvement in Asparagus officinalis L. In this study, the quality traits (spear colour, total soluble solid content, dry matter content and chlorophyll and sugar fractions) and health-related compounds (total phenolics and antioxidant capacity) of fresh spears of wild and cultivated asparagus grown in Turkey were compared using the same three harvest periods for two consecutive years. The results of this study indicated that spears of wild asparagus contained a higher level of greenness (–a*), hue angle, total soluble solid, dry matter, chlorophyll, sugars, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, compared to cultivated asparagus. Although there was no significant difference in the total soluble solid, glucose, sucrose and antioxidant activity in the contents of the spears of both species throughout the season, the colour, dry matter, chlorophyll, fructose, total sugar and total phenolic content were subject to seasonal variations. Colour, chlorophyll and total phenolic content showed some minor fluctuations over the course of the season, but the patterns of fructose and total sugar differed, which tended to increase throughout the harvest season. The present work suggests greater quality traits and biochemical compounds of the spears of A. acutifolius compared with those of commonly cultivated species.