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Historically, maritime trade has been a major driver of economic growth and cross-cultural interchange, especially in antiquity. Because of its advantageous position and extensive maritime history, the Persian Gulf has been essential in bridging cultures and promoting the exchange of ideas and products. This article explores the historical evidence of maritime trade in the Persian Gulf, emphasising its revolutionary influence on the region’s history, especially during the pivotal Bronze Age. The article also emphasises how important it is to acknowledge the Persian Gulf’s historical significance as a crucial commerce route connecting Europe, Africa, and East and West Asia. The paper uses these realisations to support the growth of Chabahar Port as a pillar of economic independence and regional collaboration. Through the application of historical lessons and the embracement of sustainable maritime trade, the Persian Gulf and the Makoran Sea have the potential to resurface as centres of cultural and economic interaction, thereby promoting global wealth and connectedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chitons are marine molluscs, mostly grazers, resistant to tidal conditions and often living in crevices of rocks. The Oman Sea is located in the southeast of Iran and the northwest of the Indian Ocean and is heavily influenced by the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean. Due to the occurrence of the monsoon process, the Makoran Sea has a rich variety of marine species, including molluscs. The aim of the present research was to investigate the density and distribution of Acanthopleura vaillantii in the beaches of Pozm, Konarak, Tis, Kolbe Ghawasi, Darya Bozorg and Ramin in winter 2018 and summer 2019.Materials and Methods: In this study, the density and distribution of A. vaillantii was investigated in transects perpendicular to the sea and in the tidal zone, using a quadrat (1*1 m2). in the tidal zone of six stations on the coasts of Pozm, Konarak, Tis, Kolbe Ghavasi, Darya Bozorg and Ramin. A number of samples in each station were taken to the laboratory to measure biological parameters such as length, total wet weight, soft tissue moisture content, tissue moisture percentage and dry weight percentage. In each station, physical and chemical factors of water (temperature-salinity and acidity) were measured and recorded by WTW device. Results: Investigations showed that the highest average density in the winter of 2018 was in Ramin station and was equal to 11.27 ± 1.46 m2. In total, Ramin station had the highest average density in winter and summer with a value of 19.15 ± 2.67 m2. Also, the lowest average density was related to the diving hut station in summer and the first transect of the lower part of the tide, which was not recorded due to the presence of a sandy bed. In total, the average density for two seasons was 0.85 ± 0.26 m2 at the Kolbeh ghavasi station. Also, the statistical test showed a significant difference between the stations (P

Seaweeds have antioxidant properties. In this study, antioxidant activity of red algae Champia compressa organic extracts from Chabahar Bay was investigated. Extraction of the samples was done with a concentration of 1:20 (solvent to algae) by soaking the algae powder for 24 hours at ambient temperature. The solvents included methanol, hexane, dichloromethane and, chloroform at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1, mg/mL. Extracts were subjected to the renowned antioxidant activity assay procedures of DPPH free radical scavenging activity, reduction power and, iron chelating. The minimum IC50 value of DPPH free radical scavenging activity of C. compressa algae was in the methanolic extract with a value of 1.05 mg/mL. The maximum value was calculated in dichloromethane extract. Also, chloroform solvent with IC50 of 2.64 had the highest chelation. Methanolic extract with IC50 of 0.68 mg/mL had the highest reducing activity. With the increase in the concentration of the extract, the amount of its antioxidant activity increased. So, inhibition of DPPH free radical, chelating power and, reducing activity at a concentration of 1 mg/mL of most extracts showed a significant difference compared to other concentrations (P<0.05). In conclusion, the methanolic and chloroform extracts of C. compressa red algae exhibited notable antioxidant properties. Further research for a complete investigation of the antioxidant properties of the C. compressa extracts is need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: After the end of the bipolar system, by changing the geopolitical and geostrategic dynamics of the Eurasian environment, a new space for conflict and competition between governments was created in order to use the existing opportunities. In this regard, the Islamic Republic of Iran, as one of the important players in the region and the international system, tried to play an important role in this new game by recognizing the independence of the Central Asian countries and establishing political and economic relations with these countries. But gradually and with the subsidence of the collapse fever, the position of Central Asia in Iran's foreign policy decreased and space was opened for Iran's rivals in the region. Currently, the volume of trade between Iran and Central Asian countries clearly shows that Iran is not even among the top 10 trading partners of Central Asian countries. On the other hand, in recent years, especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, governments have addressed the issue of transportation and strategic corridors to the extent that they seek to strengthen regional and extra-regional cooperation and convergence within these corridors. Today, strategic corridors and ports, with the participation and assistance of the countries of the region can create a suitable ground for the formation and strengthening of convergence and cooperation in the region. In this regard, China and Pakistan are looking for their economic and strategic interests in the framework of the huge project China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the development of the port of Gwadar. China's $ 46 billion investment in the corridor is designed to bypass the Straits of Malacca and the long Indian Ocean route. In addition to high economic costs, the passage of Chinese commercial ships through the Strait of Malacca poses security risks for China due to the strong presence of India and the United States in the region. On the other hand, Chabahar is the focal point of Iran for the development and expansion of the communication routes of the countries located in the northern part of the Indian Ocean and Central Asia. Due to its unique geographical location, Chabahar is one of the 10 most important ports in the world, which can be transformed into a mega port. In confirming the transit advantage of Chabahar port, it is important to mention that in the program of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the shores of the Oman Sea, where Chabahar port is located, is known as the closest intercontinental energy transfer route. Reserch question: What factors will strengthen and deepen regional cooperation and improve Iran's relations with Central Asian countries? Research Hypothesis: Chabahar Port and the North-South Corridor play an important role in facilitating cooperation and improving Iran's economic relations with Central Asia. Methodology and theoretical framework: The authors use Cantori and Spiegel model and especially emphasize the extra-regional influencing factor. According to Cantori and Spiegel, the region is a concept based on a combination of geographical proximity and political context, increasing interactions, expanding the framework of common institutions and common cultural identities. For their study, they use a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach. Results and discussion: Currently, the Central Asian region has become the scene of competition between regional and extra-regional powers. The importance of this region is such that two of the six branches of the "One Belt, One Road" initiative pass through the countries of Central Asia, but at the same time, this region is landlocked and to access international open waters, it is necessary to cross other countries. The Islamic Republic of Iran and especially the Chabahar port has the capacity to connect Central Asian countries to international open waters. But on the other hand, Gwadar port as a rival port of Chabahar has attracted the attention of Central Asian countries as well as China. China and Pakistan plan to increase the capacity of Gwadar port to 400 million tons per year in 2045. China is also trying to make Gwadar port a hub port capable of simultaneously berthing 88 motherships by 2050, which will tip the balance in South Asia, West Asia, Central Asia, East, and South Asia in favor of competitors. Conclusion: Today, strategic corridors and ports can create the basis for the formation and strengthening of convergence and cooperation in the region if the countries of the region participate and help in different dimensions. Currently, China and Pakistan are looking for their economic and strategic interests in the framework of the huge project "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)" and the development of Gwadar port as a jewel of the strategic relations of the two countries. China's $46 billion investment in the CPEC Corridor is designed to bypass the Strait of Malacca and the long Indian Ocean route. By launching Chabahar-Sarkhs railway lines and trying to attract the participation of Central Asian countries in this field by inviting Indian investors, Chabahar port can create conditions for deepening and expanding cooperation between Iran and Central Asia and improving Iran's position in the region. If active socio-economic diplomacy is pursued, in addition to Chabahar port, the North-South Corridor will have a serious impact on Iran's economic and trade relations with Central Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares the two emerging seaports: Gwadar port (Pakistan); and Chabahar port (Iran). The study evaluates the trade attractiveness among the neighboring countries, i.e., Afghanistan, China, and the Central Asian States, while keeping China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) development in perspective. The two ports may provide one of the closest sea links for the resource-rich Central Asian countries and Afghanistan. At the same time, Gwadar provides China with an alternative and short trade route via Pakistan. The study employs the Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) technique of Multi-Criteria Decision Making methods to evaluate and select the best seaport. The findings establish that Gwadar is a better option. The study also provides recommendations for the authorities of the two ports and the prospective other countries in the neighborhood to ensure maximum return on their investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, electronic commerce is used in many countries in order to reduce the additional costs of commercial operations. In Iran, the expansion of economic activities, communication with foreign countries and the growth of the use of electronic devices have pushed small and medium-sized companies to make more use of e-commerce in their company. The importance of using e)commerce is not only effective in many items of companies' growth, but also reduces the cost of information preparation and information processing and application. One of the important issues in scientific research that aims to expand wealth and progress for small and medium-sized companies is to identify the factors influencing the acceptance of e-commerce in these companies using data mining techniques. In this research, while examining the theoretical foundations of the research, the effective factors on e-commerce have been investigated using the library and field research method and with a case study on some companies located in Chabahar city. In this regard, 268 managers, experts and employees of 36 small and medium companies in Chabahar city have been studied. The findings indicate that the four organizational, environmental, technological and ethical factors have a direct effect on the acceptance of e-commerce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended AbstractAbstractCurrently, electronic commerce is used in many countries in order to reduce the additional costs of commercial operations. In Iran, the expansion of economic activities, communication with foreign countries and the growth of the use of electronic devices have pushed small and medium-sized companies to make more use of e-commerce in their company. The importance of using e-commerce is not only effective in many items of companies' growth, but also reduces the cost of information preparation and information processing and application. One of the important issues in scientific research that aims to expand wealth and progress for small and medium-sized companies is to identify the factors influencing the acceptance of e-commerce in these companies using data mining techniques. In this research, while examining the theoretical foundations of the research, the effective factors on e-commerce have been investigated using the library and field research method and with a case study on some companies located in Chabahar city. In this regard, 268 managers, experts and employees of 36 small and medium companies in Chabahar city have been studied. The findings indicate that the four organizational, environmental, technological and ethical factors have a direct effect on the acceptance of e-commerce.IntroductionToday, small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) that have fully implemented e-commerce in their business operations grow faster than any other company. Therefore, the adoption of e-commerce is one of the innovative tools that a business can use to remain competitive in the era of rapid technological developments. The process of e-commerce adoption requires the analysis of online customer decision-making processes from a comprehensive perspective (e-trust and satisfaction), which can have a correct understanding of the complex and dynamic phenomena of trust in online changes. Although consumers mostly treat Facebook and Instagram, and virtual pages in general, as entertainment or content environments, the main challenge for companies is to establish this environment as sales or business. Deploying online social networks for sales activities is commonly referred to as social business. Most researchers and practitioners believe that social business is in its early stages because many companies do not demonstrate success and profitable activities in online social networks. This is mainly due to the perception and attitude of consumers towards the environment as well as behavioral habits.In order to achieve the goals of this research, which is to investigate the factors affecting the acceptance of e-commerce factors, organizational factors, environmental factors, technological factors, and ethical factors will be studied and investigated. Each of these factors separately can have an effect on the growth and positive and negative change process of a company or organization.Case studyIn order to use data mining tools and algorithms, a data set that can be interpreted by a computer is needed. In this regard, 268 employees of 36 small and medium companies in Chabahar city were selected as a sample. A questionnaire was used to collect the data required for this research. Based on the data of the questionnaire, 20 effective factors in the acceptance rate of e-commerce were extracted.Theoretical frameworkDespite the increasing number of companies in various industries such as banking, education, trade and tourism, etc., they have improved their services by using technology in the process of providing their services. Technology integration in services is very common. However, very little scientific research has been done to investigate its effective factors. Therefore, this article tries to perform accurate analyzes on the stored data about e-commerce by using data mining techniques, and by extracting the hidden patterns in the data, it helps the managers of the companies to identify the factors affecting The integration of technology will help.MethodologyTo conduct this research, 268 managers, experts and employees of 36 small and medium companies in Chabahar city have been studied and FP-Growth algorithm, which is better than most pattern mining algorithms such as Apriori, has been used to extract patterns. Rapidminer data mining software was used for data analysis.Discussion and resultsConsidering the importance of e-commerce, it is necessary to provide solutions to identify its influencing factors. Therefore, in this article, by analyzing the data related to the questionnaires, a system was designed to identify the influencing factors of the use of e-commerce. The results of the evaluations show factors such as: compatibility, comparative advantage, correct planning for the establishment and development of business, compatibility with organizational processes and infrastructure, the existence of basic knowledge and sufficient technical skills, trust building, convenient and simple use of business. E-commerce, the rate and speed of competitors' response, the existence of privacy protection laws and laws to fight Internet crimes and the understanding of increasing profitability are factors influencing the acceptance of e-commerce by small and medium-sized enterprises. These patterns can be a great help to the relevant officials to identify the influencing factors of e-commerce and increase branding and income of companies.Result By using the model presented in this research, a system can be designed to identify the influencing factors of technology integration. In addition, the results of the predictions made by the mentioned system and the discovery of hidden patterns in the data can help managers to use e-commerce as best as possible. Also, e-commerce applications provide the ability of small and medium enterprises to compete with larger organizations and also at the international level.

Smokeless tobacco consumption is one of the serious health-threatening factors in society, especially among adolescents. Due to the high usage of these products in the southeastern regions of Iran, this survey was conducted to investigate the prevalence of smokeless tobacco products and related factors among high school students in Chabahar city. This study was a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study, in which 330 high school students were selected by a simple multi-stage random sampling method. Data were collected via a researcher-made questionnaire and was filled using an in-person method. Data were then analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests by SPSS v.21 software. In this study, the mean age of the students was 16.3±1.14 years. Results showed that the prevalence of smokeless tobacco products was 45.8% among students, 43.3% among close friends, and 38.8% in families, where the predominant form of smokeless tobacco products was Pan-Prague (62.2%). Furthermore, the results of logistic regression revealed that addiction of close friends (OR=3.8, p=0.001), addiction of family members (OR=2.1, p=0.03), addiction of males (OR=2.2, p=0.001), low awareness (OR=3.9, p=0.001), and low attitude (OR=2.7, p=0.001) can significantly increase the likelihood of smokeless tobacco usage in students. Altogether, the findings of this study showed that the prevalence of smokeless tobacco usage among high school students in Chabahar is high, and thus, appropriate, effective, and preventive interventions should be taken into account regarding the influential factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theories of urban planning in the 20th century were mainly physicaloriented and failed due to the lack of public participation. In response to this issue, the concept of citizen participation in public decision-making was introduced by planners. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of communication planning in realizing the participation of local communities in Moradabad neighborhood of Chabahar. The data of this descriptive-analytical research were collected using library-documentary methods and field studies (questionnaire and interview). The statistical population of this research consists of the residents of Moradabad neighborhood. The participants were selected using Cochran's formula to complete the 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, one-sample t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used (applying SPSS and ArcGIS software to generate the map). The results of the social participation indicators for the social trust indicator recorded an average of 3.15 (higher than the mean), and the average of effort participation indicator was 3.35, the average of social connection was 3.2, the average of social belonging was 4.1 for the significance level of less than 0.05. The results show that the participation of people and residents in transforming the neighborhood into more livable conditions has had a significant impact. Therefore, since the total of the scales was at a significance level of less than 0.05 and the total average value was 3.43, the final result of this research show a significant relationship between communication planning and social participation in Moradabad neighborhood of Chabahar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: After catching fish, various changes occur in the fish body and as a result of these changes the quality of the fish gradually decreases. The reduction of fish quality is due to the growth of bacteria, autolysis process, lipid oxidation, physical and mechanical damage, that affects the fish freshness. Since freshness is one of the most important parameters in the fish market for the consumer, so the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluation of freshness and sensory, chemical and microbiological quality of fish sold to the Chabahar fish market. Materials and Methods: 30 fish belonging to 10 species including yellowfin sea bream (Acanthopagrus latus), frigate tuna (Auxis thazard), largemouth queenfish (Scomberoides commersonnianus), Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), shrimp scad (Alepes djedbada), tigertooth croaker (Otolithes ruber), pickhandle barracuda (Sphyraena jello), golden snapper (Lutjanus johnii), javelin grunter (Pomadasys kaakan) and goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa) were purchased from Chabahar fish market and immediately transferred to the laboratory after icing. The quality of studied fish was evaluated using sensory, biochemical (TVN, TMA, TBA and pH) and microbial (mesophilic and psychrophilic) methods. Results: According to the results, in terms of sensory evaluation, no significant difference was observed between different fishes (p>0.05), but the highest and lowest scores of sensory factors were related to tigertooth croaker (Otolithes ruber), pickhandle barracuda (Sphyraena jello) and goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa), respectively. The results showed that, except for pH, the highest amount of these biochemical evaluation is related to Auxis thazard and Sardinella gibbosa, and there was a significant difference in the amount of TVN, TMA and TBA with other fish species (p<0.05). The bacterial counts in all samples was less than the permissible limit, but in Auxis thazard and Sardinella gibbosa, the load of mesophilic bacteria was significantly higher than other fish (p<0.05), as well as the Also, the lowest and highest load of psychrophilic bacteria was related to Otolithes ruber and Auxis thazard, which were significantly different from each other (p<0.05). Conclusion: Generally, the results of this study showed that the fish sold in the Chabahar fish market had suitable and acceptable quality, and fatty fish such as sardines are more susceptible to spoilage than low-fat fish due to their TMA content in this species with a rate of 7.48 ± 1.00 mg/100 g (permissible level of spoilage). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural stones (armourstones) of varying sizes and qualities are frequently used to construct breakwaters to protect coastal engineering structures from wave actions for economic reasons. Time-related armourstone deterioration in the form of abrasion and disintegration may result in structural damage. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the performance and quality of the armourstones, which should be robust and long-lasting. The study aimed to examine the quality of two distinct types of rocks from three breakwaters used as armourstones in the Chabahar region and compare the results to the observed field performance. This study aimed to illustrate why it is crucial to characterise rocks thoroughly before deciding which ones to use in a particular project and to evaluate how well current classification techniques account for the observed field performance of stones that may have complex geological compositions. The physical and mechanical properties of the rock were evaluated through both on-site observation and laboratory testing. The results indicated that the class of rocks used in the breakwater had a wide range of suitability ratings. It was discovered that sedimentary rocks have the best water absorption and porosity properties. In addition, age is a positive factor, as the rate of destruction decreases with age. Component and particle size can also play a role in lithology, which is a significant factor in the rock's durability. Also, the findings demonstrated that the marine organisms in the rock component play an important role in the stability of these structures, even though rock mass breakwaters are less qualified for breakwater construction as per international coastal engineering standards. According to the findings, a breakwater made of lumachel rock boulders, or alternatively sandstone boulders, will last the longest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rejecting economic gradualism, Rosenstein-Rodan, back in 1943 advocated huge government-led initial infrastructure investment or 'Big-Push Approach' to achieve big economic growth. Welfare economists like Arthur Lewis and Rugnar Nursk expanded the proposition through their 'Dual Sector Model' and 'Balanced Growth Approach' converting the whole idea as a body of 'Modernisation Theories' for economic growth and development. John Maynard Keynes endorsed the idea too through his 'Mixed Economy Growth Model' prescription. Seaports are India's trade and geo-economic gateways. India meanwhile has launched a very ambitious maritime modernization program called 'Sagarmala 2015–2035' to modernize Indian Seaports and develop port-led industrialization similar to Rodan's Big Push approach. Seaports and their vessel traffic pattern provide critical insight into national maritime geo-economic outreach. In the background of India's Sagarmala maritime modernization experience and similar lessons from the neighborhood, using Seaports vessel traffic as a variable, this article analyzes India's maritime geo-economic comparative outreach and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geopolitical competition between India on one hand and the China-Pakistan axis, on the other hand, have made various researchers investigate the different, unknown, and influential aspects of this competition. One of the fields that can influence the analysis of these competitions is political geography. Therefore, in the present research, the researchers have tried to create a new point of view regarding Iran's position in the geopolitical competition between China and India by relying on the sources and analyses that have been done by Indian authors and researchers regarding the issue of China-India competition and also Iran's position in this competition. The authors of this research adopted a meta-analytic approach to drive conclusions from the collected data. Authentic documents in books, scientific-research articles, reliable internet websites and important international news agencies were analyzed to collect the relevant data. The findings suggest that regarding geopolitical access, both China and India are persistently seeking to facilitate their connection to Eurasia through Iran and Pakistan and thus increase their geopolitical weight to enjoy a better position in world politics in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The China-Iran comprehensive strategic partnership (CSP) has been described as a potentially disruptive alignment. This article analyses the impact of the CSP in two regional security complexes (RSCs): the Persian Gulf and South Asia. It finds that of the two RSCs, the China-Iran CSP has a greater likelihood of affecting the strategic landscape of the South Asian RSC as China seeks to contain India's power and influence. In the Persian Gulf, China's economically-motivated regional presence is supported by the maintenance of the status quo, and as a result the CSP is not likely to adversely affect that RSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural stones (armourstones) of varying sizes and qualities are frequently used to construct breakwaters to protect coastal engineering structures from wave actions for economic reasons. Time-related armourstone deterioration in the form of abrasion and disintegration may result in structural damage. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the performance and quality of the armourstones, which should be robust and long-lasting. The study aimed to examine the quality of two distinct types of rocks from three breakwaters used as armourstones in the Chabahar region and compare the results to the observed field performance. This study aimed to illustrate why it is crucial to characterise rocks thoroughly before deciding which ones to use in a particular project and to evaluate how well current classification techniques account for the observed field performance of stones that may have complex geological compositions. The physical and mechanical properties of the rock were evaluated through both on-site observation and laboratory testing. The results indicated that the class of rocks used in the breakwater had a wide range of suitability ratings. It was discovered that sedimentary rocks have the best water absorption and porosity properties. In addition, age is a positive factor, as the rate of destruction decreases with age. Component and particle size can also play a role in lithology, which is a significant factor in the rock’s durability. Also, the findings demonstrated that the marine organisms in the rock component play an important role in the stability of these structures, even though rock mass breakwaters are less qualified for breakwater construction as per international coastal engineering standards. According to the findings, a breakwater made of lumachel rock boulders, or alternatively sandstone boulders, will last the longest.

China has invested in the Gwadar port in Pakistan to create an economic corridor with the aim of connecting China to Central Asia through the Indian Ocean. This program is part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), including several roads, sea routes, and corridors. On the other hand, India, a regional rival to China, is keen to invest in the port of Chabahar in the I.R. Iran to create the International North-South corridor, which can connect India to Central Asia, the Middle East, Russia, and Northern Europe through the Indian Ocean. According to these significant facts, two critical questions will be discussed in the present study: the first question investigates whether Indo-Chinese competition makes Chabahar and Gwadar rival ports, and the second question examines whether it would be possible for China to investigate in Chabahar as an alternative corridor. To address these questions, the present study hypothesizes that Chabahar can be an international port, fulfilling the interests of all parties, including China. This study is a qualitative research, based on the International Order theory by Hadley Bull, using the SWOT analysis in order to address the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of Iran-China bilateral relations in Chabahar for both sides. For collecting the data, existing documents and articles, as well as in-depth interviews have been used. Results indicate that the Chabahar port, as one of the main gateways to the Iranian transit corridors, could be a common point of Interest for Iran, India and China to create a regional order, based on cooperation in transit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The reflective response of Chabahar breakwater was studied via field measurements. • Two new formulae were suggested to estimate the wave reflection from rubble mounds. • Two well-known formulae showed general good agreement with field observations. • The frequency reflective response is different for sea and swell wave predominant conditions. The present study analyzes the field measurements of the reflective response of a permeable rubble mound breakwater encountered with a bimodal wave regime. The coexistence of sea and swell wind-driven waves during the measurement program provided directional spreading wave realizations for subsequent bulk and frequency-dependent wave reflection analysis. The directional wave data were acquired near the primary breakwater of Chabahar Port within 28 days, including 643 bursts using an AWAC wave recorder. The available formulae for wave reflection coefficient were evaluated against this data set. Results showed that the equations proposed by Postma (1989) and Zanuttigh and Van der Meer (2007) are in general agreement with the observations of the present study. However, the accuracy of reflection coefficient predictions was improved by developing two new alternative formulations. It was realized that the frequency reflective response differs between sea and swell prevailing conditions. The reflection coefficient decreases drastically within high sea wave predominant periods for the harmonics higher than peak frequency. However, reflection coefficients of high harmonics reduced slightly within swell domination periods. The frequency-dependent reflection coefficients can be even higher than unity due to energy transfer amongst other wave harmonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]