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1. 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author

Kuhn, Jens H, Adkins, Scott, Agwanda, Bernard R, Al Kubrusli, Rim, Alkhovsky, Sergey V, Amarasinghe, Gaya K, Avšič-Županc, Tatjana, Ayllón, María A, Bahl, Justin, Balkema-Buschmann, Anne, Ballinger, Matthew J, Basler, Christopher F, Bavari, Sina, Beer, Martin, Bejerman, Nicolas, Bennett, Andrew J, Bente, Dennis A, Bergeron, Éric, Bird, Brian H, Blair, Carol D, Blasdell, Kim R, Blystad, Dag-Ragnar, Bojko, Jamie, Borth, Wayne B, Bradfute, Steven, Breyta, Rachel, Briese, Thomas, Brown, Paul A, Brown, Judith K, Buchholz, Ursula J, Buchmeier, Michael J, Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Büttner, Carmen, Calisher, Charles H, Cao, Mengji, Casas, Inmaculada, Chandran, Kartik, Charrel, Rémi N, Cheng, Qi, Chiaki, Yuya, Chiapello, Marco, Choi, Il-Ryong, Ciuffo, Marina, Clegg, J Christopher S, Crozier, Ian, Dal Bó, Elena, de la Torre, Juan Carlos, de Lamballerie, Xavier, de Swart, Rik L, Debat, Humberto, Dheilly, Nolwenn M, Di Cicco, Emiliano, Di Paola, Nicholas, Di Serio, Francesco, Dietzgen, Ralf G, Digiaro, Michele, Dolnik, Olga, Drebot, Michael A, Drexler, J Felix, Dundon, William G, Duprex, W Paul, Dürrwald, Ralf, Dye, John M, Easton, Andrew J, Ebihara, Hideki, Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Ferguson, Hugh W, Fooks, Anthony R, Forgia, Marco, Formenty, Pierre BH, Fránová, Jana, Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Fu, Jingjing, Fürl, Stephanie, Gago-Zachert, Selma, Gāo, George Fú, García, María Laura, García-Sastre, Adolfo, Garrison, Aura R, Gaskin, Thomas, Gonzalez, Jean-Paul J, Griffiths, Anthony, Goldberg, Tony L, Groschup, Martin H, Günther, Stephan, Hall, Roy A, Hammond, John, Han, Tong, Hepojoki, Jussi, Hewson, Roger, Hong, Jiang, Hong, Ni, Hongo, Seiji, Horie, Masayuki, Hu, John S, Hu, Tao, Hughes, Holly R, and Hüttner, Florian

Subjects
Biotechnology, Humans, Mononegavirales, Viruses, Biological Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Virology
Abstract

In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

Published
2021

4. 2022 taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author

Kuhn, Jens H., Adkins, Scott, Alkhovsky, Sergey V., Avšič-Županc, Tatjana, Ayllón, María A., Bahl, Justin, Balkema-Buschmann, Anne, Ballinger, Matthew J., Bandte, Martina, Beer, Martin, Bejerman, Nicolas, Bergeron, Éric, Biedenkopf, Nadine, Bigarré, Laurent, Blair, Carol D., Blasdell, Kim R., Bradfute, Steven B., Briese, Thomas, Brown, Paul A., Bruggmann, Rémy, Buchholz, Ursula J., Buchmeier, Michael J., Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Büttner, Carmen, Calisher, Charles H., Candresse, Thierry, Carson, Jeremy, Casas, Inmaculada, Chandran, Kartik, Charrel, Rémi N., Chiaki, Yuya, Crane, Anya, Crane, Mark, Dacheux, Laurent, Bó, Elena Dal, de la Torre, Juan Carlos, de Lamballerie, Xavier, de Souza, William M., de Swart, Rik L., Dheilly, Nolwenn M., Di Paola, Nicholas, Di Serio, Francesco, Dietzgen, Ralf G., Digiaro, Michele, Drexler, J. Felix, Duprex, W. Paul, Dürrwald, Ralf, Easton, Andrew J., Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Feng, Guozhong, Feuvrier, Claudette, Firth, Andrew E., Fooks, Anthony R., Formenty, Pierre B. H., Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Gago-Zachert, Selma, García, María Laura, García-Sastre, Adolfo, Garrison, Aura R., Godwin, Scott E., Gonzalez, Jean-Paul J., de Bellocq, Joëlle Goüy, Griffiths, Anthony, Groschup, Martin H., Günther, Stephan, Hammond, John, Hepojoki, Jussi, Hierweger, Melanie M., Hongō, Seiji, Horie, Masayuki, Horikawa, Hidenori, Hughes, Holly R., Hume, Adam J., Hyndman, Timothy H., Jiāng, Dàohóng, Jonson, Gilda B., Junglen, Sandra, Kadono, Fujio, Karlin, David G., Klempa, Boris, Klingström, Jonas, Koch, Michel C., Kondō, Hideki, Koonin, Eugene V., Krásová, Jarmila, Krupovic, Mart, Kubota, Kenji, Kuzmin, Ivan V., Laenen, Lies, Lambert, Amy J., Lǐ, Jiànróng, Li, Jun-Min, Lieffrig, François, Lukashevich, Igor S., Luo, Dongsheng, Maes, Piet, Marklewitz, Marco, Marshall, Sergio H., Marzano, Shin-Yi L., McCauley, John W., Mirazimi, Ali, Mohr, Peter G., Moody, Nick J. G., Morita, Yasuaki, Morrison, Richard N., Mühlberger, Elke, Naidu, Rayapati, Natsuaki, Tomohide, Navarro, José A., Neriya, Yutaro, Netesov, Sergey V., Neumann, Gabriele, Nowotny, Norbert, Ochoa-Corona, Francisco M., Palacios, Gustavo, Pallandre, Laurane, Pallás, Vicente, Papa, Anna, Paraskevopoulou, Sofia, Parrish, Colin R., Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex, Pawęska, Janusz T., Pérez, Daniel R., Pfaff, Florian, Plemper, Richard K., Postler, Thomas S., Pozet, Françoise, Radoshitzky, Sheli R., Ramos-González, Pedro L., Rehanek, Marius, Resende, Renato O., Reyes, Carina A., Romanowski, Víctor, Rubbenstroth, Dennis, Rubino, Luisa, Rumbou, Artemis, Runstadler, Jonathan A., Rupp, Melanie, Sabanadzovic, Sead, Sasaya, Takahide, Schmidt-Posthaus, Heike, Schwemmle, Martin, Seuberlich, Torsten, Sharpe, Stephen R., Shi, Mang, Sironi, Manuela, Smither, Sophie, Song, Jin-Won, Spann, Kirsten M., Spengler, Jessica R., Stenglein, Mark D., Takada, Ayato, Tesh, Robert B., Těšíková, Jana, Thornburg, Natalie J., Tischler, Nicole D., Tomitaka, Yasuhiro, Tomonaga, Keizō, Tordo, Noël, Tsunekawa, Kenta, Turina, Massimo, Tzanetakis, Ioannis E., Vaira, Anna Maria, van den Hoogen, Bernadette, Vanmechelen, Bert, Vasilakis, Nikos, Verbeek, Martin, von Bargen, Susanne, Wada, Jiro, Wahl, Victoria, Walker, Peter J., Whitfield, Anna E., Williams, John V., Wolf, Yuri I., Yamasaki, Junki, Yanagisawa, Hironobu, Ye, Gongyin, Zhang, Yong-Zhen, and Økland, Arnfinn Lodden

Published
2022
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5. Ad26.COV2.S priming provided a solid immunological base for mRNA-based COVID-19 booster vaccination

Author

Geers, Daryl, Sablerolles, Roos S.G., van Baarle, Debbie, Kootstra, Neeltje A., Rietdijk, Wim J.R., Schmitz, Katharina S., Gommers, Lennert, Bogers, Susanne, Nieuwkoop, Nella J., van Dijk, Laura L.A., van Haren, Eva, Lafeber, Melvin, Dalm, Virgil A.S.H., Goorhuis, Abraham, Postma, Douwe F., Visser, Leo G., Huckriede, Anke L.W., Sette, Alessandro, Grifoni, Alba, de Swart, Rik L., Koopmans, Marion P.G., van der Kuy, P. Hugo M., GeurtsvanKessel, Corine H., and de Vries, Rory D.

Published
2023
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6. Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author

Kuhn, Jens H., Adkins, Scott, Agwanda, Bernard R., Al Kubrusli, Rim, Alkhovsky, Sergey V., Amarasinghe, Gaya K., Avšič-Županc, Tatjana, Ayllón, María A., Bahl, Justin, Balkema-Buschmann, Anne, Ballinger, Matthew J., Basler, Christopher F., Bavari, Sina, Beer, Martin, Bejerman, Nicolas, Bennett, Andrew J., Bente, Dennis A., Bergeron, Éric, Bird, Brian H., Blair, Carol D., Blasdell, Kim R., Blystad, Dag-Ragnar, Bojko, Jamie, Borth, Wayne B., Bradfute, Steven, Breyta, Rachel, Briese, Thomas, Brown, Paul A., Brown, Judith K., Buchholz, Ursula J., Buchmeier, Michael J., Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Büttner, Carmen, Calisher, Charles H., Cao, Mengji, Casas, Inmaculada, Chandran, Kartik, Charrel, Rémi N., Cheng, Qi, Chiaki, Yuya, Chiapello, Marco, Choi, Il-Ryong, Ciuffo, Marina, Clegg, J. Christopher S., Crozier, Ian, Dal Bó, Elena, de la Torre, Juan Carlos, de Lamballerie, Xavier, de Swart, Rik L., Debat, Humberto, Dheilly, Nolwenn M., Di Cicco, Emiliano, Di Paola, Nicholas, Di Serio, Francesco, Dietzgen, Ralf G., Digiaro, Michele, Dolnik, Olga, Drebot, Michael A., Drexler, J. Felix, Dundon, William G., Duprex, W. Paul, Dürrwald, Ralf, Dye, John M., Easton, Andrew J., Ebihara, Hideki, Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Ferguson, Hugh W., Fooks, Anthony R., Forgia, Marco, Formenty, Pierre B. H., Fránová, Jana, Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Fu, Jingjing, Fürl, Stephanie, Gago-Zachert, Selma, Gāo, George Fú, García, María Laura, García-Sastre, Adolfo, Garrison, Aura R., Gaskin, Thomas, Gonzalez, Jean-Paul J., Griffiths, Anthony, Goldberg, Tony L., Groschup, Martin H., Günther, Stephan, Hall, Roy A., Hammond, John, Han, Tong, Hepojoki, Jussi, Hewson, Roger, Hong, Jiang, Hong, Ni, Hongo, Seiji, Horie, Masayuki, Hu, John S., Hu, Tao, Hughes, Holly R., Hüttner, Florian, Hyndman, Timothy H., Ilyas, M., Jalkanen, Risto, Jiāng, Dàohóng, Jonson, Gilda B., Junglen, Sandra, Kadono, Fujio, Kaukinen, Karia H., Kawate, Michael, Klempa, Boris, Klingström, Jonas, Kobinger, Gary, Koloniuk, Igor, Kondō, Hideki, Koonin, Eugene V., Krupovic, Mart, Kubota, Kenji, Kurath, Gael, Laenen, Lies, Lambert, Amy J., Langevin, Stanley L., Lee, Benhur, Lefkowitz, Elliot J., Leroy, Eric M., Li, Shaorong, Li, Longhui, Lǐ, Jiànróng, Liu, Huazhen, Lukashevich, Igor S., Maes, Piet, de Souza, William Marciel, Marklewitz, Marco, Marshall, Sergio H., Marzano, Shin-Yi L., Massart, Sebastien, McCauley, John W., Melzer, Michael, Mielke-Ehret, Nicole, Miller, Kristina M., Ming, Tobi J., Mirazimi, Ali, Mordecai, Gideon J., Mühlbach, Hans-Peter, Mühlberger, Elke, Naidu, Rayapati, Natsuaki, Tomohide, Navarro, José A., Netesov, Sergey V., Neumann, Gabriele, Nowotny, Norbert, Nunes, Márcio R. T., Olmedo-Velarde, Alejandro, Palacios, Gustavo, Pallás, Vicente, Pályi, Bernadett, Papa, Anna, Paraskevopoulou, Sofia, Park, Adam C., Parrish, Colin R., Patterson, David A., Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex, Pawęska, Janusz T., Payne, Susan, Peracchio, Carlotta, Pérez, Daniel R., Postler, Thomas S., Qi, Liying, Radoshitzky, Sheli R., Resende, Renato O., Reyes, Carina A., Rima, Bertus K., Luna, Gabriel Robles, Romanowski, Víctor, Rota, Paul, Rubbenstroth, Dennis, Rubino, Luisa, Runstadler, Jonathan A., Sabanadzovic, Sead, Sall, Amadou Alpha, Salvato, Maria S., Sang, Rosemary, Sasaya, Takahide, Schulze, Angela D., Schwemmle, Martin, Shi, Mang, Shí, Xiǎohóng, Shí, Zhènglì, Shimomoto, Yoshifumi, Shirako, Yukio, Siddell, Stuart G., Simmonds, Peter, Sironi, Manuela, Smagghe, Guy, Smither, Sophie, Song, Jin-Won, Spann, Kirsten, Spengler, Jessica R., Stenglein, Mark D., Stone, David M., Sugano, Jari, Suttle, Curtis A., Tabata, Amy, Takada, Ayato, Takeuchi, Shigeharu, Tchouassi, David P., Teffer, Amy, Tesh, Robert B., Thornburg, Natalie J., Tomitaka, Yasuhiro, Tomonaga, Keizō, Tordo, Noël, Torto, Baldwyn, Towner, Jonathan S., Tsuda, Shinya, Tu, Changchun, Turina, Massimo, Tzanetakis, Ioannis E., Uchida, Janice, Usugi, Tomio, Vaira, Anna Maria, Vallino, Marta, van den Hoogen, Bernadette, Varsani, Arvind, Vasilakis, Nikos, Verbeek, Martin, von Bargen, Susanne, Wada, Jiro, Wahl, Victoria, Walker, Peter J., Wang, Lin-Fa, Wang, Guoping, Wang, Yanxiang, Wang, Yaqin, Waqas, Muhammad, Wèi, Tàiyún, Wen, Shaohua, Whitfield, Anna E., Williams, John V., Wolf, Yuri I., Wu, Jiangxiang, Xu, Lei, Yanagisawa, Hironobu, Yang, Caixia, Yang, Zuokun, Zerbini, F. Murilo, Zhai, Lifeng, Zhang, Yong-Zhen, Zhang, Song, Zhang, Jinguo, Zhang, Zhe, and Zhou, Xueping

Published
2021
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7. Functional properties of measles virus proteins derived from a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patient who received repeated remdesivir treatments

Author

Schmitz, Katharina S., primary, Handrejk, Kim, additional, Liepina, Lelde, additional, Bauer, Lisa, additional, Haas, Griffin D., additional, van Puijfelik, Fabiënne, additional, Veldhuis Kroeze, Edwin J. B., additional, Riekstina, Marta, additional, Strautmanis, Jurgis, additional, Cao, Huyen, additional, Verdijk, Robert M., additional, GeurtsvanKessel, Corine H., additional, van Boheemen, Sander, additional, van Riel, Debby, additional, Lee, Benhur, additional, Porotto, Matteo, additional, de Swart, Rik L., additional, and de Vries, Rory D., additional

Published
2024
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10. Rational attenuation of canine distemper virus (CDV) to develop a morbillivirus animal model that mimics measles in humans

Author

Schmitz, Katharina S., Rennick, Linda J., Tilston-Lunel, Natasha L., Comvalius, Anouskha D., Laksono, Brigitta M., Geers, Daryl, van Run, Peter, de Vries, Rory D., de Swart, Rik L., Duprex, W. Paul, Schmitz, Katharina S., Rennick, Linda J., Tilston-Lunel, Natasha L., Comvalius, Anouskha D., Laksono, Brigitta M., Geers, Daryl, van Run, Peter, de Vries, Rory D., de Swart, Rik L., and Duprex, W. Paul

Abstract

Morbilliviruses are members of the family Paramyxoviridae and are known for their ability to cause systemic disease in a variety of mammalian hosts. The prototypic morbillivirus, measles virus (MeV), infects humans and still causes morbidity and mortality in unvaccinated children and young adults. Experimental infection studies in non-human primates have contributed to the understanding of measles pathogenesis. However, ethical restrictions call for the development of new animal models. Canine distemper virus (CDV) infects a wide range of animals, including ferrets, and its pathogenesis shares many features with measles. However, wild-type CDV infection is almost always lethal, while MeV infection is usually self-limiting. Here, we made five recombinant CDVs, predicted to be attenuated, and compared their pathogenesis to the non-attenuated recombinant CDV in a ferret model. Three viruses were insufficiently attenuated based on clinical signs, fatality, and systemic infection, while one virus was too attenuated. The last candidate virus caused a self-limiting infection associated with transient viremia and viral dissemination to all lymphoid tissues, was shed transiently from the upper respiratory tract, and did not result in acute neurological signs. Additionally, an in-depth phenotyping of the infected white blood cells showed lower infection percentages in all lymphocyte subsets when compared to the non-attenuated CDV. In conclusion, infection models using this candidate virus mimic measles and can be used to study pathogenesis-related questions and to test interventions for morbilliviruses in a natural host species.IMPORTANCEMorbilliviruses are transmitted via the respiratory route but cause systemic disease. The viruses use two cellular receptors to infect myeloid, lymphoid, and epithelial cells. Measles virus (MeV) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in humans, requiring animal models to study pathogenesis or intervention strategies. Experimen

Published
2024

11. Functional properties of measles virus proteins derived from a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patient who received repeated remdesivir treatments

Author

Schmitz, Katharina S., Handrejk, Kim, Liepina, Lelde, Bauer, Lisa, Haas, Griffin D., van Puijfelik, Fabienne, Veldhuis Kroeze, Edwin J. B., Riekstina, Marta, Strautmanis, Jurgis, Cao, Huyen, Verdijk, Robert M., Geurtsvankessel, Corine H., van Boheemen, Sander, van Riel, Debby, Lee, Benhur, Porotto, Matteo, de Swart, Rik L., de Vries, Rory D., Schmitz, Katharina S., Handrejk, Kim, Liepina, Lelde, Bauer, Lisa, Haas, Griffin D., van Puijfelik, Fabienne, Veldhuis Kroeze, Edwin J. B., Riekstina, Marta, Strautmanis, Jurgis, Cao, Huyen, Verdijk, Robert M., Geurtsvankessel, Corine H., van Boheemen, Sander, van Riel, Debby, Lee, Benhur, Porotto, Matteo, de Swart, Rik L., and de Vries, Rory D.

Abstract

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare but fatal late neurological complication of measles, caused by persistent measles virus (MeV) infection of the central nervous system. There are no drugs approved for the treatment of SSPE. Here, we followed the clinical progression of a 5-year-old SSPE patient after treatment with the nucleoside analog remdesivir, conducted a post-mortem evaluation of the patient’s brain, and characterized the MeV detected in the brain. The quality of life of the patient transiently improved after the first two courses of remdesivir, but a third course had no further clinical effect, and the patient eventually succumbed to his condition. Post-mortem evaluation of the brain displayed histopathological changes including loss of neurons and demyelination paired with abundant presence of MeV RNA-positive cells throughout the brain. Next-generation sequencing of RNA isolated from the brain revealed a complete MeV genome with mutations that are typically detected in SSPE, characterized by a hypermutated M gene. Additional mutations were detected in the polymerase (L) gene, which were not associated with resistance to remdesivir. Functional characterization showed that mutations in the F gene led to a hyperfusogenic phenotype predominantly mediated by N465I. Additionally, recombinant wild-type-based MeV with the SSPE-F gene or the F gene with the N465I mutation was no longer lymphotropic but instead efficiently disseminated in neural cultures. Altogether, this case encourages further investigation of remdesivir as a potential treatment of SSPE and highlights the necessity to functionally understand SSPE-causing MeV.

Published
2024

12. Virus neutralization assays for human respiratory syncytial virus using airway organoids.

Author

van Dijk, Laura L.A., Rijsbergen, Laurine C., Rubio, Bruno Tello, Schmitz, Katharina S., Gommers, Lennert, Comvalius, Anouskha D., Havelaar, Alexander, van Amerongen, Geert, Schepp, Rutger, Lamers, Mart M., GeurtsvanKessel, Corine H., Haagmans, Bart L., van Binnendijk, Rob, de Swart, Rik L., and de Vries, Rory D.

Subjects
VIRAL antibodies, RESPIRATORY syncytial virus, PRIMARY cell culture, ORGANOIDS, EPITHELIAL cells, AIRWAY (Anatomy)
Abstract

Neutralizing antibodies are considered a correlate of protection against severe human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) disease. Currently, HRSV neutralization assays are performed on immortalized cell lines like Vero or A549 cells. It is known that assays on these cell lines exclusively detect neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) directed to the fusion (F) protein. For the detection of nAbs directed to the glycoprotein (G), ciliated epithelial cells expressing the cellular receptor CX3CR1 are required, but generation of primary cell cultures is expensive and labor-intensive. Here, we developed a high-throughput neutralization assay based on the interaction between clinically relevant HRSV grown on primary cells with ciliated epithelial cells, and validated this assay using a panel of infant sera. To develop the high-throughput neutralization assay, we established a culture of differentiated apical-out airway organoids (Ap-O AO). CX3CR1 expression was confirmed, and both F- and G-specific monoclonal antibodies neutralized HRSV in the Ap-O AO. In a side-by-side neutralization assay on Vero cells and Ap-O AO, neutralizing antibody levels in sera from 125 infants correlated well, although titers on Ap-O AO were consistently lower. We speculate that these lower titers might be an actual reflection of the neutralizing antibody capacity in vivo. The organoid-based neutralization assay described here holds promise for further characterization of correlates of protection against HRSV disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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13. Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)

Author

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (US), Antiviral Countermeasures Development Center (US), Department of Agriculture (US), Department of the Army (US), Department of Health and Human Services (US), US Department of Homeland Security, Federal Government of the United States, Kuhn, Jens H. [0000-0002-7800-6045], Abe, Junya [0000-0003-3627-7071], Adkins, Scott [0000-0003-0095-8414], Alkhovsky, Sergey V. [0000-0001-6913-5841], Avsic-Zupanc, Tatjana [0000-0001-6243-0688], Ayllón, María A. [0000-0001-7893-6106], Bahl, Justin [0000-0001-7572-4300], Balkema-Buschmann, A. [0000-0001-7613-9592], Ballinger, Matthew J. [0000-0001-7453-8725], Bejerman, Nicolas [0000-0002-7851-3506], Biedenkopf, Nadine [0000-0002-6061-8019], Blair, Carol D.[0000-0002-2803-0354], Blasdell, Kim R.[0000-0003-2121-0376], Bradfute, Steven B.[0000-0002-1985-751X], Briese, Thomas [0000-0002-4819-8963], Buchholz, Ursula J. [0000-0002-2329-3198], Buchmeier, Michael J.[0000-0002-2387-9287], Bukreyev, Alexander [0000-0002-0342-4824], Burt, Felicity [0000-0002-7238-7799], Büttner, Carmen [0000-0002-2086-2594], Calisher, Charles H. [0000-0003-0213-294X], Cao, Mengji [0000-0003-0396-262X], Casas, Inmaculada [0000-0003-1840-1198], Chandran, Kartik [0000-0003-0232-7077], Charrel, Rémi N.[0000-0002-7675-8251], Chaturvedi, Krishna Kumar [0000-0002-6529-5466], Crane, Anya [0000-0002-2060-2469], De Swart, Rik L.[0000-0003-3599-8969], Debat, Humberto [0000-0003-3056-3739], Dheilly, Nolwenn M.[0000-0002-3675-5013], Di Paola, Nicholas [0000-0002-9694-3913], Di Serio, Francesco [0000-0003-2822-704X], Dietzgen, Ralf G.[0000-0002-7772-2250], Digiaro, Michele [0009-0006-3089-3606], Drexler, J. Felix [0000-0002-3509-0232], Duprex, W. Paul [0000-0003-1716-6376], Elbeaino, Toufic [0000-0003-2211-7907], Ergünay, Koray [0000-0001-5422-1982], Feng, Guozhong [0000-0002-9489-9322], Fooks, Anthony R.[0000-0002-3243-6154], Formenty, Pierre B.H.[0000-0002-9482-5411], Freitas-Astúa, Juliana [0000-0002-0506-6880], Gago-Zachert, Selma [0000-0002-1084-2119], García, María Laura [0000-0001-6468-6943], Garrison, Aura R.[0000-0003-3034-6400], Gaskin, Thomas R. [0000-0002-5644-4431], Gouy de Bellocq, Joelle [0000-0001-5831-6284], Griffiths, Anthony [0000-0001-5435-8364], Groschup, M. H.[0000-0003-0215-185X], Günther, Stephan [0000-0002-6562-0230], Hayashi, Kazusa [0009-0002-9395-0066], Hepojoki, Jussi [0000-0001-5699-214X], Higgins, Colleen M. [0000-0001-9016-2940], Horie, Masayuki [0000-0003-4682-7698], Hughes, Holly R.[0000-0003-1380-8263], Hyndman, Timothy [0000-0002-7047-5023], Jiāng, Dàohóng [0000-0002-3862-7461], Jonson, Gilda B.[0000-0003-0097-8634], Junglen, Sandra [0000-0002-3799-6011], Klempa, B.[0000-0002-6931-1224], Klingström, Jonas [0000-0001-9076-1441], Kondō, Hideki [0000-0001-9220-5350], Koonin, Eugene V. [0000-0003-3943-8299], Krupovic, Mart [0000-0001-5486-0098], Kurath, Gael [0000-0003-3294-560X], Laenen, Lies [0000-0001-9118-8608], Li, Jianrong [0000-0002-7130-1084], Lukashevich, Igor S.[0000-0001-6523-5116], MacDiarmid, Robin M.[0000-0002-7057-2018], Maes, Piet [0000-0002-4571-5232], Marklewitz, Marco [0000-0003-1828-8770], Marshall, Sergio H.[0000-0003-0438-8252], Marzano, Shin-Yi L. [0000-0003-0548-3761], Mühlberger, Elke [0000-0003-3547-9376], Nabeshima, Tomoyuki [0000-0002-6570-096X], Naidu, Rayapati [0000-0002-7273-5116], Natsuaki, Tomohide [0000-0003-1823-7308], Navarro, José A. 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Murilo [0000-0001-8617-0200], Okland, Arnfinn Lodden [0000-0003-3062-4386], Kuhn, Jens H., Abe, Junya, Adkins, Scott, Alkhovsky, Sergey V., Avsic-Zupanc, Tatjana, Ayllón, María A., Bahl, Justin, Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, Matthew J., Kumar Baranwal, Virendra, Beer, Martin, Bejerman, Nicolas, Bergeron, Éric, Biedenkopf, Nadine, Blair, Carol D., Blasdell, Kim R., Blouin, Arnaud G., Bradfute, Steven B., Briese, Thomas, Brown, Paul A., Buchholz, Ursula J., Buchmeier, Michael J., Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Büttner, Carmen, Calisher, Charles H., Cao, Mengji, Casas, Inmaculada, Chandran, Kartik, Charrel, Rémi N., Chaturvedi, Krishna Kumar, Chooi, Kar Mun, Crane, Anya, Dal Bó, Elena, de la Torre, J. C., de Souza, William Marciel, De Swart, Rik L., Debat, Humberto, Dheilly, Nolwenn M., Di Paola, Nicholas, Di Serio, Francesco, Dietzgen, Ralf G., Digiaro, Michele, Drexler, J. Felix, Duprex, W. Paul, Dürrwald, Ralf, Easton, Andrew J., Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Feng, Guozhong, Firth, Andrew E., Fooks, Anthony R., Formenty, Pierre B.H., Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Gago-Zachert, Selma, García, María Laura, García-Sastre, Adolfo, Garrison, Aura R., Gaskin, Thomas R., Gong, Wenjie, Gonzalez, Jean-Paul J., Gouy de Bellocq, Joelle, Griffiths, Anthony, Groschup, M. 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Murilo, Zhang, Guilin, Zhang, Song, Zhang, Yong-Zhen, Zhao, Lu, Okland, Arnfinn Lodden, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (US), Antiviral Countermeasures Development Center (US), Department of Agriculture (US), Department of the Army (US), Department of Health and Human Services (US), US Department of Homeland Security, Federal Government of the United States, Kuhn, Jens H. [0000-0002-7800-6045], Abe, Junya [0000-0003-3627-7071], Adkins, Scott [0000-0003-0095-8414], Alkhovsky, Sergey V. [0000-0001-6913-5841], Avsic-Zupanc, Tatjana [0000-0001-6243-0688], Ayllón, María A. [0000-0001-7893-6106], Bahl, Justin [0000-0001-7572-4300], Balkema-Buschmann, A. [0000-0001-7613-9592], Ballinger, Matthew J. 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[0000-0002-5970-1763], Vaira, Anna Maria [0000-0003-2526-4419], Van den Hoogen, Bernadette [0000-0003-1996-8559], Vanmechelen, Bert [0000-0002-8350-4356], Verbeek, Martin [0000-0002-8973-3803], Von Bargen, Susanne [0000-0001-8321-1572], Wada, Jiro [0000-0001-9846-0846], Wahl, Victoria [0000-0002-6588-4308], Walker, Peter J. [0000-0003-1851-642X], Waltzek, Thomas B. [0000-0001-6383-5978], Whitfield, Anna E. [0000-0002-3538-015X], Wolf, Yuri I. [0000-0002-0247-8708], Xylogianni, Evanthia [0009-0001-8768-0939], Yanagisawa, Hironobu [0000-0002-6729-466X], Ye, Gongyin [0000-0003-4937-8867], Yuan, Zhiming [0000-0002-3234-9616], Zerbini, F. Murilo [0000-0001-8617-0200], Okland, Arnfinn Lodden [0000-0003-3062-4386], Kuhn, Jens H., Abe, Junya, Adkins, Scott, Alkhovsky, Sergey V., Avsic-Zupanc, Tatjana, Ayllón, María A., Bahl, Justin, Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, Matthew J., Kumar Baranwal, Virendra, Beer, Martin, Bejerman, Nicolas, Bergeron, Éric, Biedenkopf, Nadine, Blair, Carol D., Blasdell, Kim R., Blouin, Arnaud G., Bradfute, Steven B., Briese, Thomas, Brown, Paul A., Buchholz, Ursula J., Buchmeier, Michael J., Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Büttner, Carmen, Calisher, Charles H., Cao, Mengji, Casas, Inmaculada, Chandran, Kartik, Charrel, Rémi N., Chaturvedi, Krishna Kumar, Chooi, Kar Mun, Crane, Anya, Dal Bó, Elena, de la Torre, J. C., de Souza, William Marciel, De Swart, Rik L., Debat, Humberto, Dheilly, Nolwenn M., Di Paola, Nicholas, Di Serio, Francesco, Dietzgen, Ralf G., Digiaro, Michele, Drexler, J. Felix, Duprex, W. Paul, Dürrwald, Ralf, Easton, Andrew J., Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Feng, Guozhong, Firth, Andrew E., Fooks, Anthony R., Formenty, Pierre B.H., Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Gago-Zachert, Selma, García, María Laura, García-Sastre, Adolfo, Garrison, Aura R., Gaskin, Thomas R., Gong, Wenjie, Gonzalez, Jean-Paul J., Gouy de Bellocq, Joelle, Griffiths, Anthony, Groschup, M. H., Günther, Ines, Günther, Stephan, Hammond, John, Hasegawa, Yusuke, Hayashi, Kazusa, Hepojoki, Jussi, Higgins, Colleen M., Hongo, Seiji, Horie, Masayuki, Hughes, Holly R., Hume, Adam J., Hyndman, Timothy, Ikeda, Kenichi, Jiāng, Dàohóng, Jonson, Gilda B., Junglen, Sandra, Klempa, B., Klingström, Jonas, Kondō, Hideki, Koonin, Eugene V., Krupovic, Mart, Kubota, Kenji, Kurath, Gael, Laenen, Lies, Lambert, Amy J., Li, Jianrong, Li, Jun-Min, Liu, Ran, Lukashevich, Igor S., MacDiarmid, Robin M, Maes, Piet, Marklewitz, Marco, Marshall, Sergio H., Marzano, Shin-Yi L., McCauley, John W., Mirazimi, Ali, Mühlberger, Elke, Nabeshima, Tomoyuki, Naidu, Rayapati, Natsuaki, Tomohide, Navarro, Beatriz, Navarro, José A., Neriya, Yutaro, Netesov, Sergey V., Neumann, Gabriele, Nowotny, N., Nunes, Márcio R.T., Ochoa-Corona, Francisco M., Okada, Tomoyuki, Palacios, Gustavo, Pallás, Vicente, Papa, Anna, Paraskevopoulou, Sofia, Parrish, Colin R., Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex, Pawęska, Janusz T., Pérez, Daniel R., Pfaff, Florian, Plemper, Richard K., Postler, Thomas S., Rabbidge, Lee O., Radoshitzky, Sheli R., Ramos-González, Pedro L., Rehanek, Marius, Resende, Renato O., Reyes, Carina A., Rodrigues, Thaís C.S., Romanowski, Víctor, Rubbenstroth, Dennis, Rubino, Luisa, Runstadler, Jonathan A., Sabanadzovic, Sead, Sadiq, Sabrina, Salvato, Maria S., Sasaya, Takahide, Schwemmle, Martin, Sharpe, Stephen R., Shi, Mang, Shimomoto, Yoshifumi, Kavi Sidharthan, Venkidusamy, Sironi, Manuela, Smither, Sophie, Song, Jin-Won, Spann, Kirsten, Spengler, Jessica R., Stenglein, Mark D., Takada, Ayato, Takeyama, Sawana, Tatara, Akio, Tesh, Robert B., Thornburg, Natalie J., Tian, Xin, Tischler, Nicole D., Tomitaka, Yasuhiro, Tomonaga, Keizō, Tordo, Noël, Tu, Changchun, Turina, Massimo, Tzanetakis, Ioannis E., Vaira, Anna Maria, Van den Hoogen, Bernadette, Vanmechelen, Bert, Vasilakis, Nikos, Verbeek, Martin, Von Bargen, Susanne, Wada, Jiro, Wahl, Victoria, Walker, Peter J., Waltzek, Thomas B., Whitfield, Anna E., Wolf, Yuri I., Xia, Han, Xylogianni, Evanthia, Yanagisawa, Hironobu, Yano, Kazutaka, Ye, Gongyin, Yuan, Zhiming, Zerbini, F. Murilo, Zhang, Guilin, Zhang, Song, Zhang, Yong-Zhen, Zhao, Lu, and Okland, Arnfinn Lodden

Abstract

In April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

Published
2023

15. Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)

Author

Kuhn, Jens H., primary, Abe, Junya, additional, Adkins, Scott, additional, Alkhovsky, Sergey V., additional, Avšič-Županc, Tatjana, additional, Ayllón, María A., additional, Bahl, Justin, additional, Balkema-Buschmann, Anne, additional, Ballinger, Matthew J., additional, Kumar Baranwal, Virendra, additional, Beer, Martin, additional, Bejerman, Nicolas, additional, Bergeron, Éric, additional, Biedenkopf, Nadine, additional, Blair, Carol D., additional, Blasdell, Kim R., additional, Blouin, Arnaud G., additional, Bradfute, Steven B., additional, Briese, Thomas, additional, Brown, Paul A., additional, Buchholz, Ursula J., additional, Buchmeier, Michael J., additional, Bukreyev, Alexander, additional, Burt, Felicity, additional, Büttner, Carmen, additional, Calisher, Charles H., additional, Cao, Mengji, additional, Casas, Inmaculada, additional, Chandran, Kartik, additional, Charrel, Rémi N., additional, Kumar Chaturvedi, Krishna, additional, Chooi, Kar Mun, additional, Crane, Anya, additional, Dal Bó, Elena, additional, Carlos de la Torre, Juan, additional, de Souza, William M., additional, de Swart, Rik L., additional, Debat, Humberto, additional, Dheilly, Nolwenn M., additional, Di Paola, Nicholas, additional, Di Serio, Francesco, additional, Dietzgen, Ralf G., additional, Digiaro, Michele, additional, Drexler, J. Felix, additional, Duprex, W. Paul, additional, Dürrwald, Ralf, additional, Easton, Andrew J., additional, Elbeaino, Toufic, additional, Ergünay, Koray, additional, Feng, Guozhong, additional, Firth, Andrew E., additional, Fooks, Anthony R., additional, Formenty, Pierre B. H., additional, Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, additional, Gago-Zachert, Selma, additional, Laura García, María, additional, García-Sastre, Adolfo, additional, Garrison, Aura R., additional, Gaskin, Thomas R., additional, Gong, Wenjie, additional, Gonzalez, Jean-Paul J., additional, de Bellocq, JoëlleGoüy, additional, Griffiths, Anthony, additional, Groschup, Martin H., additional, Günther, Ines, additional, Günther, Stephan, additional, Hammond, John, additional, Hasegawa, Yusuke, additional, Hayashi, Kazusa, additional, Hepojoki, Jussi, additional, Higgins, Colleen M., additional, Hongō, Seiji, additional, Horie, Masayuki, additional, Hughes, Holly R., additional, Hume, Adam J., additional, Hyndman, Timothy H., additional, Ikeda, Kenichi, additional, Jiāng, Dàohóng, additional, Jonson, Gilda B., additional, Junglen, Sandra, additional, Klempa, Boris, additional, Klingström, Jonas, additional, Kondō, Hideki, additional, Koonin, Eugene V., additional, Krupovic, Mart, additional, Kubota, Kenji, additional, Kurath, Gael, additional, Laenen, Lies, additional, Lambert, Amy J., additional, Lǐ, Jiànróng, additional, Li, Jun-Min, additional, Liu, Ran, additional, Lukashevich, Igor S., additional, MacDiarmid, Robin M., additional, Maes, Piet, additional, Marklewitz, Marco, additional, Marshall, Sergio H., additional, Marzano, Shin-Yi L., additional, McCauley, John W., additional, Mirazimi, Ali, additional, Mühlberger, Elke, additional, Nabeshima, Tomoyuki, additional, Naidu, Rayapati, additional, Natsuaki, Tomohide, additional, Navarro, Beatriz, additional, Navarro, José A., additional, Neriya, Yutaro, additional, Netesov, Sergey V., additional, Neumann, Gabriele, additional, Nowotny, Norbert, additional, Nunes, Márcio R. T., additional, Ochoa-Corona, Francisco M., additional, Okada, Tomoyuki, additional, Palacios, Gustavo, additional, Pallás, Vicente, additional, Papa, Anna, additional, Paraskevopoulou, Sofia, additional, Parrish, Colin R., additional, Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex, additional, Pawęska, Janusz T., additional, Pérez, Daniel R., additional, Pfaff, Florian, additional, Plemper, Richard K., additional, Postler, Thomas S., additional, Rabbidge, Lee O., additional, Radoshitzky, Sheli R., additional, Ramos-González, Pedro L., additional, Rehanek, Marius, additional, Resende, Renato O., additional, Reyes, Carina A., additional, Rodrigues, Thaís C. S., additional, Romanowski, Víctor, additional, Rubbenstroth, Dennis, additional, Rubino, Luisa, additional, Runstadler, Jonathan A., additional, Sabanadzovic, Sead, additional, Sadiq, Sabrina, additional, Salvato, Maria S., additional, Sasaya, Takahide, additional, Schwemmle, Martin, additional, Sharpe, Stephen R., additional, Shi, Mang, additional, Shimomoto, Yoshifumi, additional, Kavi Sidharthan, Venkidusamy, additional, Sironi, Manuela, additional, Smither, Sophie, additional, Song, Jin-Won, additional, Spann, Kirsten M., additional, Spengler, Jessica R., additional, Stenglein, Mark D., additional, Takada, Ayato, additional, Takeyama, Sawana, additional, Tatara, Akio, additional, Tesh, Robert B., additional, Thornburg, Natalie J., additional, Tian, Xin, additional, Tischler, Nicole D., additional, Tomitaka, Yasuhiro, additional, Tomonaga, Keizō, additional, Tordo, Noël, additional, Tu, Changchun, additional, Turina, Massimo, additional, Tzanetakis, Ioannis E., additional, Maria Vaira, Anna, additional, van den Hoogen, Bernadette, additional, Vanmechelen, Bert, additional, Vasilakis, Nikos, additional, Verbeek, Martin, additional, von Bargen, Susanne, additional, Wada, Jiro, additional, Wahl, Victoria, additional, Walker, Peter J., additional, Waltzek, Thomas B., additional, Whitfield, Anna E., additional, Wolf, Yuri I., additional, Xia, Han, additional, Xylogianni, Evanthia, additional, Yanagisawa, Hironobu, additional, Yano, Kazutaka, additional, Ye, Gongyin, additional, Yuan, Zhiming, additional, Zerbini, F. Murilo, additional, Zhang, Guilin, additional, Zhang, Song, additional, Zhang, Yong-Zhen, additional, Zhao, Lu, additional, and Økland, Arnfinn Lodden, additional

Published
2023
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16. Infection of ferrets with wild type-based recombinant canine distemper virus overwhelms the immune system and causes fatal systemic disease

Author

Laksono, Brigitta M., primary, Roelofs, Dagmar, additional, Comvalius, Anouskha D., additional, Schmitz, Katharina S., additional, Rijsbergen, Laurine C., additional, Geers, Daryl, additional, Nambulli, Sham, additional, van Run, Peter, additional, Duprex, W. Paul, additional, van den Brand, Judith M. A., additional, de Vries, Rory D., additional, and de Swart, Rik L., additional

Published
2023
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17. Inoculation of raccoons with a wild-type-based recombinant canine distemper virus results in viremia, lymphopenia, fever, and widespread histological lesions

Author

Roelofs, Dagmar, primary, Schmitz, Katharina S., additional, van Amerongen, Geert, additional, Rijsbergen, Laurine C., additional, Laksono, Brigitta M., additional, Comvalius, Anouskha D., additional, Nambulli, Sham, additional, Rennick, Linda J., additional, van Run, Peter, additional, Duprex, W. Paul, additional, van den Brand, Judith M. A., additional, de Swart, Rik L., additional, and de Vries, Rory D., additional

Published
2023
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21. Can measles attenuate previous allergic sensitization in children?

Author

Nguyen, Ngoc Tan, Schappin, Renske, Pasmans, Suzanne G.M.A., Schreurs, Marco W.J., de Swart, Rik L., van de Veen, Willem, Nguyen, Ngoc Tan, Schappin, Renske, Pasmans, Suzanne G.M.A., Schreurs, Marco W.J., de Swart, Rik L., and van de Veen, Willem

Published
2023

22. Inoculation of raccoons with a wild-type-based recombinant canine distemper virus results in viremia, lymphopenia, fever, and widespread histological lesions

Author

Roelofs, Dagmar, Schmitz, Katharina, van Amerongen, Geert, Rijsbergen, Laurine, Laksono, Brigitta, Comvalius, Anouskha, Nambulli, Sham, Rennick, Linda, van Run, Peter, Duprex, Paul, van den Brand, Judith, de Swart, Rik L., de Vries, Rory D., Einav, Shirit, Roelofs, Dagmar, Schmitz, Katharina, van Amerongen, Geert, Rijsbergen, Laurine, Laksono, Brigitta, Comvalius, Anouskha, Nambulli, Sham, Rennick, Linda, van Run, Peter, Duprex, Paul, van den Brand, Judith, de Swart, Rik L., de Vries, Rory D., and Einav, Shirit

Abstract

Raccoons are naturally susceptible to canine distemper virus (CDV) infection and can be a potential source of spill-over events. CDV is a highly contagious morbillivirus that infects multiple species of carnivores and omnivores, resulting in severe and often fatal disease. Here, we used a recombinant CDV (rCDV) based on a full-genome sequence detected in a naturally infected raccoon to perform pathogenesis studies in raccoons. Five raccoons were inoculated intratracheally with a recombinant virus engineered to express a fluorescent reporter protein, and extensive virological, serological, histological, and immunohistochemical assessments were performed at different time points post inoculation. rCDV-infected white blood cells were detected as early as 4 days post inoculation (dpi). Raccoon necropsies at 6 and 8 dpi revealed replication in the lymphoid tissues, preceding spread into peripheral tissues observed during necropsies at 21 dpi. Whereas lymphocytes, and to a lesser extent myeloid cells, were the main target cells of CDV at early time points, CDV additionally targeted epithelia at 21 dpi. At this later time point, CDV-infected cells were observed throughout the host. We observed lymphopenia and lymphocyte depletion from lymphoid tissues after CDV infection, in the absence of detectable CDV neutralizing antibodies and an impaired ability to clear CDV, indicating that the animals were severely immunosuppressed. The use of a wild-type-based recombinant virus in a natural host species infection study allowed systematic and sensitive assessment of antigen detection by immunohistochemistry, enabling further comparative pathology studies of CDV infection in different species.

Published
2023

23. Infection of ferrets with wild type-based recombinant canine distemper virus overwhelms the immune system and causes fatal systemic disease

Author

Laksono, Brigitta M., Roelofs, Dagmar, Comvalius, Anouskha D., Schmitz, Katharina S., Rijsbergen, Laurine C., Geers, Daryl, Nambulli, Sham, van Run, Peter, Duprex, Paul, van den Brand, Judith M.A., de Vries, Rory D., de Swart, Rik L., Laksono, Brigitta M., Roelofs, Dagmar, Comvalius, Anouskha D., Schmitz, Katharina S., Rijsbergen, Laurine C., Geers, Daryl, Nambulli, Sham, van Run, Peter, Duprex, Paul, van den Brand, Judith M.A., de Vries, Rory D., and de Swart, Rik L.

Abstract

Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes systemic infection resulting in severe and often fatal disease in a large spectrum of animal host species. The virus is closely related to measles virus and targets myeloid, lymphoid, and epithelial cells, but CDV is more virulent and the infection spreads more rapidly within the infected host. Here, we aimed to study the pathogenesis of wild-type CDV infection by experimentally inoculating ferrets with recombinant CDV (rCDV) based on an isolate directly obtained from a naturally infected raccoon. The recombinant virus was engineered to express a fluorescent reporter protein, facilitating assessment of viral tropism and virulence. In ferrets, this wild type-based rCDV infected myeloid, lymphoid, and epithelial cells, and the infection resulted in systemic dissemination to multiple tissues and organs, especially those of the lymphatic system. High infection percentages in immune cells resulted in depletion of these cells both from circulation and from lymphoid tissues. The majority of CDV-infected ferrets reached their humane endpoints within 20 d and had to be euthanized. In that period, the virus also reached the central nervous system in several ferrets, but we did not observe the development of neurological complications during the study period of 23 d. Two out of 14 ferrets survived CDV infection and developed neutralizing antibodies. We show for the first time the pathogenesis of a non-adapted wild type-based rCDV in ferrets. IMPORTANCE Infection of ferrets with recombinant canine distemper virus (rCDV) expressing a fluorescent reporter protein has been used as proxy to understand measles pathogenesis and immune suppression in humans. CDV and measles virus use the same cellular receptors, but CDV is more virulent, and infection is often associated with neurological complications. rCDV strains in current use have complicated passage histories, which may have affected their pathogenesis. Here, we studied the pathogenesis of the

Published
2023

24. Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota)

Author

Kuhn, Jens H., Abe, Junya, Adkins, Scott, Alkhovsky, Sergey V., Avšič-Županc, Tatjana, Ayllón, María A., Bahl, Justin, Balkema-Buschmann, Anne, Ballinger, Matthew J., Baranwal, Virendra Kumar, Beer, Martin, Bejerman, Nicolas, Bergeron, Éric, Biedenkopf, Nadine, Blair, Carol D., Blasdell, Kim R., Blouin, Arnaud G., Bradfute, Steven B., Briese, Thomas, Brown, Paul A., Buchholz, Ursula J., Buchmeier, Michael J., Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Büttner, Carmen, Calisher, Charles H., Cao, Mengji, Casas, Inmaculada, Chandran, Kartik, Charrel, Rémi N., Chaturvedi, Krishna Kumar, Chooi, Kar Mun, Crane, Anya, Bó, Elena Dal, de la Torre, Juan Carlos, de Souza, William M., de Swart, Rik L., Debat, Humberto, Dheilly, Nolwenn M., Di Paola, Nicholas, Di Serio, Francesco, Dietzgen, Ralf G., Digiaro, Michele, Drexler, J.F., Duprex, W.P., Dürrwald, Ralf, Easton, Andrew J., Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Feng, Guozhong, Firth, Andrew E., Fooks, Anthony R., Formenty, Pierre B.H., Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Gago-Zachert, Selma, García, María Laura, García-Sastre, Adolfo, Garrison, Aura R., Gaskin, Thomas R., Gong, Wenjie, Gonzalez, Jean Paul J., de Bellocq, Joëlle Goüy, Griffiths, Anthony, Groschup, Martin H., Günther, Ines, Günther, Stephan, Hammond, John, Hasegawa, Yusuke, Hayashi, Kazusa, Hepojoki, Jussi, Higgins, Colleen M., Hongō, Seiji, Horie, Masayuki, Hughes, Holly R., Hume, Adam J., Hyndman, Timothy H., Ikeda, Kenichi, Jiāng, Dàohóng, Jonson, Gilda B., Junglen, Sandra, Klempa, Boris, Klingström, Jonas, Kondō, Hideki, Koonin, Eugene V., Krupovic, Mart, Kubota, Kenji, Kurath, Gael, Laenen, Lies, Lambert, Amy J., Lǐ, Jiànróng, Li, Jun Min, Liu, Ran, Lukashevich, Igor S., MacDiarmid, Robin M., Maes, Piet, Marklewitz, Marco, Marshall, Sergio H., Marzano, Shin Yi L., McCauley, John W., Mirazimi, Ali, Mühlberger, Elke, Nabeshima, Tomoyuki, Naidu, Rayapati, Natsuaki, Tomohide, Navarro, Beatriz, Navarro, José A., Neriya, Yutaro, Netesov, Sergey V., Neumann, Gabriele, Nowotny, Norbert, Nunes, Márcio R.T., Ochoa-Corona, Francisco M., Okada, Tomoyuki, Palacios, Gustavo, Pallás, Vicente, Papa, Anna, Paraskevopoulou, Sofia, Parrish, Colin R., Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex, Pawęska, Janusz T., Pérez, Daniel R., Pfaff, Florian, Plemper, Richard K., Postler, Thomas S., Rabbidge, Lee O., Radoshitzky, Sheli R., Ramos-González, Pedro L., Rehanek, Marius, Resende, Renato O., Reyes, Carina A., Rodrigues, Thaís C.S., Romanowski, Víctor, Rubbenstroth, Dennis, Rubino, Luisa, Runstadler, Jonathan A., Sabanadzovic, Sead, Sadiq, Sabrina, Salvato, Maria S., Sasaya, Takahide, Schwemmle, Martin, Sharpe, Stephen R., Shi, Mang, Shimomoto, Yoshifumi, Sidharthan, Venkidusamy Kavi, Sironi, Manuela, Smither, Sophie, Song, Jin Won, Spann, Kirsten M., Spengler, Jessica R., Stenglein, Mark D., Takada, Ayato, Takeyama, Sawana, Tatara, Akio, Tesh, Robert B., Thornburg, Natalie J., Tian, Xin, Tischler, Nicole D., Tomitaka, Yasuhiro, Tomonaga, Keizō, Tordo, Noël, Tu, Changchun, Turina, Massimo, Tzanetakis, Ioannis E., Vaira, Anna Maria, van den Hoogen, Bernadette, Vanmechelen, Bert, Vasilakis, Nikos, Verbeek, Martin, von Bargen, Susanne, Wada, Jiro, Wahl, Victoria, Walker, Peter J., Waltzek, Thomas B., Whitfield, Anna E., Wolf, Yuri I., Xia, Han, Xylogianni, Evanthia, Yanagisawa, Hironobu, Yano, Kazutaka, Ye, Gongyin, Yuan, Zhiming, Zerbini, F.M., Zhang, Guilin, Zhang, Song, Zhang, Yong Zhen, Zhao, Lu, Økland, Arnfinn Lodden, Kuhn, Jens H., Abe, Junya, Adkins, Scott, Alkhovsky, Sergey V., Avšič-Županc, Tatjana, Ayllón, María A., Bahl, Justin, Balkema-Buschmann, Anne, Ballinger, Matthew J., Baranwal, Virendra Kumar, Beer, Martin, Bejerman, Nicolas, Bergeron, Éric, Biedenkopf, Nadine, Blair, Carol D., Blasdell, Kim R., Blouin, Arnaud G., Bradfute, Steven B., Briese, Thomas, Brown, Paul A., Buchholz, Ursula J., Buchmeier, Michael J., Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Büttner, Carmen, Calisher, Charles H., Cao, Mengji, Casas, Inmaculada, Chandran, Kartik, Charrel, Rémi N., Chaturvedi, Krishna Kumar, Chooi, Kar Mun, Crane, Anya, Bó, Elena Dal, de la Torre, Juan Carlos, de Souza, William M., de Swart, Rik L., Debat, Humberto, Dheilly, Nolwenn M., Di Paola, Nicholas, Di Serio, Francesco, Dietzgen, Ralf G., Digiaro, Michele, Drexler, J.F., Duprex, W.P., Dürrwald, Ralf, Easton, Andrew J., Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Feng, Guozhong, Firth, Andrew E., Fooks, Anthony R., Formenty, Pierre B.H., Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Gago-Zachert, Selma, García, María Laura, García-Sastre, Adolfo, Garrison, Aura R., Gaskin, Thomas R., Gong, Wenjie, Gonzalez, Jean Paul J., de Bellocq, Joëlle Goüy, Griffiths, Anthony, Groschup, Martin H., Günther, Ines, Günther, Stephan, Hammond, John, Hasegawa, Yusuke, Hayashi, Kazusa, Hepojoki, Jussi, Higgins, Colleen M., Hongō, Seiji, Horie, Masayuki, Hughes, Holly R., Hume, Adam J., Hyndman, Timothy H., Ikeda, Kenichi, Jiāng, Dàohóng, Jonson, Gilda B., Junglen, Sandra, Klempa, Boris, Klingström, Jonas, Kondō, Hideki, Koonin, Eugene V., Krupovic, Mart, Kubota, Kenji, Kurath, Gael, Laenen, Lies, Lambert, Amy J., Lǐ, Jiànróng, Li, Jun Min, Liu, Ran, Lukashevich, Igor S., MacDiarmid, Robin M., Maes, Piet, Marklewitz, Marco, Marshall, Sergio H., Marzano, Shin Yi L., McCauley, John W., Mirazimi, Ali, Mühlberger, Elke, Nabeshima, Tomoyuki, Naidu, Rayapati, Natsuaki, Tomohide, Navarro, Beatriz, Navarro, José A., Neriya, Yutaro, Netesov, Sergey V., Neumann, Gabriele, Nowotny, Norbert, Nunes, Márcio R.T., Ochoa-Corona, Francisco M., Okada, Tomoyuki, Palacios, Gustavo, Pallás, Vicente, Papa, Anna, Paraskevopoulou, Sofia, Parrish, Colin R., Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex, Pawęska, Janusz T., Pérez, Daniel R., Pfaff, Florian, Plemper, Richard K., Postler, Thomas S., Rabbidge, Lee O., Radoshitzky, Sheli R., Ramos-González, Pedro L., Rehanek, Marius, Resende, Renato O., Reyes, Carina A., Rodrigues, Thaís C.S., Romanowski, Víctor, Rubbenstroth, Dennis, Rubino, Luisa, Runstadler, Jonathan A., Sabanadzovic, Sead, Sadiq, Sabrina, Salvato, Maria S., Sasaya, Takahide, Schwemmle, Martin, Sharpe, Stephen R., Shi, Mang, Shimomoto, Yoshifumi, Sidharthan, Venkidusamy Kavi, Sironi, Manuela, Smither, Sophie, Song, Jin Won, Spann, Kirsten M., Spengler, Jessica R., Stenglein, Mark D., Takada, Ayato, Takeyama, Sawana, Tatara, Akio, Tesh, Robert B., Thornburg, Natalie J., Tian, Xin, Tischler, Nicole D., Tomitaka, Yasuhiro, Tomonaga, Keizō, Tordo, Noël, Tu, Changchun, Turina, Massimo, Tzanetakis, Ioannis E., Vaira, Anna Maria, van den Hoogen, Bernadette, Vanmechelen, Bert, Vasilakis, Nikos, Verbeek, Martin, von Bargen, Susanne, Wada, Jiro, Wahl, Victoria, Walker, Peter J., Waltzek, Thomas B., Whitfield, Anna E., Wolf, Yuri I., Xia, Han, Xylogianni, Evanthia, Yanagisawa, Hironobu, Yano, Kazutaka, Ye, Gongyin, Yuan, Zhiming, Zerbini, F.M., Zhang, Guilin, Zhang, Song, Zhang, Yong Zhen, Zhao, Lu, and Økland, Arnfinn Lodden

Abstract

In April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished.

Published
2023

25. Emergence of biased hypermutation in a heterologous additional transcription unit in recombinant lentogenic Newcastle disease virus

Author

de Buhr, Hendrik, de Leeuw, Olav S., Harders, Frank, Peeters, Ben P., de Swart, Rik L., de Buhr, Hendrik, de Leeuw, Olav S., Harders, Frank, Peeters, Ben P., and de Swart, Rik L.

Abstract

Recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) strains engineered to express foreign genes from an additional transcription unit (ATU) are considered as candidate live-attenuated vector vaccines for human and veterinary use. Early during the COVID-19 pandemic we and others generated COVID-19 vaccine candidates based on rNDV expressing a partial or complete SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. In our studies, a number of the rNDV constructs did not show high S expression levels in cell culture or seroconversion in immunized hamsters. Sanger sequencing showed the presence of frequent A-to-G transitions characteristic of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR). Subsequent whole genome rNDV sequencing revealed that this biased hypermutation was exclusively localized in the ATU expressing the spike gene, and was related to deamination of adenosines in the negative strand viral genome RNA. The biased hypermutation was found both after virus rescue in chicken cell line DF-1 followed by passaging in embryonated chicken eggs, and after direct virus rescue and subsequent passaging in Vero E6 cells. Levels of biased hypermutation were higher in constructs containing codon-optimized as compared to native S gene sequences, suggesting potential association with increased GC content. These data show that deep sequencing of candidate recombinant vector vaccine constructs in different phases of development is of crucial importance in the development of NDV-based vaccines.

Published
2023

26. Inoculation of raccoons with a wild-type-based recombinant canine distemper virus results in viremia, lymphopenia, fever, and widespread histological lesions

Author

VPDC pathologie, Pathology, Roelofs, Dagmar, Schmitz, Katharina S, van Amerongen, Geert, Rijsbergen, Laurine C, Laksono, Brigitta M, Comvalius, Anouskha D, Nambulli, Sham, Rennick, Linda J, van Run, Peter, Duprex, W Paul, van den Brand, Judith M A, de Swart, Rik L, de Vries, Rory D, VPDC pathologie, Pathology, Roelofs, Dagmar, Schmitz, Katharina S, van Amerongen, Geert, Rijsbergen, Laurine C, Laksono, Brigitta M, Comvalius, Anouskha D, Nambulli, Sham, Rennick, Linda J, van Run, Peter, Duprex, W Paul, van den Brand, Judith M A, de Swart, Rik L, and de Vries, Rory D

Published
2023

27. Infection of ferrets with wild type-based recombinant canine distemper virus overwhelms the immune system and causes fatal systemic disease

Author

VPDC pathologie, Pathology, Laksono, Brigitta M, Roelofs, Dagmar, Comvalius, Anouskha D, Schmitz, Katharina S, Rijsbergen, Laurine C, Geers, Daryl, Nambulli, Sham, van Run, Peter, Duprex, W Paul, van den Brand, Judith M A, de Vries, Rory D, de Swart, Rik L, VPDC pathologie, Pathology, Laksono, Brigitta M, Roelofs, Dagmar, Comvalius, Anouskha D, Schmitz, Katharina S, Rijsbergen, Laurine C, Geers, Daryl, Nambulli, Sham, van Run, Peter, Duprex, W Paul, van den Brand, Judith M A, de Vries, Rory D, and de Swart, Rik L

Published
2023

28. Pathogenesis of wild-type- and vaccine-based recombinant peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) expressing EGFP in experimentally infected domestic goats

Author

Schmitz, Katharina S., Eblé, Phaedra L., van Gennip, René G.P., Maris-Veldhuis, Mieke A., de Vries, Rory D., van Keulen, Lucien J.M., de Swart, Rik L., van Rijn, Piet A., Schmitz, Katharina S., Eblé, Phaedra L., van Gennip, René G.P., Maris-Veldhuis, Mieke A., de Vries, Rory D., van Keulen, Lucien J.M., de Swart, Rik L., and van Rijn, Piet A.

Abstract

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a highly contagious morbillivirus related to measles and canine distemper virus, mostly affecting small ruminants. The corresponding PPR disease has a high clinical impact in goats and is characterized by fever, oral and nasal erosions, diarrhoea and pneumonia. In addition, massive infection of lymphoid tissues causes lymphopaenia and immune suppression. This results in increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections, explaining the observed high mortality in some outbreaks. We studied the pathogenesis of PPR by experimental inoculation of Dutch domestic goats with a recombinant virulent PPRV strain modified to express EGFP and compared it to an EGFP-expressing vaccine strain of PPRV. After intratracheal inoculation with virulent PPRV, animals developed fever, viraemia and leucopaenia, and shed virus from the respiratory and gastro-intestinal tracts. Macroscopic evaluation of fluorescence at the peak of infection 7 days post-inoculation (dpi) showed prominent PPRV infection of the respiratory tract, lymphoid tissues, gastro-intestinal tract, mucosae and skin. Flow cytometry of PBMCs collected over time demonstrated a cell-associated viraemia mediated by infected lymphocytes. At 14 dpi, pathognomonic zebra stripes were detected in the mucosa of the large intestine. In contrast, vaccine strain-inoculated goats remained largely macroscopically fluorescence negative and did not present clinical signs. A low-level viraemia was detected by flow cytometry, but at necropsy no histological lesions were observed. Animals from both groups seroconverted as early as 7 dpi and sera efficiently neutralized virulent PPRV in vitro. Combined, this work presents a study of the pathogenesis of wild type- and vaccine-based PPRV in its natural host. This study shows the strength of recombinant EGFP-expressing viruses in fluorescence-guided pathogenesis studies.

Published
2023

29. Advantages and challenges of Newcastle disease virus as a vector for respiratory mucosal vaccines

Author

de Swart, Rik L., Belov, George A., de Swart, Rik L., and Belov, George A.

Abstract

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian pathogen with an unsegmented negative-strand RNA genome. Properties such as the ease of genome modification, respiratory tract tropism, and self-limiting replication in mammals make NDV an attractive vector for vaccine development. Experimental NDV-based vaccines against multiple human and animal pathogens elicited both systemic and mucosal immune responses and were protective in preclinical animal studies, but their real-life efficacy remains to be demonstrated. Only recently, the first results of clinical trials of NDV-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 became available, highlighting the challenges that need to be overcome to fully realize the potential of NDV as a platform for the rapid development of economically affordable and effective mucosal vaccines.

Published
2023

30. Can measles attenuate previous allergic sensitization in children?

Author

Nguyen, Ngoc Tan; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9529-2787, Schappin, Renske; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5727-5852, Pasmans, Suzanne G M A; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1018-4475, Schreurs, Marco W J; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4198-183X, de Swart, Rik L; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3599-8969, van de Veen, Willem; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9951-6688, Nguyen, Ngoc Tan; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9529-2787, Schappin, Renske; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5727-5852, Pasmans, Suzanne G M A; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1018-4475, Schreurs, Marco W J; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4198-183X, de Swart, Rik L; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3599-8969, and van de Veen, Willem; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9951-6688

Published
2023

33. Intranasal administration of a live-attenuated recombinant newcastle disease virus expressing the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein induces high neutralizing antibody levels and protects from experimental challenge infection in hamsters

Author

de Swart, Rik L., primary, de Leeuw, Olav S., additional, Oreshkova, Nadia, additional, Gerhards, Nora M., additional, Albulescu, Irina C., additional, Vreman, Sandra, additional, Gonzales, José L., additional, Maas, Riks, additional, van Kuppeveld, Frank J.M., additional, Soema, Peter, additional, Bosch, Berend-Jan, additional, and Peeters, Ben P.H., additional

Published
2022
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36. Potency of Fusion-Inhibitory Lipopeptides against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern

Author

Schmitz, Katharina S., Geers, Daryl, de Vries, Rory D., Bovier, T. Francesca, Mykytyn, Anna Z., Geurts van Kessel, Corine H., Haagmans, Bart L., Porotto, Matteo, de Swart, Rik L., Moscona, Anne, Schmitz, Katharina S., Geers, Daryl, de Vries, Rory D., Bovier, T. Francesca, Mykytyn, Anna Z., Geurts van Kessel, Corine H., Haagmans, Bart L., Porotto, Matteo, de Swart, Rik L., and Moscona, Anne

Abstract

The ability of SARS-CoV-2 to evolve in response to selective pressures poses a challenge to vaccine and antiviral efficacy. The S1 subunit of the spike (S) protein contains the receptor-binding domain and is therefore under selective pressure to evade neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccination or infection. In contrast, the S2 subunit of S is only transiently exposed after receptor binding, which makes it a less efficient target for antibodies. As a result, S2 has a lower mutational frequency than S1. We recently described monomeric and dimeric SARS-CoV-2 fusion-inhibitory lipopeptides that block viral infection by interfering with S2 conformational rearrangements during viral entry. Importantly, a dimeric lipopeptide was shown to block SARS-CoV-2 transmission between ferrets in vivo. Because the S2 subunit is relatively conserved in newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), we hypothesize that fusion-inhibitory lipopeptides are cross-protective against infection with VOCs. Here, we directly compared the in vitro efficacies of two fusion-inhibitory lipopeptides against VOC, in comparison with a set of seven postvaccination sera (two doses) and a commercial monoclonal antibody preparation. For the beta, delta, and omicron VOCs, it has been reported that convalescent and postvaccination sera are less potent in virus neutralization assays. Both fusion-inhibitory lipopeptides were equally effective against all five VOCs compared to ancestral virus, whereas postvaccination sera and therapeutic monoclonal antibody lost potency to newer VOCs, in particular to omicron BA.1 and BA.2. The neutralizing activity of the lipopeptides is consistent, and they can be expected to neutralize future VOCs based on their mechanism of action.

Published
2022

37. Repurposing an In Vitro Measles Virus Dissemination Assay for Screening of Antiviral Compounds

Author

Schmitz, Katharina S., Lange, Mona V., Gommers, Lennert, Handrejk, Kim, Porter, Danielle P., Alabi, Christopher A., Moscona, Anne, Porotto, Matteo, de Vries, Rory D., de Swart, Rik L., Schmitz, Katharina S., Lange, Mona V., Gommers, Lennert, Handrejk, Kim, Porter, Danielle P., Alabi, Christopher A., Moscona, Anne, Porotto, Matteo, de Vries, Rory D., and de Swart, Rik L.

Abstract

Measles virus (MV) is a highly contagious respiratory virus responsible for outbreaks associated with significant morbidity and mortality among children and young adults. Although safe and effective measles vaccines are available, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in vaccination coverage gaps that may lead to the resurgence of measles when restrictions are lifted. This puts individuals who cannot be vaccinated, such as young infants and immunocompromised individuals, at risk. Therapeutic interventions are complicated by the long incubation time of measles, resulting in a narrow treatment window. At present, the only available WHO-advised option is treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins, although this is not approved as standard of care. Antivirals against measles may contribute to intervention strategies to limit the impact of future outbreaks. Here, we review previously described antivirals and antiviral assays, evaluate the antiviral efficacy of a number of compounds to inhibit MV dissemination in vitro, and discuss potential application in specific target populations. We conclude that broadly reactive antivirals could strengthen existing intervention strategies to limit the impact of measles outbreaks.

Published
2022

38. Modeling Infection and Tropism of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 in Ferrets

Author

Rijsbergen, Laurine C., Schmitz, Katharina S., Begeman, Lineke, Drew-Bear, Jennifer, Gommers, Lennert, Lamers, Mart M., Greninger, Alexander L., Haagmans, Bart L., Porotto, Matteo, de Swart, Rik L., Moscona, Anne, de Vries, Rory D., Rijsbergen, Laurine C., Schmitz, Katharina S., Begeman, Lineke, Drew-Bear, Jennifer, Gommers, Lennert, Lamers, Mart M., Greninger, Alexander L., Haagmans, Bart L., Porotto, Matteo, de Swart, Rik L., Moscona, Anne, and de Vries, Rory D.

Abstract

Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3) is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infections, with the most severe disease in young infants, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly. HPIV-3 infections are currently untreatable with licensed therapeutics, and prophylactic and therapeutic options are needed for patients at risk. To complement existing human airway models of HPIV-3 infection and develop an animal model to assess novel intervention strategies, we evaluated infection and transmission of HPIV-3 in ferrets. A well-characterized human clinical isolate (CI) of HPIV-3 engineered to express enhanced green fluorescent protein (rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP) was passaged on primary human airway epithelial cells (HAE) or airway organoids (AO) to avoid tissue culture adaptations. rHPIV3 CI-1-EGFP infection was assessed in vitro in ferret AO and in ferrets in vivo. Undifferentiated and differentiated ferret AO cultures supported rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP replication, but the ferret primary airway cells from AO were less susceptible and permissive than HAE. In vivo rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP replicated in the upper and lower airways of ferrets and targeted respiratory epithelial cells, olfactory epithelial cells, type I pneumocytes, and type II pneumocytes. The infection efficiently induced specific antibody responses. Taken together, ferrets are naturally susceptible to HPIV-3 infection; however, limited replication was observed that led to neither overt clinical signs nor ferret-to-ferret transmission. However, in combination with ferret AO, the ferret model of HPIV-3 infection, tissue tropism, and neutralizing antibodies complements human ex vivo lung models and can be used as a platform for prevention and treatment studies for this important respiratory pathogen. IMPORTANCE HPIV-3 is an important cause of pediatric disease and significantly impacts the elderly. Increasing numbers of immunocompromised patients suffer from HPIV-3 infections, often related to problems with v

Published
2022

39. Absence of COVID-19-associated changes in plasma coagulation proteins and pulmonary thrombosis in the ferret model

Author

Kreft, Iris C., Winiarczyk, Roy R.A., Tanis, Fric J., van der Zwaan, Carmen, Schmitz, Katharina S., Hoogendijk, Arie J., de Swart, Rik L., Moscona, Anne, Porotto, Matteo, Salvatori, Daniela C.F., de Vries, Rory D., de Maat, Moniek P.M., van den Biggelaar, Maartje, van Vlijmen, Bart J.M., Kreft, Iris C., Winiarczyk, Roy R.A., Tanis, Fric J., van der Zwaan, Carmen, Schmitz, Katharina S., Hoogendijk, Arie J., de Swart, Rik L., Moscona, Anne, Porotto, Matteo, Salvatori, Daniela C.F., de Vries, Rory D., de Maat, Moniek P.M., van den Biggelaar, Maartje, and van Vlijmen, Bart J.M.

Abstract

Background: Many patients who are diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) suffer from venous thromboembolic complications despite the use of stringent anticoagulant prophylaxis. Studies on the exact mechanism(s) underlying thrombosis in COVID-19 are limited as animal models commonly used to study venous thrombosis pathophysiology (i.e. rats and mice) are naturally not susceptible to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Ferrets are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, successfully used to study virus transmission, and have been previously used to study activation of coagulation and thrombosis during influenza virus infection. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the use of (heat-inactivated) plasma and lung material from SARS-CoV-2-inoculated ferrets studying COVID-19-associated changes in coagulation and thrombosis. Material and methods: Histology and longitudinal plasma profiling using mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach was performed. Results: Lungs of ferrets inoculated intranasally with SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated alveolar septa that were mildly expanded by macrophages, and diffuse interstitial histiocytic pneumonia. However, no macroscopical or microscopical evidence of vascular thrombosis in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2-inoculated ferrets was found. Longitudinal plasma profiling revealed minor differences in plasma protein profiles in SARS-CoV-2-inoculated ferrets up to 2 weeks post-infection. The majority of plasma coagulation factors were stable and demonstrated a low coefficient of variation. Conclusions: We conclude that while ferrets are an essential and well-suited animal model to study SARS-CoV-2 transmission, their use to study SARS-CoV-2-related changes relevant to thrombotic disease is limited.

Published
2022

40. Location matters in RSV protection

Author

de Swart, Rik L. and de Swart, Rik L.

Abstract

In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Zohar et al., 2022 show that immunization of non-human primates with six different candidate respiratory syncytial virus vaccines resulted in distinct antibody profiles and variable levels of protection. Using a systems serology approach, they identified compartment-specific antibody-mediated correlates of protection.

Published
2022

41. Modeling Infection and Tropism of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 in Ferrets

Author

Rijsbergen, Laurine C., primary, Schmitz, Katharina S., additional, Begeman, Lineke, additional, Drew-Bear, Jennifer, additional, Gommers, Lennert, additional, Lamers, Mart M., additional, Greninger, Alexander L., additional, Haagmans, Bart L., additional, Porotto, Matteo, additional, de Swart, Rik L., additional, Moscona, Anne, additional, and de Vries, Rory D., additional

Published
2022
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42. Absence of COVID-19-associated changes in plasma coagulation proteins and pulmonary thrombosis in the ferret model

Author

Kreft, Iris C., primary, Winiarczyk, Roy R.A., additional, Tanis, Fric J., additional, van der Zwaan, Carmen, additional, Schmitz, Katharina S., additional, Hoogendijk, Arie J., additional, de Swart, Rik L., additional, Moscona, Anne, additional, Porotto, Matteo, additional, Salvatori, Daniela C.F., additional, de Vries, Rory D., additional, de Maat, Moniek P.M., additional, van den Biggelaar, Maartje, additional, and van Vlijmen, Bart J.M., additional

Published
2022
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44. Sustained Replication of Synthetic Canine Distemper Virus Defective Genomes In Vitro and In Vivo

Author

Tilston-Lunel, Natasha L., primary, Welch, Stephen R., additional, Nambulli, Sham, additional, de Vries, Rory D., additional, Ho, Gregory W., additional, Wentworth, David E., additional, Shabman, Reed, additional, Nichol, Stuart T., additional, Spiropoulou, Christina F., additional, de Swart, Rik L., additional, Rennick, Linda J., additional, and Duprex, W. Paul, additional

Published
2021
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45. Measles seroprevalence among Dutch travelling families

Author

Doornekamp, Laura, primary, Comvalius, Anouskha D., additional, GeurtsvanKessel, Corine H., additional, Slobbe, Lennert, additional, Scherbeijn, Sandra M.J., additional, van Genderen, Perry J.J., additional, van Binnendijk, Rob S., additional, van Gorp, Eric C.M., additional, de Swart, Rik L., additional, and Goeijenbier, Marco, additional

Published
2021
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46. Repurposing an In Vitro Measles Virus Dissemination Assay for Screening of Antiviral Compounds

Author

Katharina S. Schmitz, Mona V. Lange, Lennert Gommers, Kim Handrejk, Danielle P. Porter, Christopher A. Alabi, Anne Moscona, Matteo Porotto, Rory D. de Vries, Rik L. de Swart, Schmitz, Katharina S, Lange, Mona V, Gommers, Lennert, Handrejk, Kim, Porter, Danielle P, Alabi, Christopher A, Moscona, Anne, Porotto, Matteo, de Vries, Rory D, de Swart, Rik L, and Virology

Subjects
Antiviral Agent, antiviral assay, measles viru, Pandemic, Measles Vaccine, Vaccination, COVID-19, remdesivir, Antiviral Agents, antiviral, pandemic response box, Infectious Diseases, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Measles virus, measles, measles virus, fusion inhibitory peptide, Virology, Humans, measle, Child, Pandemics, Human, Measles
Abstract

Measles virus (MV) is a highly contagious respiratory virus responsible for outbreaks associated with significant morbidity and mortality among children and young adults. Although safe and effective measles vaccines are available, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in vaccination coverage gaps that may lead to the resurgence of measles when restrictions are lifted. This puts individuals who cannot be vaccinated, such as young infants and immunocompromised individuals, at risk. Therapeutic interventions are complicated by the long incubation time of measles, resulting in a narrow treatment window. At present, the only available WHO-advised option is treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins, although this is not approved as standard of care. Antivirals against measles may contribute to intervention strategies to limit the impact of future outbreaks. Here, we review previously described antivirals and antiviral assays, evaluate the antiviral efficacy of a number of compounds to inhibit MV dissemination in vitro, and discuss potential application in specific target populations. We conclude that broadly reactive antivirals could strengthen existing intervention strategies to limit the impact of measles outbreaks.

Published
2022
Full Text
View/download PDF

47. Modeling Infection and Tropism of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 in Ferrets

Author

Laurine C. Rijsbergen, Katharina S. Schmitz, Lineke Begeman, Jennifer Drew-Bear, Lennert Gommers, Mart M. Lamers, Alexander L. Greninger, Bart L. Haagmans, Matteo Porotto, Rik L. de Swart, Anne Moscona, Rory D. de Vries, Virology, Rijsbergen, Laurine C, Schmitz, Katharina S, Begeman, Lineke, Drew-Bear, Jennifer, Gommers, Lennert, Lamers, Mart M, Greninger, Alexander L, Haagmans, Bart L, Porotto, Matteo, de Swart, Rik L, Moscona, Anne, and de Vries, Rory D

Subjects
parainfluenza viru, viral pathogenesis, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Virology, animal model, Microbiology
Abstract

Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3) is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infections, with the most severe disease in young infants, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly. HPIV-3 infections are currently untreatable with licensed therapeutics, and prophylactic and therapeutic options are needed for patients at risk. To complement existing human airway models of HPIV-3 infection and develop an animal model to assess novel intervention strategies, we evaluated infection and transmission of HPIV-3 in ferrets. A well-characterized human clinical isolate (CI) of HPIV-3 engineered to express enhanced green fluorescent protein (rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP) was passaged on primary human airway epithelial cells (HAE) or airway organoids (AO) to avoid tissue culture adaptations. rHPIV3 CI-1-EGFP infection was assessed in vitro in ferret AO and in ferrets in vivo. Undifferentiated and differentiated ferret AO cultures supported rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP replication, but the ferret primary airway cells from AO were less susceptible and permissive than HAE. In vivo rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP replicated in the upper and lower airways of ferrets and targeted respiratory epithelial cells, olfactory epithelial cells, type I pneumocytes, and type II pneumocytes. The infection efficiently induced specific antibody responses. Taken together, ferrets are naturally susceptible to HPIV-3 infection; however, limited replication was observed that led to neither overt clinical signs nor ferret-to-ferret transmission. However, in combination with ferret AO, the ferret model of HPIV-3 infection, tissue tropism, and neutralizing antibodies complements human ex vivo lung models and can be used as a platform for prevention and treatment studies for this important respiratory pathogen. IMPORTANCE HPIV-3 is an important cause of pediatric disease and significantly impacts the elderly. Increasing numbers of immunocompromised patients suffer from HPIV-3 infections, often related to problems with viral clearance. There is a need to model HPIV-3 infections in vitro and in vivo to evaluate novel prophylaxis and treatment options. Currently existing animal models lack the potential for studying animal-to-animal transmission or the effect of immunosuppressive therapy. Here, we describe the use of the ferret model in combination with authentic clinical viruses to further complement human ex vivo models, providing a platform to study approaches to prevent and treat HPIV-3 infection. Although we did not detect ferret-to-ferret transmission in our studies, these studies lay the groundwork for further refinement of the ferret model to immunocompromised ferrets, allowing for studies of severe HPIV-3-associated disease. Such models for preclinical evaluation of prophylaxis and antivirals can contribute to reducing the global health burden of HPIV-3.

Published
2022

48. H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza viruses replicate in differentiated bovine airway epithelial cells cultured at air-liquid interface.

Author

Bordes L, Gerhards NM, Peters S, van Oort S, Roose M, Dresken R, Venema S, Vrieling M, Engelsma M, van der Poel WHM, and de Swart RL

Subjects
Animals, Cattle, Cells, Cultured, Epithelial Cells virology, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype genetics, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype physiology, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype isolation & purification, Virus Replication
Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses are responsible for disease outbreaks in wild birds and poultry, resulting in devastating losses to the poultry sector. Since 2020, an increasing number of outbreaks of HPAI H5N1 was seen in wild birds. Infections in mammals have become more common, in most cases in carnivores after direct contact with infected birds. Although ruminants were previously not considered a host species for HPAI viruses, in March 2024 multiple outbreaks of HPAI H5N1 were detected in goats and cattle in the United States. Here, we have used primary bronchus-derived well-differentiated bovine airway epithelial cells (WD-AECs) cultured at air-liquid interface to assess the susceptibility and permissiveness of bovine epithelial cells to infection with European H5N1 virus isolates. We inoculated bovine WD-AECs with three low-passage HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus isolates and detected rapid increases in viral genome loads and infectious virus during the first 24 h post-inoculation, without substantial cytopathogenic effects. Three days post-inoculation infected cells were still detectable by immunofluorescent staining. These data indicate that multiple lineages of HPAI H5N1 may have the propensity to infect the respiratory tract of cattle and support extension of avian influenza surveillance efforts to ruminants. Furthermore, this study underscores the benefit of WD-AEC cultures for pandemic preparedness by providing a rapid and animal-free assessment of the host range of an emerging pathogen.

Published
2024
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